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96-669: Târgu Jiu ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˌtɨrɡu ˈʒiw] , is the capital of Gorj County in the Oltenia region of Romania . It is situated on the Southern Sub- Carpathians , on the banks of the river Jiu . Eight localities are administered by the city: Bârsești, Drăgoieni, Iezureni, Polata, Preajba Mare, Romanești, Slobozia, and Ursați. The city is noted for the Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși , inscribed as
192-661: A classical European understanding of the known world : Europe , North Africa , and Southwest Asia . The phrase is related to the enduring power of the city first as the capital of the Republic and the Empire , and later as the centre of the Catholic Church . In several English-speaking states , the terms county town and county seat are also used in lower administrative divisions . In some unitary states , subnational capitals may be known as 'administrative centres'. The capital
288-497: A monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding, or capture of a modern capital city is a highly symbolic event. For example: The capital city is usually but not always a primary target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces. In ancient China , where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with little flexibility on
384-540: A Central Committee resolution, was Drăghici: [...] the party leadership has uncovered the anti-party line which Alexandru Drăghici, encouraged by servile, uncultured, and decaying elements, has introduced to the [Securitate] bodies' activities, attempting to remove them from party control and to erect them into supreme bodies standing above party and state leadership, thus causing serious harm to activity in various domains, including that of scientific research. A party committee which included Ion Popescu-Puțuri investigated
480-582: A UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2024. The city takes its name from the river Jiu , which runs through it. In antiquity, there was a Dacian village in around the location of today's city surrounded by forests. After the Roman conquests of Oltenia (101-102), military units were stationed around the roads that connected different important routes at the time. During the digging of the Târgu Jiu - Rovinari railroad, mosaics, coins, ceramics and Roman bricks were found in
576-445: A compromise between two or more cities or other political divisions, historical reasons, or enough land was needed to deliberately build a new planned city for the capital. The majority of national capitals are also the largest city in their respective countries. Modern examples are Beijing , Berlin , Cairo , London , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , Paris , Rome , Jakarta , Metro Manila , Seoul , and Tokyo . Counties in
672-436: A detention facility in the northeastern part of the city. It was a regular prison from 1895 to 1939 and again after 1945, but is best known for its role as an internment camp for various categories of individuals during World War II . Internees in 1943–1944 included Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej , Chivu Stoica , Mișu Dulgheru , Nicolae Ceaușescu , and Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu . Starting in the 1960s, coal surface mining contributed to
768-405: A distinction is made between the official ( constitutional ) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place . English-language news media often use the name of the capital city as an alternative name for the government of the country of which it is the capital, as a form of metonymy . For example, the "relations between London and Washington " refers to the " relations between
864-533: A factual basis in the case. When the inquiry resumed in February 1951, Interior Minister Teohari Georgescu ordered that the detainees in the case were not to be physically coerced, in stark contrast to the expressed instructions of the ministry's chief Soviet adviser, Aleksandr Sakharovsky , to do everything necessary to determine the guilt of the accused. In the summer of 1951 Teohari Georgescu , together with his deputies Gheorghe Pintilie and Mișu Dulgheru , reached
960-470: A matter of convention, and because all or almost all the country's central political institutions, such as government departments, supreme court, legislature, embassies, etc., are located in or near them. Many modern capital cities are located near the centre of the country, so that they are more accessible to its population and have better protection from possible invasions. (See also § Capitals in military strategy ) The location may also be based on
1056-609: A rapid population growth. Other local industries include wood, machine building, textiles, glassware and construction materials (cement, bricks, and tiles). In 1992, a university was founded and named after Brâncuși. Mihai Radu, a Romanian architect based in New York, described Târgu Jiu's downtown - rebuilt during the Communist era - as little more than "a mix of poorly maintained paving, disheveled mass housing, jumbled signage and buildings of every size and description". The overall cityscape
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#17330849224661152-458: A shield with seven towers. In the centre of the shield lies the representation of Constantin Brâncuși 's Endless Column , a symbol of Romanian art and culture. In the right and left sides of the shield lies a golden lion holding a black sword, "guarding" the column. The lion is the ancient symbol of Oltenia , thought to originate in the logo of one of Rome's legion stations in this area, the 13th Legion "Gemina (Legio XIII Gemina)". It represents
1248-518: A speech in the city of Cluj , one in which he attempted to identify communism and patriotism . It stated: In the name of the government and of the PCR, I raise my voice against border changes [in connection with the disputed status of newly-recovered Northern Transylvania ]. Democratic Romania ensures equal rights to coinhabiting nationalities, but the Magyar population needs to understand that its belonging to
1344-548: A territory: Plymouth in Montserrat . There are several countries where, for various reasons, the official capital and seat of government are separated: Some historical examples of similar arrangements, where the recognized capital was not the official seat of government: With the rise of the modern nation-state , the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government , and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever
1440-525: A wave of arrests and prison sentences, including that of his wife, as well as those of Harry Brauner , Lena Constante , Petre Pandrea (who was Pătrășcanu's brother-in-law), Herant Torosian , Mocsony Stârcea, Calmanovici, Victoria Sârbu (who had been Ștefan Foriș 's lover), and Alexandru Ștefănescu. In preparation for the trial, the Securitate organized interrogations of political detainees or suspects ( Gheorghe Tătărescu , who testified against Pătrășcanu and
1536-503: A “completely unique” way. The town's imperfections reinforce his ensemble's place in the "messy" cityscape and its history. Juxtaposed against the city's messy urbanism, Brâncuși's ensemble is pluralist urbanism in its finest form. Civic in every way, his ensemble is closely integrated with Târgu Jiu's everyday life. A small-town Romanian fabric merged with a sculptural ensemble of world significance makes Târgu Jiu's plural urbanism astonishing. The coat of arms of Târgu Jiu consists of
1632-536: Is "mundane, but vibrant and no doubt livable", with "often dissonant" street pattern and urban fabric. Representing the interior space of Brâncuși's ensemble, the Calea Eroilor - otherwise an unprepossessing, uninspiring and "unacceptably vernacular" street - defines through his sculptures the town's civic areas in the same manner as the Great Axis of Paris . Brâncuși's work in Târgu Jiu is “absolutely revolutionary”:
1728-500: Is often the largest city of its constituent, though not always . Historically, the major economic centre of a state or region has often become the focal point of political power, and became a capital through conquest or federation . Historical examples are ancient Babylon , ancient Athens , ancient Rome , Abbasid Baghdad , Constantinople , Chang'an , and ancient Cusco . The modern capital city has not always existed: in medieval Western Europe, an itinerant (wandering) government
1824-582: Is the case with Nanjing by Shanghai , Quebec City by Montreal , and several US state capitals . The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its capital city, as occurred at Babylon and Cahokia . "Political nomadism" was practiced in ancient Near East to increase ties between the ruler and the subjects. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no such legal designation, including Bern , Edinburgh , Lisbon , London , Paris , and Wellington . They are recognized as capitals as
1920-625: Is twinned with the following cities: Capital city A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country , state , province , department , or other subnational division , usually as its seat of the government . A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the government's offices and meeting places; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution . In some jurisdictions , including several countries, different branches of government are in different settlements, sometimes meaning multiple official capitals. In some cases,
2016-529: Is usually not a separate national capital, but rather the capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state overall, such as London , which is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom. Similarly, each of the autonomous communities of Spain and regions of Italy has a capital city, such as Seville and Naples , while Madrid is the capital of the Community of Madrid and of
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#17330849224662112-754: The Criterion group, where he and his collaborator Belu Zilber defended a Stalinist view of Vladimir Lenin in front of criticism from the right-wing Mircea Vulcănescu and Mihail Polihroniade , as well as from the Austromarxist perspective of Henri H. Stahl . Pătrășcanu again served as the PCdR's representative to the Comintern in 1933, and 1934 (remaining in Moscow until 1935); Stelian Tănase argues that during this time he developed doubts about Stalinism itself. During
2208-622: The 271 withdrawal of the Roman army, the city remained in the Latin influence zone, mainly because of Constantine The Great 's involvement in Oltenia which he sought to bring under imperial rule. The importance of keeping this zone under Rome's control was underlined by Constantine's decision to build a second bridge over the Danube between today's Corabia (then Sucidava ) and the Bulgarian city of Gigen . It
2304-757: The American newspaper, Pătrășcanu had reassured media that "industrialists, businessmen and bankers will escape punishment as war criminals"; Cliff also argued that the new course in justice had failed to alter what he saw as Romania's " bureaucratic and militarist character". Indeed, under Pătrășcanu, Romania was the only country in Eastern Europe to initiate only a small number of court proceedings against accused war criminals and collaborators. This declaration of practically singular responsibility allowed many of those guilty of war crimes and collaboration to escape justice in postwar Romania. The postwar regime "went easy" on
2400-510: The Byzantine capital, Constantinople , Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and preserve the empire for another 200 years after that. The British forces sacked various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , but American forces could still carry on fighting from
2496-694: The Central Committee in 1945—after having returned to Romania with the Red Army late in 1944—and was largely responsible for the success his party had in controlling Romania's legal framework for the following years. During Soviet occupation , he served on the Romanian Politburo from 1946 to 1947 and held power in the new governments, as Minister without Portfolio (1944) and Minister of Justice (1944–1948). Pătrășcanu, who attempted to become general secretary early in 1944 (before Gheorghiu-Dej secured
2592-668: The Kingdom of Spain as a whole and Rome is the capital of Italy and of the region of Lazio . In the Federal Republic of Germany , each of its constituent states (or Länder , plural of Land ) has its own capital city, such as Dresden , Wiesbaden , Mainz , Düsseldorf , Stuttgart , and Munich , as do all of the republics of the Russian Federation . The national capitals of Germany and Russia (the Stadtstaat of Berlin and
2688-566: The National Liberal Party . Based on this, he denounced Pauker's agreement with Gheorghe Tătărescu 's National Liberal dissidence (the National Liberal Party-Tătărescu , which he called "a gang of con artists , blackmailers , and well-known bribers "). A serious break with the party line occurred in early 1946, when Pătrășcanu decided to take initiative and intervened in the standoff between King Michael I and
2784-548: The National Peasants' Party , as the main force opposing the PCR, published praises of Pătrășcanu in its paper Dreptatea , until Pătrășcanu met with the editor, Nicolae Carandino , and explained that such articles were harming his image inside the Communist Party. Nevertheless, Pătrășcanu's writings of the time show that, in contrast with his 1928 point of view, he had largely accommodated Leninist principles regarding
2880-472: The Petru Groza executive (an episode colloquially known as greva regală , "the royal strike "); with the help of Lena Constante , he approached the anti-communist figures Victor Rădulescu-Pogoneanu and Grigore Niculescu-Buzești , calling on them to convince the monarch to resume communications with his government. During the campaign preceding the rigged elections of 1946 , he was actively involved in
2976-541: The Romanian Communist government of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej . He became a political prisoner and was ultimately executed. Fourteen years after Pătrășcanu's death, Romania's new communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu , endorsed his rehabilitation as part of a change in policy. Pătrășcanu was born in Bacău to a leading political family, as the son of Poporanist figure Dimitrie D. Pătrășcanu (Lucrețiu's mother, Lucreția,
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3072-539: The Romanian People's Tribunals , as well as the appointment of prosecutors (promoting Avram Bunaciu , Constanța Crăciun , and Alexandra Sidorovici ). Citing a statement by Pătrășcanu rendered by The New York Times , British Trotskyist commentator Tony Cliff extended his critique of the people's democracies of the Eastern Bloc to the realm of justice systems and retribution for war crimes . According to
3168-656: The Târgu Jiu internment camp with Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and the "prison faction" of the Party (the communists inside Romania, virtually all imprisoned at various stages of the war, as opposed to those who had taken refuge inside the Soviet Union). Like his fellow activist Scarlat Callimachi , he was set free by the National Legionary Government while the fascist Iron Guard , which allied Romania with Nazi Germany ,
3264-524: The United Kingdom have historic county towns, which are often not the largest settlement within the county and often are no longer administrative centres, as many historical counties are now only ceremonial, and administrative boundaries are different. The number of new capitals in the world increased substantially since the Renaissance period, especially with the founding of independent nation-states since
3360-513: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Naypyidaw was founded in Burma 's interior as the former capital, Rangoon , was claimed to be overcrowded. A few nation-states have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. Some have a city as the capital but with most government agencies elsewhere. There is also a ghost town which is currently the de jure capital of
3456-488: The federal city of Moscow ) are also constituent states of both countries in their own right. Each of the states of Austria and cantons of Switzerland also have their own capital cities. Vienna , the national capital of Austria , is also one of the states, while Bern is the ( de facto ) capital of both Switzerland and of the Canton of Bern . Governing entities sometimes plan, design and build new capital cities to house
3552-633: The secret police (which was soon to become the Securitate ) had been keeping him under surveillance from as early as the summer of 1946. In the fall of 1949, Gheorghiu-Dej (apparently contradicting the committee's conclusions) ordered Pătrășcanu's transfer into the custody of the Secret Service of the Council of Ministers (SSI) under the provisional charge that Pătrășcanu had not reported various political crimes. A report on " Titoism " and collaboration with
3648-470: The Communist Party (as a means to direct sympathy towards the latter group). He suspected that Bodnăraș had chosen to back Gheorghiu-Dej (allegedly fearing that Pătrășcanu was betraying the fragile alliance established before the fall of Ștefan Foriș ). Consequently, he attempted to block Bodnăraș's rise to power, and denounced his reputedly corrupt activities as Secretary in the Interior Ministry to
3744-604: The Communist Party had entered negotiations with the other opposition groups and informed them of abandoning its previous theses of the future Romanian state. The collaboration led to the arrest of Ion Antonescu and Mihai Antonescu at the Royal Palace in Bucharest, during the August 23 Coup (1944). Pătrășcanu (together with Belu Zilber ) authored the proclamation to the country which the king read on National Radio immediately after
3840-456: The Groza executive). During the late 1940s, he is thought to have begun expressing his opposition to strict Stalinist guidelines; at the same time, Pătrășcanu had become suspect to the rest of the party leadership for his intellectual approach to socialism. Gheorghe Apostol , a collaborator of Gheorghiu-Dej's, later expressed a particular view on the matter of Pătrășcanu's relations with the rest of
3936-463: The PCR's electoral campaign in Transylvania , and, after drought and famine surfaced in several other areas of Romania, he attempted to persuade the peasants of Arad County to sell their wheat harvest to the government, to be used as aid. Received with suspicion, he later reported that he had eventually been able to carry out the task. Responding to Hungarian -Romanian clashes, Pătrășcanu gave
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4032-480: The Party. The VIth Party Congress in February 1948 did not confirm his Central Committee membership, and in the months following the event, he was removed from government office. Belu Zilber claimed that having himself been subject to suspicion and marginalisation, he had attempted to warn Pătrășcanu of the change in climate, and had asked him to consider fleeing the Eastern Bloc, only to be stiffly rebuffed. Zilber
4128-503: The Peace Treaty with Romania. According to Belu Zilber , during this time, he read Arthur Koestler 's Darkness at Noon (a glimpse into forced confessions alluding to the 1936-1937 Moscow Trials , the book was banned throughout the Eastern Bloc ). The attitudes he expressed in Paris were considered nationalist by his Soviet overseers, and he himself complained to Gheorghiu-Dej about
4224-476: The Pătrășcanu case for the first time in the fall of 1952. In time, authorities also alleged that, before 1944, Pătrășcanu, like Zilber, had acted as an agent of Siguranța Statului . Pătrășcanu was kept in detention until 1954, when he was executed on 17 April with Koffler at Jilava Prison , near Bucharest , after a show trial overseen by Iosif Chișinevschi . It is possible that he was tortured throughout
4320-596: The Romanian state is definitive. Nobody has the right to debate our borders. He ran for the position of deputy in Arad County, and won through various electoral frauds (in Arad's case, forty inspectors nominated by the government had sole control over counting and recording the results). Pătrășcanu soon received harsh criticism from Gheorghiu-Dej, who branded the views expressed as " chauvinism " and " revisionism ". In parallel,
4416-508: The SSI began its inquiry, Pătrășcanu attempted suicide by slitting his veins with a smuggled razor blade; upon his recovery, he tried to take his life a second time by swallowing an overdose of sleeping pills. Immediately after his second suicide attempt, the Pătrășcanu inquiry was transferred to the Interior Ministry, where it was suspended for a six-month period to enable officers to determine
4512-666: The Soviets as representative of the Communists (during negotiations in Cairo , Nikolai Novikov , the Soviet ambassador to Egypt , had reportedly first mentioned Pătrășcanu's name to Barbu Știrbey for further contacts). It was also at this time that Gheorghiu-Dej and Bodnăraș, together with Constantin Pîrvulescu and Iosif Rangheț , toppled the general secretary Ștefan Foriș , and assumed leadership of
4608-454: The Twenty One (which was allegedly used as template for Calmanovici's fabricated confession). Pătrășcanu refused to be represented by a lawyer, and even to organize his own defense. Aside from some outbursts against the prosecutors, he stated: I have nothing to say, except [that I] spit on the charges brought against me. The actions taken against Pătrășcanu and others signaled the start of
4704-527: The United Kingdom and the United States ". The word capital derives from the Latin word caput (genitive capitis ), meaning ' head ', later borrowed from Medieval Latin capitālis ('of the head'). The Latin phrase Roma Caput Mundi meaning 'Rome capital of the world' ( lit. ' head of the world ' ) was already used by the poet Ovid in 1st century BC . It originates out of
4800-789: The appeal of the National Peasants' Party among Romanians in Transylvania (to "take the weapon that was Transylvania away from Maniu supporters' hands"). He also criticized his own advocacy of a PCR alliance with the National Liberal Party . He was accused of having been financed by " bourgeois " figures during the electoral campaign, and even of having been bought by agents of the United States or of planning, together with Ioan Mocsony Stârcea and Titoist agents, an " imperialist " insurrection in Săvârșin . The latter allegation also surfaced in
4896-457: The bravery and combative spirit of the city's inhabitants. At the 2021 census , the city had a population of 73,545. At the 2011 census , 78,553 inhabitants lived within the city limits; of those, 75,640 (96,29%) were Romanians , 2,683 (3,41%) were Romani people , and 0,20% others. The main high schools in the city are: There is one university in Târgu Jiu: The main football team of
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#17330849224664992-696: The capital has been changed for geopolitical reasons; Finland 's first city, Turku , which had served as the country's capital since the Middle Ages under the Swedish rule, lost its position during the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812, when Helsinki was made the current capital of Finland by the Russian Empire. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals as
5088-673: The city is Pandurii . They have spent 12 seasons in the country's top league, Liga I . Their best result was achieved in the 2012–13 season , when they came in second. Pandurii has qualified for European competitions on two occasions, and reached the group stages of the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League . Also, the city has one basketball team in Liga Națională , CSM Târgu Jiu and two handball team, UCB Târgu Jiu in Divizia A, at male's and CSM Târgu Jiu, at female's in Liga Florilor . Târgu Jiu
5184-624: The conclusion that there was no basis to continue Pătrășcanu's prosecution—and did so while the Soviet advisers were away on their summer vacation. When the advisers returned, they angrily vetoed any closing of the Pătrășcanu inquiry. It was in 1951 that Pătrășcanu responded to the charges voiced by Gheorghiu-Dej after the Cluj incident, indicating that he had attempted to "answer to the Hungarian revisionist campaign", as well as to aid his party in competing with
5280-582: The countryside, where they enjoyed support from local governments and the traditionally independent civilian frontiersmen. Exceptions to these generalizations include highly centralized states such as France , whose centralized bureaucracies could effectively coordinate far-flung resources, giving the state a powerful advantage over less coherent rivals, but risking utter ruin if the capital were taken. Lucre%C8%9Biu P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu ( Romanian pronunciation: [luˈkretsju pətrəʃˈkanu] ; November 4, 1900 – April 17, 1954)
5376-502: The coup, and, confronting the new Premier Constantin Sănătescu , imposed himself as a PCR representative on the delegation that signed Romania's armistice with the Soviets, on September 12, 1944. Present in Moscow , he contacted Ana Pauker and Vasile Luca through their overseer Andrey Vyshinsky , reestablishing communication between the two major sections of the PCR. Pătrășcanu joined
5472-414: The courtyard of Jilava Prison; Ion Mihai Pacepa claimed in his book, Cartea neagră a Securității , that Pătrășcanu was shot in the back of the head by a Securitate colonel. In preparation for the procedures, the Securitate took direct inspiration from the Slánský trials in socialist Czechoslovakia (where a team of Romanian officers had been sent to take notes) and, possibly, from the Soviet Trial of
5568-465: The crown, but for which Litovoi refused to pay tribute. Litovoi was killed in battle. The first written account of the city appears in a document dating from 23 November 1406 in an order signed by Mircea cel Batran . Since 1497, the city has been the seat of Gorj County . Constantin Brâncuși , who had lived here as a boy, was commissioned to contribute to a memorial monument to the fighters of World War I , called Calea Eroilor, "Heroes' Street", which
5664-484: The eighteenth century. In Canada , there is a federal capital , while the ten provinces and three territories each have capital cities. The states of such countries as Mexico , Brazil (including the famous cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , capitals of their respective states), and Australia also each have capital cities. For example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide , Brisbane , Hobart , Melbourne , Perth , and Sydney . In Australia,
5760-423: The existence of a class of chiaburi , the Romanian equivalent of the Soviet kulaks ). He showed himself surprised when informed that the Soviet Union had planned a rapid communization of the country, and dismissed Vasile Luca and Pauker's vocal support for the latter policy. Instead, he argued in favor of "making a distinction inside the bourgeoisie ", and opening the Communist Party to collaboration with
5856-455: The following opinion of Pătrășcanu: "He was anti-Stalinist and anti-Russian, but for the sake of power he would sign on any Stalinist ineptitude and wickedness. I think his only purpose in life, more than socialism, was to enter history." He was posthumously rehabilitated in April 1968 by Nicolae Ceaușescu , in the latter's attempt to discredit his predecessors and establish his own legitimacy. The main target of this campaign, as indicated by
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#17330849224665952-414: The following years, Pătrășcanu continued to prioritize opposition to fascism , and remained active in the PCR. In 1936, he was heading the defense team of PCR members who were facing the much-publicized Craiova Trial , but was himself denounced as a communist and consequently handed the position to Ion Gheorghe Maurer . Pătrășcanu was imprisoned during World War II and, after August 1940, spent time at
6048-429: The great crisis of Japanese invasion . National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other parts of the world, including the West, because of socioeconomic trends toward localized authority, a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and capitalistic philosophies. In 1204, after the Latin Crusaders captured
6144-443: The initials A. M and L. D. P. Increasingly radical after the success of the October Revolution , he was one of the original members of the PCR (known as PCdR at the time) in 1921. Pătrășcanu, Elek Köblös , and Ana and Marcel Pauker were the representatives of the group to the 4th Comintern Congress in Moscow (November–December 1922). Back in Romania, Pătrășcanu was arrested and imprisoned at Jilava in 1924 (the year when
6240-459: The mass of genocidal antisemites, sentencing them to relatively minor punishments. Early amnesties were often granted. For example, on 1 June 1945, Pătrășcanu successfully had 29 death sentences commuted by the King. Pătrășcanu put pressure on King Michael to sign legislation that went against the letter of the 1923 Constitution , which contributed to the latter's decision to initiate the "royal strike" (a refusal to countersign documents issued by
6336-430: The matter of his arrest and interrogation, concluding that evidence against Pătrășcanu was fabricated, that he had been systematically beaten and otherwise ill-treated, and that a confession had been prepared for him to sign. This was coupled with various irregularities in procedures (such as the court having been given only 24 hours to assess evidence from years of investigation, and the death penalty having been decided by
6432-443: The maverick Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was presented to the Cominform : it placed Pătrășcanu, the Hungarian Republic 's László Rajk , and Bulgaria 's Traicho Kostov in the same camp, as " imperialist agents" ( see Tito–Stalin split , Informbiro ). The investigation also implicated Remus Koffler , who had been imprisoned in 1944, during the confrontation between Gheorghiu-Dej and Ștefan Foriș . The day after
6528-415: The national issue and Bessarabian topics, although he used more neutral terms than the ones present in official propaganda , and was known to have deplored the unwillingness of the PCR to reduce and refine its internationalist policies. In 1946-1947, Pătrășcanu was nevertheless a member of the Tătărescu-headed Romanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference , and, in fact, one of the signatories of
6624-426: The other members of the leadership. Historiography is divided over the possibility of Pătrășcanu having initially allied himself with the PCR's second in command, Ana Pauker , in her post-war confrontation with Gheorghiu-Dej. It is apparent that Pătrășcanu was alarmed by Pauker's close cooperation with Soviet overseers, and especially by her tight connection with Dmitry Manuilsky ; it was also contended that Pauker
6720-458: The parallel investigations of Koffler and Emil Calmanovici . Serious questions remain on the positions of the various Romanian Communist leaders on the Pătrășcanu case. The matter has not been satisfactorily resolved in the Romanian archives, for the simple reason that all records and transcripts of Politburo and Secretariat discussions on Pătrășcanu were summarily destroyed on Gheorghiu-Dej's orders. In any case, no piece of evidence or confession
6816-440: The party (Gheorghiu-Dej had probably attracted Pătrășcanu's support for the planned move as early as 1943). According to Mocsony Stârcea, Pătrășcanu was responsible for a compromise between the Communist Party and institutions of the Romanian monarchy (allegedly assuring the king that it was not his party's intent to proclaim a republic without a previous referendum on the matter). Coposu also claimed that, through Pătrășcanu,
6912-473: The party was outlawed); he went on hunger strike until being relocated to a prison hospital. At the Kharkiv Congress of 1928, where he was present under the name Mironov, Pătrășcanu clashed with the Comintern overseer Bohumír Šmeral , as well as with many of his fellow party members, over the issue of Bessarabia and Moldovenism , which was to be passed into a resolution stating that Greater Romania
7008-521: The party's suspicion surrounding his diplomatic activities. He was progressively marginalized inside the Party: his texts became subject to censorship and, on public occasions, his name was mentioned after those of less significant politicians. The Communist press virtually ceased referring to Pătrășcanu as " comrade ", and used instead the more distant formula "Professor Pătrășcanu", at the same time as Gheorghiu-Dej's speeches on combating internal currents of
7104-427: The party: He was a reliable party intellectual . But he was also a very arrogant man, self-important, intolerant, and unwilling to communicate with his party comrades. And yet, Gheorghiu-Dej treasured him. Between '46-'48, Pătrășcanu changed quite a lot." Around February 1945, he began to fear the possibility that Emil Bodnăraș was planning his assassination and that he intended to blame it on political opponents of
7200-402: The position for himself), was considered leader of the party's "Secretariat Communists" (perceived as less willing to follow Stalin's directions). After the ascension of the Petru Groza government, Pătrășcanu was also one of the initiators of purges and persecutions, being responsible for dismissing and arresting members of the civil service who were considered suspect, for the creation of
7296-459: The provincial level, a dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing , where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus . The Ming
7392-458: The questioning conducted on direct orders from the Securitate's Alexandru Drăghici , and there have been rumours that he had one leg amputated before his trial. Researcher Lavinia Betea notes however that, when his and Koffler's body where exhumed in 1968, both their skeletons were complete. Moreover, she concludes that, unlike the case of other defendants, physical violence was never used against Pătrășcanu or his wife. The execution took place in
7488-568: The sculptures exist at the same time as conventional public art with multiple meanings and as functional structures (seats, gateway, monumental marker). Most importantly for Târgu Jiu's urban design, they shape a larger urban structure, being spatially integrated with the town's urbanism in a dramatic and fundamental way. One's progression through the entire ensemble is a spatial experience rare in any modern day city. The sculptures peacefully coexist with and transcend their mundane context. Through Brâncuși's work, East and West come together in Târgu Jiu in
7584-424: The seat of government of a polity or of a subdivision. Deliberately planned and designed capitals include: These cities satisfy one or both of the following criteria: Some examples of the second situation (compromise locations) are: Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital. Akmola (renamed Astana in 1998) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, following
7680-508: The south-eastern part of the city. This and ancient testimonies support the idea that Târgu Jiu was a commercial town (a vicus ) while under the Roman Empire 's rule. A very important route that connects the Danube to Transylvania runs through the city, so historians believe that part of the Roman army under Trajan 's leadership stayed and then passed in the actual location of the city. After
7776-655: The term "capital cities" is regularly used to refer to those six state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra , and Darwin , the capital of the Northern Territory . Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and also of the United Arab Emirates overall. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent nations, such as the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Denmark , each will usually have its own capital city. Unlike in federations , there
7872-529: Was a Romanian communist politician and leading member of the Communist Party of Romania (PCR), also noted for his activities as a lawyer, sociologist and economist. For a while, he was a professor at the University of Bucharest . Pătrășcanu rose to a government position before the end of World War II and, after having disagreed with Stalinist tenets on several occasions, eventually came into conflict with
7968-934: Was a scion of the Stoika family of Transylvanian petty nobility ). He became a Poporanist and later a socialist in his youth, joining the Socialist Party of Romania in 1919, and working as editor of its newspaper, Socialismul (1921). Professionally, he was educated at the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Law, from which he graduated in 1922, and at Leipzig University , earning his PhD in 1925. He had an intense journalistic activity. Collaborator in numerous newspapers, where he published his articles under various pseudonyms: M Andreescu; Bercu; R. Boldur; Coca; V. Dragomir; Fischer; Ghiță; Grigorescu; Ion. C. Ion; N. Lascenco; Mihalcea; Miron; Victor Mălin; A. Moldoveanu; Andrei Moldoveanu; L. D. Pătrășcanu; Stătescu; Titu; Vrabie and with
8064-560: Was an imperialist entity. Pătrășcanu argued: Moldovans are not a nation apart and—from a historical and geographical point of view—Moldovans are the same Romanians as the Romanians in Moldavia [on the right bank of the Prut River ]. Thus, I believe that the introduction of such a false point renders the resolution itself false. With Imre Aladar , Eugen Rozvan , and two others, Pătrășcanu
8160-791: Was common. The capital city attracts politically motivated people and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of national or imperial governments, such as lawyers , political scientists , bankers , journalists , and public policy makers . Some of these cities are or were also religious centres , e.g. Constantinople (more than one religion), Rome / Vatican City (the Roman Catholic Church ), Jerusalem (more than one religion), Babylon, Moscow (the Russian Orthodox Church ), Belgrade (the Serbian Orthodox Church ), Paris, and Beijing. In some countries,
8256-614: Was destroyed when Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century. After the Qing dynasty 's collapse, decentralization of authority and improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during
8352-552: Was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in May 1931 as a candidate for the Workers and Peasants' Bloc , an umbrella group masking the outlawed party. Later in the same year, the 5th Party Congress (held in Soviet exile, at Gorikovo ), chose him among the new Central Committee members while Alexander Stefanski rose to the position of general secretary . In 1932, he was involved in polemics at
8448-413: Was eventually arrested in February 1948, on suspicion that he had been a Siguranța Statului agent infiltrating the party. On April 28, 1948, Pătrășcanu was arrested and came under the investigation of a party committee, comprising the high-ranking Communists Teohari Georgescu , Alexandru Drăghici , and Iosif Rangheț ; interrogations were occasionally attended by Gheorghiu-Dej. His file indicates that
8544-633: Was fighting the Soviets on the Eastern Front , from the Axis . Pătrășcanu (together with Emil Bodnăraș ) represented the Communist Party during the clandestine talks with the National Liberal and National Peasants' parties, aimed at overthrowing the Antonescu dictatorship. Corneliu Coposu , who later claimed had friendly contacts with Pătrășcanu at the time, also claimed that the latter had been selected by
8640-509: Was finished in 1938. His large sculptures are now the main tourist attractions in Târgu Jiu: The Table of Silence , Stool Alley, The Gate of the Kiss , and The Endless Column . The latter is shown in the middle section of the city's coat of arms. In the 1950s the Communist mayor planned to demolish Brâncuși's "bourgeois" art. The plan was not carried out. The Târgu Jiu internment camp was
8736-550: Was intrigued by Pătrășcanu's self-promotion in front of Soviet overseers during late 1944. Under arrest, however, Pătrășcanu asserted that he was closest to Pauker and Teohari Georgescu among the Romanian party leaders. Although, overall, Pătrășcanu was argued to have been much less revolutionary-minded than various other PCR ideologues, his original perspective on Marxism remained strongly connected with party doctrine in its most essential points (including his intense advocacy of collectivization , using statistics to point out
8832-552: Was obtained by the inquiry until after May 1952, after the purge of Ana Pauker and Teohari Georgescu , who were accused by the Soviet adviser Sakharovskii of having "sabotaged and postponed investigations" in the Pătrășcanu case. The Central Committee plenum that purged them assigned the Pătrășcanu investigation to a team of Securitate officials and their Soviet advisors, directly supervised by Alexandru Drăghici, Alexandru Nicolschi , and Vladimir Mazuru . Under this new team, torture and beating began to be employed in interrogations in
8928-509: Was over 2400 meters long, one of the longest of all time. This territory was under Litovoi 's rule, a Vlach ( Romanian ) voivode in the 13th century, whose territory comprised northern Oltenia. He is mentioned for the first time in a diploma issued by king Béla IV of Hungary (1235–1270) on 2 July 1247. In 1277 (or between 1277 and 1280), Litovoi was at war with the Hungarians over lands King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1272–1290) claimed for
9024-461: Was the target of a sharp rebuke from the latter). Belu Zilber, the first of the group to give in to Securitate pressures and confess to the charges, was verbally attacked by Pătrășcanu inside the courthouse — Pătrășcanu notably accused him of having invented the entire conspiracy account. Records of their various interrogations show that both he and Calmanovici identified Emil Bodnăraș as the main instigator of their downfall. Reportedly, Zilber had
9120-509: Was trying to preserve good relations with the Soviet Union. He subsequently followed orders from Teohari Georgescu to re-create a defunct outlet of the party, the cultural society Amicii URSS ("Friends of the USSR"). In 1941, following the Legionary Rebellion , he was again arrested by the regime of Conducător Ion Antonescu . After a release from camp for health reasons in 1943, he
9216-579: Was under house arrest in Poiana Țapului ; allowed to settle in Bucharest later in that year, he remained under supervision until May 1944. According to Ioan Mocsony Stârcea , marshal of King Michael I 's court between 1942 and 1944, he met Pătrășcanu in April 1944 in order to mediate an agreement between the monarch and the Communists regarding a pro- Allied move to overthrow Antonescu and withdraw Romania, which
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