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67-400: The highest hills in the catchment area go up to 450 metres (1,480 ft) above sea level. The water flows are normally at their lowest in the summer and they're at their highest levels during the autumn and spring. There are only a few small lakes in the river system. The steep slopes down from the moors can create short and intense flood rapids. The river (here called Songa ) flows through

134-504: A Stone Age settlement. The first discovery in Norway of a Sarup enclosure (a Neolithic form of ritual enclosure first identified at Sarup on the Danish island of Funen ) was made in 2010 at Hamresanden and dates to c. 3400 BC. Archaeological excavations to the east of Oddernes Church have uncovered rural settlements that existed during the centuries immediately before and after the start of

201-578: A borough located in the west; and Vågsbygd , the largest borough with a population of 36,000, located in the southwest. Kristiansand is connected by four main roads: European Route E18 from Oslo , Aust-Agder , covering the easternmost parts of Kristiansand; European route E39 from Stavanger , Flekkefjord and the coastal towns and villages in Vest-Agder ; Norwegian National Road 9 from Evje , Setesdal and Grim; and Norwegian National Road 41 from Telemark , northern Aust-Agder, Birkeland , Tveit and

268-518: A cornerstone of the community, were scheduled for a temporary Layoff (from work); that's a large part of the company's work force; there is no fixed schedule for returning to work. The newspaper Vennesla Tidende has been published in Vennesla since 1989. Vikeland Hovedgård is a manor house located along the Otra River in the village of Vennesla . Vigeland Manor was completed in 1847. The building

335-515: A drydock with considerable capacity. Lund is the second largest borough in Kristiansand with a population of 9,000 inhabitants in 2012. 14 June 1921 was the first 2.75 km of Lund transferred to Kristiansand and 1 January 1965 was also the rest of Lund part of Kristiansand in the municipal amalgamation. In Lund, there are traces of humans dating back to the early Iron Age , the Viking Age until

402-498: A few days. In the summer most locals go to the Fiskebrygga , the archipelago opposite the city, and Hamresanden Beach, which is located about 10 minutes from the city centre near Kjevik airport. People from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, the UK and other European countries also visit this beach in the summer during their travels. The all-time high 32.6 °C (90.7 °F) at Kristiansand airport

469-472: A new, much larger municipality of Vennesla. On 1 January 1978, a small area of Vennesla (population: 10) was transferred to neighboring Songdalen municipality. Then again on 1 January 1984, the unpopulated Hauglandsvatnet area was transferred from Vennesla to Songdalen municipality. On 1 January 1990, the unpopulated Røssebrekka area, just east of the village of Vennesla was transferred from Kristiansand municipality to Vennesla. The municipality (originally

536-601: A significant and advanced mechanical industry which produces offshore and marine cranes and other marine equipment in Andøya Industrial Park. Amfi Vågsbygd is a major shopping center in Vågsbygd. Outside of Andøya in Vågsbygd is Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre, a Centre for protection of vessels at the former Bredalsholmen yard. Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre is a national hub for maintenance of museum ships and cherish worthy coastal culture, and

603-533: A temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ). The coastal parts of the Skagerrak coast, which includes Kristiansand, is the sunniest part of Norway. Snow generally occurs in late December and in January and February; it may be heavy (the snow record at Kjevik airport is 170 centimetres (67 in)) but rarely stays long on the coast; see Climate of Norway . Due to warming in the more recent decades, snow often melts after

670-547: A ten-year tax exemption. In 1666, Christianssand became a garrison town and was heavily fortified. In 1682, King Christian V decided to relocate the bishopric there from Stavanger . Hence, the young city became the main city of the Christiansand Stift. Christianssand experienced its first fire in 1734, which was devastating to the city. Later in the 18th century, after the American Revolutionary War ,

737-472: A tree with leaves and what look like pine cones. On the base of the crown are the letters R. F. P., standing for Regna Firma Pietas , "Piety strengthens the realm"; this was Christian IV's motto . Around the seal of the city is its motto, Cavsa Triumphat Tandem Bona , "A good cause prevails in the end". Kristiansand is strategically located on the Skagerrak , and until the opening of the Kiel Canal between

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804-578: A very meandering run. There is a short waterfall (Søgne waterfall) near the Søgne Landbruksskole. From that waterfall to the sea, the river is called the Søgneelva . The Songdalselva flows into the sea between the villages of Høllen and Åros in Kristiansand municipality. Both salmon and sea trout are found in the river, and a fishing license is required for fishing along the river. In

871-421: Is " Gules , three barrulets wavy in bend sinister with six tree trunks with branches issuant in chief and two cogwheels in sinister base Or " . This means the arms have a red field (background) and the charge is three wavy lines diagonally crossing the arms with six trees above the lines and two cogwheels below. The charge has a tincture of Or which means it is commonly colored yellow, but if it

938-543: Is Northern Europe's longest continuous wooden buildings. In the parts are among others Kristiansand Cathedral , Kristiansand City Hall , Wergeland Park, and the terminal for ferries to Hirtshals and Kristiansand Station is located in the parts western corner. Vågsbygd has considerable industry, who has survived major changes. The largest employer is all the same Elkem Solar producing super clean Silicon for solar cells , which are located in premises that Elkem previous Ferrosilicon factory Fiskå Verk. On Andøya it established

1005-622: Is a city beach located in Kvadraturen; Hamresanden beach is the longest beach in Kristiansand. Hamresanden Camping is a popular family aciivity during the summer season. The city hosts a free weekly concert in downtown Kristiansand in the summertime. Outside the city is the industrial park Sørlandsparken , which includes Sørlandssenteret , Norway's largest mall. The city is named after the Dano-Norwegian King King Christian IV , who founded it on 5 July 1641. The second part of

1072-641: Is flooding. In 1993, the watercourse was protected against hydropower development pursuant to Norwegian law, by development plans through Conservation Plan IV for waterways. Vennesla Vennesla is a municipality in Agder county, Norway . It is located in the traditional district of Sørlandet . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Vennesla . Other villages in Vennesla include Grovane , Hægeland , Homstean , Mushom , Øvre Eikeland , Øvrebø , Røyknes , and Skarpengland . Vennesla lies about 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of

1139-519: Is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Agder District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal . The municipal council ( Kommunestyre ) of Vennesla is made up of 27 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show

1206-507: Is made out of metal, then gold is used. The three wavy lines symbolises the river Otra , which runs through the municipality. The six trees symbolize the importance of forestry to the local economy. The cogwheels symbolize the local industry . There is a three-pointed mural crown on top of the arms which represent the three municipalities that were merged in 1964 to form the present municipality: Vennesla, Øvrebø , and Hægeland . The arms were designed by Alv Erikstad. The municipal flag has

1273-537: Is mentioned in two letters located in the National Archives . The letters describe the attack that took place with a lot of violence against both women and men and that on both sides suffered casualties. No one know who the robbers were, but their centurion was named Per Syvertsen. The name suggests that he and his crew came from Norway or Denmark . Indre and Ytre Randesund is located between Kvåsefjorden in Høvåg and

1340-846: Is part of the Swedo-Norwegian Base Mountain Shield, the southwestern section of the Baltic Shield , and consists of two main geological formations of Proterozoic rocks that were formed in the Gothic and later Swedo-Norwegian orogenies , with significant metamorphism during the latter. There is a substrate of 1,600–1,450 million-year-old slate , quartzite , marble and amphibolite with some hornblende gneiss , and overlaid on this acidic surface structures of both granite and granodiorite (in general 1,250–1,000 million years old, in some places 1,550–1,480 million years old). The Bamblefelt geological area starts to

1407-521: The Kristiansand Cathedral was hit by accident. The third attack attempt on the city succeeded because a signal flag was confused with a French national flag and the misunderstanding was not discovered until it was too late. The city was occupied by a force of 800 men. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1965,

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1474-552: The North Sea and the Baltic was very important militarily and geopolitically. This meant that for centuries it served as a military stronghold, first as Harald Fairhair 's royal residence, then as a Danish-Norwegian fortress, and later as a garrison town. Kristiansand is a gateway to and from the continent, with ferry service to Denmark and a terminus of the railway line along the southern edge of South Norway. Geologically, this part of Agder

1541-598: The common era . Together with a corresponding discovery in Rogaland , these settlements are unique in the Norwegian context; isolated farms, rather than villages, were the norm in ancient Norway. Other discoveries in grave mounds around the church, in the Lund section of the city, indicate habitation beginning c. 400 AD, and 25 cooking pits that were found immediately outside the church wall in 1907 are probably even older. One of

1608-423: The parish ) is named after the old Vennesla farm ( Old Norse : Vendilslá ) since the first Vennesla Church was built there. The first element is vendil which comes from the word vǫndr which means "small twig". This may have been an old name for an arm of Venneslafjorden . The last element is lá which means "swamp" or "shallow water". The coat of arms was adopted on 15 May 1971. The blazon

1675-416: The stadium is Moseidmoen gress in the village of Vennesla . Vennesla is twinned with: Kristiansand Kristiansand is a city and municipality in Agder county, Norway . The city is the fifth-largest and the municipality is the sixth-largest in Norway, with a population of around 116,000 as of January 2020, following the incorporation of the municipalities of Søgne and Songdalen into

1742-458: The 1980s, industry and business in the city declined, in part because of the 1986 fire at the Hotel Caledonien . But beginning in the second half of the 1990s, business increased in momentum with the development of enterprises for marine and offshore equipment, security technology and drilling. The older municipal archives for Kristiansand (and the former municipalities) are currently held at

1809-652: The Inter-Municipal Archives in Vest-Agder (IKAVA). This includes documents concerning, for example, local councils, chairmanships, poor boards, school boards and archives including among other things personal documents in the form of client records, tax records, and also school records. On 1 January 2020, the three neighbouring municipalities of Kristiansand, Songdalen , and Søgne were merged to form one large municipality called Kristiansand . The arms of Kristiansand were granted on 8 December 1909 and are based on

1876-453: The Oddernes borough. Kristiansand is divided into five boroughs; - Grim , which is located northwest in Kristiansand with a population of 15,000; Kvadraturen , which is the centre and downtown Kristiansand with a population of 5,200; Lund , the second largest borough; Søgne , with a population of around 12,000 and incorporated into the municipality of Kristiansand as of January 2020; Oddernes ,

1943-718: The Stallemodalen valley in Vennesla , and then falls into the Songdalen valley through a gorge at Underåsen. Once in the Songdalen valley, it is called the Songdalselva . Here it receives more water from the right from the Gumpedalselva tributary . The river drops no more than about 20-meter (66 ft) over the last 20-kilometer (12 mi) to the river mouth, and has on this stretch

2010-473: The Topdalsfjord in Oddernes. Several small islands are situated alongside the cost of Randesund, among them Randøya and Herøya, both popular with summer tourists. The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the island, Randøen (now known as Randøya). The first part of the name is rand (Old Norse: rǫnd) which means "boundary" or "edge" and the last part of the name is sund which means "strait". The name

2077-426: The airport Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik . Varodd Bridge is a large bridge and a part of E18 , which stretches over Topdalsfjorden . Tourism is important in Kristiansand, and the summer season is the most popular for tourists. Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park is the largest zoo in Norway. It receives over 900,000 visitors every year. Markens Street is the main pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand. Bystranda

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2144-404: The city and also provided many jobs for women. The most recent major fire, in 1892, left half the original section of the city in ashes. It burned buildings as far as the cathedral , which had been rebuilt in brick after a previous fire in 1880. With the development of hydropower in southern Norway, the city gradually developed an industrial base, particularly with the establishment in 1910 of

2211-464: The city of Kristiansand in the Otra river valley. The 384-square-kilometre (148 sq mi) municipality is the 242nd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Vennesla is the 79th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 15,294. The municipality's population density is 42.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (109/sq mi) and its population has increased by 11.2% over

2278-426: The city of Kristiansand (population: 27,100) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Randesund (population: 1,672), Tveit (population: 2,802), and Oddernes (population: 18,668) to create a much larger Kristiansand Municipality. Post-war construction included further development of the Lund section, and in the 1960s and 1970s Vågsbygd to the west was developed into a section with 20,000 inhabitants. In

2345-463: The city of Kristiansand got larger by annexing a part of the neighboring municipality of Oddernes , gaining 2,164 more residents along with more land for the growing city. The labour movement had important pioneers in the city, and Leon Trotsky spent about a year of his exile in the archipelago offshore from Kristiansand. Arnulf Øverland took him from Randesund to Ny-Hellesund in Søgne in 1936. In

2412-540: The city was founded focused on loading and dumps at Lund, along Otra or Torridalselven and along Topdalsfjorden by Odderøya and Flekkeroy port. Christian IV 's town plan outlined the city center with 56 rectangular squares with five long blocks and eight cross streets. It was the squares along the Otra and east and west harbor, which was built first. Today Kvadraturen is a part of Kvadraturen/Eg, which has (as of 1 January 2005) 5510 inhabitants. The area Posebyen in Kvadraturen

2479-672: The city's name, sand , comes from the Old Norse word sandr which means "sand" or "sandy ground". This refers to the sandy headland upon which the city was originally built. (See also: Lillesand#Name ) Historically, the name was usually written Christianssand until 1877, although the map of the mapmaker Pontoppidan from 1785 spelled the name Christiansand (with a single 's'). In 1877, an official spelling reform aimed at bringing city names into line with regular Norwegian orthography changed it to Kristianssand . Kristiansund and Kristiania ( Oslo ), also had their spellings changed under

2546-440: The cornerstone of the community. During recent decades, however, the number of employees has drastically declined from around 1,200 in the 1970s, to 200 in 2005 and 120 in 2007. In 2010 there was only 135 employees at the paper mill. In 2011, Hunsfos Fabrikker AS celebrated 125 years as a paper mill but later the same year finally ceased production and was declared bankrupt. During Q4 2022, "one hundred plus" workers at Huntonit ,

2613-400: The current and historical composition of the council by political party . The mayors ( Norwegian : ordfører ) of Vennesla: Vennesla municipality is situated in Agder county, Norway , about 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of the city of Kristiansand . The neighboring municipalities are Evje og Hornnes (to the north), Birkenes and Iveland (to the east), and Kristiansand (to

2680-418: The development of Kristiansand was the harbor on the island of Flekkerøy , which was the most important on the Skagerrak beginning in the 16th century and was first fortified under King Christian III in 1555. In 1635, King Christian IV ordered his feudal seigneur , Palle Rosenkrantz, to move from Nedenes and build a royal palace on the island. Christian IV (renowned for having founded many towns) visited

2747-509: The early Middle Ages various locations. There has been a settlement here since the Stone Age . During the Viking Age there was a great man's farm here. A Runestone at Oddernes church provides a connection to this farm. A large field with burial mounds formerly existed south and west of the church, and may also be associated with this farm. In 1492 robbers from the sea came and attacked Lund. This

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2814-430: The east of the municipality and extends to Grenland . The last Swedo-Norwegian formations are evident in large formations of granite. There are also incidences of gabbro and diorite , less commonly eclogite . The Caledonian orogeny did not affect this area. Faults run southwest–northeast. In ancient times there was a volcano off Flekkeroy , which left deposits of volcanic rock just north of central Kristiansand, on

2881-511: The greater Kristiansand municipality. In addition to the city itself, Statistics Norway count four other densely populated areas in the municipality: Skålevik in Flekkerøy with a population of 3,526 in the Vågsbygd borough, Strai with a population of 1,636 in the Grim borough, Justvik with a population of 1,803 in the Lund borough, and Tveit with a population of 1,396 (as of January 2012 ) in

2948-537: The interwar period Kristiansand was a centre for intellectuals, especially after the architect Thilo Schoder settled there in 1932. Kristiansand was attacked by German naval forces and the Luftwaffe during the Operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940. The naval forces met fierce resistance from Norwegian coastal artillery at Odderøya . Bombs and grenades also hit the downtown and the 70 meter high church tower of

3015-462: The largest pre-Christian burial grounds in South Norway was formerly located to the south and west of the church. A royal centre is thought to have existed at Oddernes before 800, and the church was built around 1040. Before the stone church was built, one or perhaps two wooden post churches are believed to have stood on the same spot. A few years ago, excavations were carried out under and around

3082-534: The location in 1630 and 1635, and on 5 July 1641 formally founded the town of Christianssand on the "sand" on the opposite bank of the Torridalselva (Otra). The town was laid out in Renaissance style on a grid plan (the central section now known as Kvadraturen = The Quarters), and merchants throughout Agder were commanded to move to the new town. In return, they were to receive a variety of trading privileges and

3149-583: The main building subsequently used as lodging, corporate, and meeting facilities. The manor house has been said to be haunted by a ghost known as "the Blue Lady" (den Blå Dama) . Mari was a farm worker who fell in love with the owner's son. They were not allowed to marry, so it is said Mari committed suicide in the "blue room", hence the title "the Blue Lady". Vennesla Church ( Vennesla Kirke ) serves Vennesla parish in Otredal deanery ( Otredal prosti ). The church

3216-417: The new formannskapsdistrikt law went into effect. This new law granted municipal self-government throughout Norway. As a city, it formed its own municipal government and it was surrounded by the rural municipality of Oddernes . The City of Kristiansand had a quarantine station for maritime traffic and hospital at Odderøy Island for cholera patients that opened in 1804. The city had far fewer deaths than

3283-482: The nickel refinery Kristiansands Nikkelraffineringsverk AS (later Falconbridge Nikkelverk, now Glencore Nikkelverk). From an economic perspective, the First World War was a good time for Kristiansand, as a neutral shipping city. The crises that followed with the gold standard politics of the 1920s and the world economic crisis of the 1930s were also deeply felt in a trading city like Kristiansand. On 1 July 1921,

3350-460: The oldest seal of the city, dating from 1643. In 1643 King Christian IV granted the young town the right to use a seal with the Norwegian lion and the royal crown. The crown indicates that the city was founded by the king. The other major element in the arms is a tree. As the species of tree is not specified, there are several known versions with differently shaped trees. A second seal, from 1658, shows

3417-408: The post-war years up until the 1980s, the river was thought of as an open sewer. Bathing and fishing were not recommended. Water quality improved by the time the sewer was led through pipes and cleansed before discharged to the sea. Today's (2016) environmental issue is mainly illegal garbage disposal and plastic waste from farming, accumulation along the banks and flowing into the ocean when the river

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3484-534: The previous 10-year period. The parish of Vennesla was established as a municipality in 1864 when it was separated from the larger municipality of Øvrebø . Initially, Vennesla had 1,103 residents. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1964, Vennesla (population: 7,321) was merged with most of the neighboring municipality of Øvrebø (population: 925) and with all of another neighboring municipality, Hægeland (population: 849) which created

3551-565: The runestone when it was moved to the church porch; the grave finds indicated that the churchyard must already have been unusually large in the High Middle Ages . This means that the area must have had a large population before it was reduced by the Black Death . In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was already a busy port and a small village on the Otra at the lowest point of today's Lund neighbourhood (Lahelle). Another important element in

3618-527: The same design as the coat of arms. The Church of Norway has three parishes ( sokn ) within the municipality of Vennesla. It is part of the Otredal deanery in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark . Vennesla Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality

3685-399: The same reform. Despite that, a number of businesses and associations retain the "Ch" spelling. The name was again changed to its present form, Kristiansand (single "s"), in 1889. In 2012, the city's mayor, Arvid Grundekjøn , proposed that the city be renamed Christianssand, arguing that "Kristiansand" is grammatically meaningless and that Christianssand stands for tradition. This proposal

3752-554: The site of the estate of Eg, now occupied by the Hospital of Southern Norway . Near the city, there are deep woods. In Baneheia and at the former coastal artillery fortress on Odderøya , there are lighted ski trails and walking paths specially prepared for wheelchair users. Two major rivers, the Otra and the Tovdalselva , flow into the Skagerrak at Kristiansand. Kristiansand has

3819-411: The south and west), and Lindesnes (to the west). The river Otra runs through the municipality from north to south. Both of the lakes Kilefjorden and Venneslafjorden are located along the river. The river Songdalselva runs through the western part of the municipality. Vennesla (mostly the village of Vennesla ) has a small industrial base, primarily with Hunsfos Fabrikker AS, a paper mill , as

3886-504: The surrounding area, largely attributable to the quarantine station and the hospital. For example, during the period of 1833–1866, Drammen had 544 cholera patients, of which 336 died. During this same period, Kristiansand only experienced 15 deaths from cholera. Another important development during the 19th century was the foundation in 1881 of Eg Sindssygeasyl , the second central psychiatric institution in Norway (after Gaustad ). The psychiatric hospital drew highly specialized doctors to

3953-426: The town's economy begin to recover, and the growth in the Norwegian shipping industry was important for Kristiansand. It was the only part of Norway where oak trees flourished, a major resource for the country's shipbuilding industry. Large numbers of lobsters were collected off the coast and sent to London during the mid-19th century. The population of Kristiansand was about 12,000 people by 1848. On 1 January 1838,

4020-576: The town's shipbuilders experienced a boom that lasted until the Napoleonic Wars , when the Continental System and blockade struck a severe blow to Kristiansand's overseas trade. Denmark–Norway supported France in the conflict, and as a result Norwegian ports including Kristiansand became subject to a British naval blockade , as recounted in Henrik Ibsen 's Terje Vigen . Only in the 1830s did

4087-414: Was October 1976 with 560 mm precipitation, and the driest was April 1974 with no precipitation at all. Kristiansand is partitioned into 18 parts and 217 subparts. Kristiansand is also divided into 5 boroughs. Kvadraturen is the city center of Kristiansand. The area belonged to the farms Eg and Grim, and was a sandy plain covered with forest, and was called Sanden or Grimsmoen. Settlements were before

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4154-457: Was also the sunniest month on record with 422 sunhours, and the year 2018 recorded 2126 sunhours - despite December recording just 1 sunhr as cloudiest month on record in Kristiansand. The cloudiest July recorded 156 sunhours (2007). Kristiansand has the national record for the sunniest February (153 sunhrs in 1986), sunniest April (323 hrs in 2021), sunniest August (343 hrs in 1995) and sunniest September (241 hrs in 1959). The wettest month on record

4221-494: Was completed in 1829 and consecrated the following year. The church was built of stone and brick, while the west tower with side buildings are wooden. The church replaced a church from the first half of the 1600s. The tower was made higher in 1886, and the interior was restored in 1925. The football club of Vennesla is Vindbjart FK , founded in 1896. Vindbjart is currently playing in the Norwegian Third Division and

4288-418: Was constructed of wood in both Empire and Swiss style. It was built as part of Vigeland Brug, then one of the largest sawmills in the area. Vigeland Manor was built by Caspar Wild who bought the farm and adjacent sawmill in 1833. In 1894, the farm was sold to John Clarke Hawkshaw whose family retained the manor until around 1960. The current annex was built around 1900. During the 1980s, there was restoration with

4355-412: Was not well received by the locals and the mayor has not pushed this further. The Kristiansand area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. In 1996, the well-preserved skeleton of a woman dating to approximately 6500 BC was discovered in Søgne in western Kristiansand. This demonstrates very early habitation of the archipelago. Grauthelleren ( Grathelleren ), located on Fidjane, is believed to be

4422-404: Was previously spelled Randøsund. Tveit is a village and a former municipality in Vest-Agder county. It is located in the present-day municipality of Kristiansand. Tveit is home to Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik . Tveit is located along the lower part of the Tovdalselva river, known as Topdalselva from the border with Aust-Agder . The population of Tveit is approximately 2,900 (2014). Some of

4489-560: Was recorded August 1975. The all-time low at the airport −28.2 °C (−18.8 °F) was recorded January 1982. The temperature seldom reaches 30 °C (86 °F), but most days in July reaches 21 °C (70 °F) or more. The warmest month ever was July 1901 with mean 21.6 °C (71 °F) at an earlier weather station ( Kristiansand S - Eg ). The warmest month at the airport was July 2018 with 24-hr average 19.9 °C (68 °F) and average daily high 25.8 °C (78 °F). July 2018

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