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116-487: The word "Syrmia" is derived from the ancient city of Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica ). Sirmium was a Celtic or Illyrian town founded in the third century BC. Srem ( Serbian Cyrillic : Срем ) and Srijem ( Сријем ) are used to designate the region in Serbia and Croatia respectively. Other names for the region include: Between 3000 BC and 2400 BC, Syrmia was at the centre of Indo-European Vučedol culture . Sirmium

232-451: A Roman army dispatched by Manuel I Komnenos decisively defeated the forces of Hungary, turning the latter into a satellite state. Ten Roman emperors were born in this city or in its surroundings: Herennius Etruscus (251), Hostilian (251), Decius (249–251), Claudius II (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximian (285–310), Constantius II (337–361), and Gratian (367–383). The last emperor of

348-687: A campaign against the Wallachian voievode Mircea I (1386–1418). In this campaign, Stefan personally led the Serbian heavy cavalry , while Serbian nobles Marko (1371–1395), Constantine Dragaš and Konstantin Balšić led their forces. Bayezid's forces crossed the Danube and the battle of Rovine took place on 17 May 1395, near present-day Pitești , with a Wallachian victory. In the battle, Marko and Dragaš were killed, and Bayezid annexed their lands. According to Constantine

464-607: A civil war between his sons for throne. From Bursa, Stefan and his brother Vuk Lazarević went to Constantinople, which was relieved after several years of Ottoman blockade. John VII Palaiologos (who ruled in place of his absent uncle Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos ) awarded Prince Stefan in August 1402 the high Byzantine title of Despot , which in Byzantine hierarchy was just beneath the Imperial. In addition, Stefan married Helen Gattilusio ,

580-984: A confidant of Josip Broz Tito , drew the border according to demographic criteria, which explains why the town of Ilok on the Danube , with a Croat majority, lies east of Šid in Serbia, with a Serb majority. The border drawn in 1945 was very similar to the 1931-1939 border between the Danube Banovina and the Sava Banovina within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . List of cities in Syrmia (with population): Petrovaradin, Sremska Kamenica, Sremski Karlovci and Beočin are geographically located in Syrmia, but they are part of South Bačka District . Municipalities in Serbian Syrmia: The Syrmian villages of Neštin and Vizić are part of

696-620: A diplomat, legislator, ktetor , patron of the arts , poet and one of the founding members of the Order of the Dragon . The son of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović , he was regarded as one of the finest knights and military leaders of his time. After the death of his father at Kosovo (1389) , he became ruler of Moravian Serbia and ruled with his mother Milica (a Nemanjić ), until he reached adulthood in 1393. Stefan led troops in several battles as an Ottoman vassal, until asserting independence after receiving

812-402: A few Sirmium publicly accessible archeological sites). The presence of the arena has clearly affected the layout of the present town (Sremska Mitrovica is today about 2–4m above the ground line of the former Sirmium settlement). Recently announced cultural and archeological projects for preserving and popularising Sirmium sites haven't included any activity dealing with the arena, probably due to

928-569: A joint command and thus poorly coordinated on the battlefield. Also, they were both unfamiliar and ignorant of the Ottoman army's war methods. After initial Crusader success, the Ottomans initiated a counterattack that ended after the entry of the Hungarian knights in battle, which began to suppress them. In this turning point of the battle, the Serbian heavy cavalry led by Stefan Lazarević himself broke through

1044-577: A little later she settled permanently in Stefan's castle, in Belgrade . It is interesting to note that a group of imprisoned Serbs were taken to Samarkand where they were employed on construction works. On the other hand, Timur's forces had already left Asia Minor in 1403, and Timur himself died in early 1405, during his expedition to China. In the Ottoman Empire , Bayezid's capture, and then his death, brought on

1160-537: A peace treaty in 845 AD. The region was later incorporated into the Principality of Lower Pannonia , but during the 10th century it became a battleground between Hungarians , Bulgarians , and Serbs . At the beginning of the 11th century, the ruler of Syrmia was Duke Sermon , vassal of the Bulgarian emperor Samuil . There had been Bulgar resistance to Byzantine rule. This collapsed and Sermon, who refused to capitulate

1276-457: A relatively strong state. There is no data of the activities of Vuk Branković during this period. It is certain that after the Battle of Kosovo he was sought to expand his area ( among other things, he has conquered the part of Polimlje ) and he used the same title that was used before him by Prince Lazar (lord of Serbs and Podunavije ). However, by early May 1390, he felt threatened and he asked

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1392-721: A sense of camaraderie with the forces of Timur. This allowed the Timur's forces to break Bayezid's left wing and encircle his center, where was located the Sultan with his janissaries (around 10,000 ). On the right wing, there were Bayezid's vassals, among whom were Đurađ Branković and his brother Grgur, Stefan's brother Vuk, and Stefan himself, who was also a commander of the right wing. He fought bravely, which caused admiration from Timur. Prince Stefan and his knights, which according to chronicler Duka and several contemporaries, were 5000 heavily armed men with spears, including cavalry, repeatedly attacked

1508-616: A short stay in Lesbos. Their first stop was Zeta , ruled by Đurađ II Balšić , the husband of Stefan's sister Jelena. Đurađ II received them at his capital in Ulcinj , after which Stefan began organizing the army for a confrontation with Branković. Stefan's mother gathered an army in Serbia, while at the same time Branković and Ottoman troops took control of roads in Kosovo to prevent the return of Stefan. In late October, Stefan's army from Bar , moved across

1624-631: A site of much controversy. Between 347 and 358 there were four synods held in Sirmium . A fifth took place in 375 or 378. All dealt with the Arian controversy. At Glac near Sirmium a palace is being excavated, indicated by the luxurious construction materials coming from all over the Mediterranean, such as red and green porphyry from Egypt and the Peloponnese, and marble from Tunisia, Greece and Italy. Some say it

1740-563: A vassal of the Ottoman, while in the territorial sense, regain Thessaloniki and a number of cities on the coast of the Bosphorus and Black Sea. One of the provisions of this contract referred to Stefan, although he probably did not take part in its conclusion. Stefan kept his former possessions, but had to still pay tribute and send the Sultan support militarily, although he was not obliged to lead them himself. The Kingdom of Hungary at that time

1856-473: Is known of her death or burial; and, most unusual, she did not appear in any of the post-1402 fresco portraits of Stefan". Luttrell concludes "Maybe she was too young for the marriage to be consummated, and perhaps she stayed on Lesbos and never traveled to Serbia; possibly she died soon after her marriage." Stefan Lazarević was born, probably, in 1377 in Kruševac , the capital of his father, Prince Lazar . After

1972-602: Is nevertheless a war waged without major battles and a clear winner. In the negotiations on concluding a peace as a mediator intervened and Despot Stefan himself, but they were unsuccessful, although guided by a number of occasions. He was first in May 1406 mediated by the Venetians, then in June 1407 when he was with his sister Mara and Niketa Thopia supposed to guarantee that the Balša III fulfill

2088-656: Is that of Emperor Maximian and according to Aurelius Victor built on the place where his parents worked as laborers on the estate. During the construction of the hospital in 1971, more than eighty altars were found in a monumental sanctuary to Jupiter, which is the second largest in Europe. Sirmium had two bridges that bridged the river Sava, Ad Basanti, and Artemida's bridges according to historical sources. After 313 Sirmium became an important Christian center. So far revealed are eight early Christian churches dedicated to St. Irenaeus, St. Demetrius, and Sv. Sinenot. During work on

2204-540: The Battle of Kosovo on 15 June 1389, where his father was killed, Stefan became the new Serbian prince, but before he became of age the state was ruled by his mother, Princess Milica. In the battle of Kosovo in 1389, both rulers were killed, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Ottoman Sultan Murad I , a rare occurrence in history. (Murad I was the first and the last Ottoman ruler who was killed on the battlefield). He came to

2320-724: The City of Belgrade . The remaining part of Syrmia is part of the Vukovar-Syrmia County in Croatia. The present international border of the region of Syrmia was drawn in 1945 by the Đilas commission . It divided the Yugoslav constituent republic of Croatia and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina , itself part of Serbia , within Yugoslavia . Milovan Đilas , a Montenegrin and then

2436-517: The Croatian War of Independence ensued shortly thereafter. The Serbs self-proclaimed in one part western Syrmia an autonomous region called the "Serbian Autonomous Region of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia ". This region was one of the two Serbian autonomous regions that formed the self-declared and unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina . The region was ethnically cleansed of its Croat and some other non-Serb population leading to some of

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2552-451: The Order of the Dragon . At the same time (1403 or early in 1404) Stefan attacked lands of Branković around river Sitnica , and then began to attack the areas under Ottoman control, in which it might have had and Hungarian military support troops. It is not known exactly from which cities and regions has managed to push the Ottomans, but it is thought that his offensive was directed toward eastern Serbia, and Kosovo. After these successes, he

2668-531: The Republic of Ragusa to facilitate his safety, if it comes in a quandary, which could be linked with the Ottoman detachments who helped Stefan during the summer to suppress the Hungarians from their state. But there is no evidence that there was some hostility between Stefan and Vuk Branković. There was recorded in the sources that Vuk attended in formal transfer of Prince Lazar's holy body from his capital Priština to

2784-599: The 6th century, Syrmia was part of the Byzantine province of Pannonia . During that time, Byzantine rule was challenged by Ostrogoths and Gepids . In 567, Byzantine rule was fully restored, although it later collapsed during the Siege of Sirmium by Avars and Slavs (582). It remained under Avar rule up to c. 800, when it came under the control of the Frankish Empire . In 827, Bulgars invaded Syrmia and continued to rule after

2900-559: The Crusader lines fell apart and a carnage ensued. One of the participants in the battle, Johann Schiltberger , described the Serbian attack: When all of (Turkish) warriors were killed, King was attacked by another unit consisting of cavalry. When the Turkish sultan saw king's attack, he was about to flee the battlefield, but the Duke of Rascia (Serbia), known as the despot, seeing this, rushed to help

3016-400: The Danube. Nicopolis, which had a large Ottoman garrison, was besieged. The siege broke the blockade of Constantinople, forcing Bayezid to send troops towards the Danube, joining forces with Stefan Lazarević's heavy cavalary near Plovdiv . A great battle took place on 25 September 1396 in which the Crusader forces were completely destroyed. Although numerically superior, the Crusader army lacked

3132-564: The Great took Sirmium. For a short time, Sirmium was the center of the Kingdom of the Gepids , and king Cunimund ( r.   c.  560  – 567 ) minted gold coins there. After 567, Sirmium was returned to the East Roman Empire. The Pannonian Avars conquered and destroyed the city in 582. The city was also the location of the Battle of Sirmium that took place in 1167, where

3248-717: The Hungarian King Sigismund and with recognition directly Bayezid I supreme power gain independence in lands of Prince Stefan. The exact course of further events is not precisely known, but it is evident that Stefan knew of the plot, having known of it via Mihajlo. He invited Duke Novak, who had estates in Toplica (probably the lands around Kuršumlija ) and in Hvosno (the village of Crkolez near Peć ), to his castle and killed him. After that Belocrkvić, who had estates around Rudnik , and his family (wife and four daughters) fled to

3364-589: The Hungarian King Sigismund. Veliko Tarnovo was besieged and Bulgaria devastated; the Bulgarian ruler Ivan Shishman was Stefan's brother-in-law. After this, many Bulgarian scholars sought refuge in neighboring Christian countries, among which were Serbia. At the end of 1393 and early 1394, Bayezid I began gathering his Christian vassals at Serres . Byzantine sources tell that among the vassals were Stefan, Emperor Manuel II (1391–1425), his nephew John VII (1390) and his brother Theodore I of Morea (r. 1383–1407), and

3480-481: The Hungarian lines and surrounded King Sigismund, attacking the Hungarian banner troops of Nicholas II Garay. Garay's troops were dispersed, which had a decisive influence on the course of the battle, because some of the Crusaders thought that Sigismund had died and that the battle was lost, while the Hungarian commanders convinced Sigismund that the battle was practically lost and that it was better to withdraw. After that,

3596-752: The Kelmendi tribe to Syrmia, who were recorded as speaking Albanian as late as 1921. In 1745, the County of Syrmia was established as part of the Habsburgs' Kingdom of Slavonia . During the Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791), there were émigrés from Serbia who settled in Syrmia. In 1807, the Tican's Rebellion , a Syrmian peasant uprising, occurred on Ruma estate and in the village of Voganj in Ilok estate. In 1848, most of Syrmia

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3712-519: The Kingdom of Hungary. On 29 October 1918, Syrmia became a part of the newly independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . On 24 November 1918, the Assembly of Syrmia proclaimed the unification of Serb-populated parts of Syrmia with the Kingdom of Serbia . However, from 1 December 1918, all of Syrmia was made a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . From 1918 to 1922, Syrmia remained within

3828-426: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and from 1922 to 1929, Syrmia was a province ( oblast ). In 1929, after a new territorial division, Syrmia was divided between Danube Banovina and Drina Banovina , in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and in 1931, it was divided between Danube Banovina and Sava Banovina . In 1939, the western part of Syrmia was included into the newly formed Banovina of Croatia . In 1941, Syrmia

3944-847: The Kingdoms of Rascia and Hungary. In 1404, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor ceded part of Syrmia to Stefan Lazarević of Serbia. From 1459, the Hungarian kings endorsed the House of Branković and later, the Berislavići Grabarski family as the titular heads of the Serbian Despotate of which Syrmia was a part. They resided in Kupinik (modern Kupinovo). The local rulers included Vuk Grgurević (1471 to 1485); Đorđe Branković (1486 to 1496), Jovan Branković (1496 to 1502), Ivaniš Berislavić (1504 to 1514), and Stjepan Berislavić (1520 to 1535). In 1522,

4060-663: The Ottomans retained strategic locations under their direct rule. In addition, the Ottoman forces marched into Hungary and plundered its southern parts, especially Zemun (which was devastated) and Sremska Mitrovica (which was burned down, and its population displaced). The Ottomans continued the offensive in the Balkans in January 1398 and attacked Bosnia . The leader of the action was one of Bayezid's sons, Musa Çelebi , and Prince Stefan joined them with Serbian extra squads. This campaign, besides looting Bosnia, did not achieve any success, and

4176-612: The Ottomans, and Priština, which we know that in March the same year, was part of the state of Stefan Lazarević. Great changes of events in Asia Minor and Southeastern Europe were caused by an invasion of the Tatars under the leadership of Tamerlane , one of the great conquerors in world history. His invasion into Asia Minor forced Bayezid I to gather his forces and try to confront him in battle, which took place 28 July 1402, near from Angora (Ankara,

4292-524: The Philosopher in his Life of Stefan Lazarević , before the battle Marko said to Dragaš: "I pray God to help the Christians and that I will be among the first dead in this war." The Ottoman forces then took over Vidin , and reinforced by Serbian detachments during the summer of 1396 marched into Banat , after attacking the lands of Vuk Branković and conquering a large part of it with Priština . However,

4408-417: The Serbian lord Constantine Dragaš . It is believed that Bayezid I planned to kill the vassals at the meeting and take their lands. He gave the order to kill them, but it was not done immediately, then he changed his mind, after which some of them went home, while the rest of them completed the conquest of Thessaly and Thessaloniki (12 April). During the autumn of 1394, Bayezid started gathering forces for

4524-512: The State Assembly with the support of Serbian Patriarch Spyridon (1379–1389), decided on the conclusion of peace and acceptance of the supremacy of the sultan Bayezid I, after which they began negotiations with the Ottomans, who ended by concluding peace, before the middle of year 1390. Details of making this decision are not closely familiar, but it is certain that peace was made before the death of Patriarch Spirydon, 18 August 1389. According to

4640-541: The Sultan Bayezid in Bursa . The consequences of this peace were immediately visible because already in summer 1390, Serbian forces reinforced with extra Ottoman detachments, recaptured the lost cities, and probably in part of these operations the Ottomans took Golubac . Stefan militarily supported various Ottoman campaigns while Bayazid I in return supported Stefan against his nobles and his restoring of Serbia which would become

4756-651: The Syrmia by the Ustashe and German Wehrmacht , it turned into a massacre by the Ustasha militia that left up to 7,000 Serbs dead. Among those killed was the prominent painter Sava Šumanović , who was arrested along with 150 residents of Šid . In 1945, with the creation of new borders, eastern Syrmia became part of the People's Republic of Serbia , while western Syrmia became part of the People's Republic of Croatia . In 1991, Croatia declared its independence from SFR Yugoslavia , and

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4872-505: The Turkish sultan, with 15,000 people and many other knights, and his men crushed king's banner and broke it. According to some, Serbian forces were hidden in a grove on the left wing of Bayezid forces, making a sudden attack on the Hungarians probably from the side. A significant role was played by Stephen II Lackfi and Mircea I, because they withdrew from the battlefield with their forces just before Stefan's attack, leaving Sigismund without support. They had probably dealt with Stefan before

4988-533: The battle. Sigismund managed to escape by a fisherman's boat to the Venetian ships in the Danube. It is possible that Stefan left enough time for him to board the boat; Stefan saving Sigismund may be one of the causes of Stefan's later induction into the Order of the Dragon (as the first and foremost). There were disastrous consequences for the Balkan Christians after the defeat at the Battle of Nicopolis . Vidin

5104-434: The biggest culprit, according to Stefan's biographer, was a very bad winter, and some of the soldiers and prisoners returned to their lands. Some of the nobility tried to take advantage of Stefan's campaign to oust him from throne. Their leaders, Dukes Novak Belocrkvić and Nikola Zojić with help of Voivode Mihajlo , tried to show the failure of the invasion of Bosnia to Bayezid I, as a result of Stefan's connection with

5220-415: The bulk of their forces, commanded by Vuk, were defeated in the battle with the army led by Đurađ Branković. Victory in Battle of Tripolje , enabled Stefan to regain his throne and influence in Serbia, which was further strengthened in the coming years. However, the fight with Branković had not ended and in a sense, further complicated by the conflict that arose between Stefan and Vuk. His younger brother in

5336-410: The capital of Turkey). In this battle Ottoman forces suffered defeat, Bayezid I and one of his sons, Musa Çelebi , were captured and the following year Bayezid died in captivity. One of the main reasons for the Ottoman defeat was due to the desertion of Turkic and Tartar cavalry from Anatolia , which prior to the beginning of the battle defected to Timur's side, unhappy with Bayezid's rule and due to

5452-401: The combined Serbian-Ottoman attacks, while simultaneously trying to provide a strong base for the fight against the Ottomans and eventually expand to the south. The negotiations were most likely initiated by King Sigismund, and he sent emissaries to Stefan, among whom was his close associate of Florentine origin, Filippo Scolari . The objective of this delegation had been successful, and led to

5568-518: The conclusion of an agreement between the two rulers in late 1403 or early 1404. Under its provisions, Stefan accepted vassal relations to Sigismund, and received from him Mačva and Belgrade. With these new lands, including the Golubac Fortress , Stefan had strengthened his northern border, now delineated by the Sava and Danube rivers. As now a close ally to Sigismund, Stefan was among the first knights of

5684-434: The conclusion of peace, Prince Stefan pledged to send extra squads to the Ottoman sultan and pay tribute, and he and his brother Vuk Lazarević had to appear annually at the Sultan's Palace to confirm the allegiance to Bayezid I. In addition to these common vassal obligations, Bayezid I married youngest daughter of Prince Lazar and Princess Milica, Olivera, which, her brother and the new prince, Stefan, personally had to take to

5800-438: The conflict in Serbia, the year 1409 had several significant events that influenced the change of situation in the Balkans. Süleyman made peace with the Venetians in June, to whom they pledged to pay an annual tribute, as well as surrendering their former possessions in the area of Skadar and Zeta . His brother and rival in the struggle for power, Musa Çelebi moved to Europe and began to gather around him supporters and allies in

5916-415: The country of Balšić and Venetian lands, from Shkoder to Kosovo. Avoiding the main roads controlled by his opponents, Stefan's forces arrived at Gračanica 21 November near Tripolje, in the following battle the forces of Branković, strengthened by Ottoman detachments, were defeated. Stephen broke his army in two, with orders sent by his mother, before the battle, and his opponents did the same. Most of

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6032-636: The daughter of Florentine master of Lesbos Francesco II Gattilusio . These events are evidence of Stefan's new commitment as vassal to King Sigismund. While the Lazarević brothers were in Constantinople, they entered in open conflict with the Branković family . Đurađ Branković was imprisoned at the city dungeon on his return to Constantinople, on Stefan's command. The reason for this is unknown, and many later chroniclers, such as Mavro Orbini , claim that Đurađ

6148-470: The daughter of Francesco II of Lesbos . According to Konstantin the Philosopher , Stefan first saw his wife on Lesbos , where Francesco II offered him a choice among his daughters; the marriage was arranged "with the advice and participation" of Helena's sister, Empress Eirene . Surprisingly, there is no mention of Helena after her marriage to Stefan; this led British historian Anthony Luttrell to remark that "apparently there were never any children; nothing

6264-484: The development of mining in Serbia, which had been the main economic backbone of the Serbian Despotate . At the time of his death, Serbia was one of the largest silver producers in Europe. In the field of architecture, he continued the development of the Morava school . His reign and personal literary works are sometimes associated with early signs of the Renaissance in the Serbian lands. He introduced knightly tournaments, modern battle tactics, and firearms to Serbia. He

6380-428: The east and Valkó (Vukovar) in the west. In the 13th century, between 1282 and 1316, Syrmia was ruled by Stefan Dragutin of Serbia. Initially, Dragutin was a vassal of Hungary but later ruled independently. Dragutin died in 1316, and was succeeded by his son, Stefan Vladislav II (1316–1325). In 1324, Vladislav II was defeated by Stefan Uroš III Dečanski of Rascia . Lower Syrmia became the subject of dispute between

6496-474: The enemy lines to rescue his master Bayezid I from hostile environments. He eventually succeeded in it, but Bayezid refused to withdraw, after which Stefan took with him his son Süleyman Çelebi and started to retreat towards Bursa under constant attacks of the hordes of Tatars . Byzantine chronicler Laonikos Chalkokondyles states that "the Serbs fought as real heroes, each worthy of praise", adding that "They attacked Tatars with great vigor, crushing them hard in

6612-435: The established Ostrvica and he became a monk, losing his possessions in Serbia but saving his life. It is also certain that their allegations reached Bayezid and in the second half of March, the Ottoman forces marched into Serbia. It is not known what they did in Serbia; there is no evidence of invasion of any of the neighboring countries. In the spring, Stefan's mother (nun Eugene) and nun Jefimija went to Bayezid, to smooth

6728-441: The establishment of the Tetrarchy , the Roman Empire was split into four parts; Sirmium emerged as one of the four capital cities (along with Trier , Mediolanum , and Nicomedia ), and was the capital of emperor Galerius . With the establishment of Praetorian prefectures in 318, the capital of the prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium, remaining so until 379, when the westernmost Diocese of Illyricum, Pannonia (including Sirmium),

6844-403: The extent of the large arena — the entire present town center might have to be excavated. Stefan Lazarevi%C4%87 Stefan Lazarević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Стефан Лазаревић , c. 1377 – 19 July 1427), also known as Stefan the Tall ( Serbian : Стефан Високи , romanized :  Stefan Visoki ), was a Serbian ruler as prince (1389–1402) and despot (1402–1427). He was also

6960-411: The fight", and about Serbian struggle there is evidenced toponym Srb-ghazi – Serbian winner, near Ankara . During the fight, Prince Stefan was wounded, while Gregory Branković was captured and later released. In the meantime, Bayezid was captured with his soldiers, his son Musa and his harem , where the Stefan's sister Olivera was. One of the reasons Stefan honored his vassal obligations to Bayezid

7076-466: The fighting by Sigismund I , whose forces were under the command of Philip de Skolarisa , late January through Kovin , joined to Serbia. His quick reaction testifies to the fact that Stefan and Sigismund were aware of Vuk's impending departure to Süleyman's side Ottoman attack. In early May, Sigismund went to Serbia, who was joined by Ban Jovan Morović from Mačva , but in June began Süleyman's new offensive. After fierce battles that were fought during

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7192-658: The general consensus, put the population at only 7,000, based on the size of the archaeological site. The amount of grain imported between 1 AD and 400 AD was enough to feed 700,000 to 1 million people. Remains of Sirmium stand on the site of the modern-day Sremska Mitrovica , 55 km (34 mi) west of Belgrade (Roman Singidunum ). It was located 30 km (19 mi) west of Bassianae and 145 km (90 mi) of Viminacium , 35 km (22 mi) southwest of Cusum , 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Cuccium and 70 km (43 mi) southwest of Cibalae . Archaeologists have found traces of organized human life on

7308-424: The historian Aurelius Victor recounts that Marcus Aurelius died in Vindobona (province of Pannonia Superior , modern Vienna in Austria ). The city had a Christian community by the third century. By the end of the century, it had a bishop, who was probably the metropolitan of all the Pannonian bishops. The first known bishop was Irenaeus , who was martyred during the Diocletianic Persecution in 304. For

7424-429: The knights was Stefan Lazarević, the founding charter of 13 December 1408. He was present at the ceremony in honor of knights, which was held in Buda, and the dragon symbol was present at his court. At that time, the late 1408, Stefan protested against his younger brother Vuk. The reason for his dissatisfaction was that Stefan did not want to share throne with him and give him part of the state administration. In turn, Vuk

7540-504: The last of the titular Serbian despots in Syrmia, Stjepan Berislavić , moved to Slavonia , ahead of invading Ottoman forces. Another important local governor was Laurence of Ilok , Duke of Syrmia (1477 to 1524), who reigned over large parts of the region from Ilok . In 1521, parts of Syrmia fell to the Ottomans and by 1538, the entire region was under Ottoman control. Between 1527 and 1530, Radoslav Čelnik ruled Syrmia as an Ottoman vassal. The area of Ottoman administration in Syrmia

7656-472: The monastery Ravanica late 1390 and early 1391, and is also known that in his court, during the year 1392, came Princess Milica . The conflict in the Serbian-Hungarian border, has continued over the next two years, and in their suppression Sigismund was involved, who has repeatedly visited the army of the Danube . In Summer 1392, he was crossed the river near Kovin and march to the city of Ždrelo near Valjevo , then retreated and tried to win Golubac . At

7772-403: The most serious violation of human rights including the Lovas killings , the Tovarnik massacre , the Vukovar massacre and other crimes . The autonomous regions lasted until 1995, when it was reintegrated in Croatia . After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the Croatian part of Syrmia were designated Areas of Special State Concern . In 2002, the population of Syrmia in Serbia

7888-405: The most valuable examples from the late Roman Empire of the fourth century AD. Ironically, the worker's name was Zlatenko (meaning Golden , or Golden Man in Serbian , Aurelius in Latin). Sirmium also had a Roman Hippodrome . A colossal building about 150m wide and 450m long lies directly under the Sremska Mitrovica town center and just beside the old Sirmium Emperor's Palace (one of just

8004-458: The municipality of Bačka Palanka , the main part of which is in Bačka . Several settlements that are part of the municipality of Sremska Mitrovica are located in Syrmia in Mačva . Municipalities and villages in Croatian Syrmia: Syrmia's principal mountain is Fruška Gora . Its highest peak is Crveni Čot at 539 m. 45°10′12″N 19°17′17″E  /  45.170°N 19.288°E  / 45.170; 19.288 Sirmium Sirmium

8120-417: The nearby Sava . With the Celtic tribe of Scordisci as allies, the Roman proconsul Marcus Vinicius took Sirmium in around 14 BC. In the 1st century AD, Sirmium gained the status of a Roman colony, and became an important military and strategic center of the Pannonia province. The Roman emperors Trajan , Marcus Aurelius , and Claudius II prepared war expeditions in Sirmium. In 103, Pannonia

8236-424: The new Sremska Mitrovica trade center in 1972, a worker accidentally broke into an old Roman pot, about 2m deep, over the site of an old Sirmium settlement. 33 gold Roman coins enclosed in a leather pouch were found inside a Roman house wall, probably the hidden savings of a wealthy Roman family stashed centuries ago. Of this extraordinary rare find of Sirmium minted coins were 4 Constantius II era coins, considered

8352-465: The next century, the sequence of bishops is known, but in the fifth and sixth centuries, the see falls into obscurity. An unnamed bishop is mentioned in 448. The last known bishop is mentioned in a papal letter of 594, after which the city itself is rarely mentioned and the see probably went into abeyance. From the time of the first synod of Tyre in 335, Sirmium became a stronghold of the Arian movement and

8468-459: The next year, Stefan tried to avoid the renewal of hostilities with the Ottomans. In 1403, Süleyman was in Gallipoli negotiating with a number of Christian states ( Byzantium , Genoa , Venice , Knights Hospitaller and Naxos ) in the Balkans to secure an agreement with them and start an offensive against his brothers in Asia Minor. The terms of the agreement were that Byzantium was to cease being

8584-405: The obligations, but peace was not concluded. A peace agreement was finally signed in June 1408th The and in it Stefan was mentioned as one of the guarantors of the signed contract, but it did not come into effect and the conflict continued. In December 1408, Hungarian King Sigismund founded the Order of the Dragon , gathering his supporters. The symbol of the order was a dragon, and the first among

8700-582: The relations between them. They returned to Serbia prior to 23 May and managed to ensure that Stefan is received by Bayezid and justify himself before the sultan. In addition, they brought from Bursa the relics of St. Petka , which were most likely placed in the castle church in Kruševac , Lazarica . Bayezid is reported to have held Prince Stefan in high esteem, bestowing upon him a respect which he did not always accord his other Christian vassals, or even his own sons. Later, Bayezid married Stefan's sister. When some of Stefan's nobles complained to Bayezid that he

8816-427: The rights of Orthodox churches in the area under the supreme authority of Venice and a host of other abuses of power. In this opposition became involved Stefan's nephew Balša III (1403–1421) which sought to restore the cities which his father, Đurađ Stracimirović Balšić , once transferred to Venice (1396), to protect from the Ottoman invasion. He asked for help from Süleyman in fighting, and from Duke Vuk Lazarević, but

8932-470: The same time, the area of Vuk Branković has been under Ottomans attack. In early 1392, they have occupied Skoplje and continued marching of the north, forcing Vuk by the end of the year to make peace with Bayezid and become his vassal. In 1393, Stefan became an adult and took over the throne, and his mother became a nun and withdrew to her endowment, monastery Ljubostinja . That same year, Bayezid I dealt with his Bulgarian vassals for their alleged links with

9048-670: The site of Sirmium dating from 5,000;BC. The city was first mentioned in the 4th century BC and was originally inhabited by the Illyrians and Celts (by the Pannonian-Illyrian Amantini and the Celtic Scordisci ). The Triballi king Syrmus was later considered the eponymous founder of Sirmium, but the roots are different, and the two words only became conflated later. The name Sirmium by itself means "flow, flowing water, wetland", referring to its close river position on

9164-444: The summer 1403 left Serbia and headed to Süleyman, to ask him for help and force his older brother to cede part of the state administration. He was in fact told to stop by their mother, who followed him, but she failed to reach him before he arrived at the court of Süleyman. During his time at his court, she was able to reconcile the brothers prior to October 1404 and she succeeded in smoothing relations between Stefan and Süleyman. During

9280-568: The summer, Stefan withdrew and enclosed himself in Belgrade. He refused to conform with Süleyman, but was forced to negotiate with his brother, which practically led to the division of the country. Vuk was submitted to the administration of its southern part, which included the area south of the West Morava . He ruled on his own and accepted Süleyman suzerainty, as did the Branković family. In addition to

9396-514: The throne in a specific time for the state of Lazarević, who found herself surrounded by powerful neighbors. On one side was Bayezid I , who withdrew after the Battle of Kosovo to consolidate his power among the Ottomans , while next door there was Vuk Branković, the husband of Stefan's sister Mara, who after the battle became the most powerful of Serbian aristocrats. The neighbor on the west was Bosnian king Tvrtko I (1353–1377 ban, king 1377–1391) which

9512-440: The throne of Serbia, due to an open conflict with Branković, who enjoyed the support of Süleyman. On the other hand, Hungary was in a deep internal crisis, and, until 1403, Sigismund was unable to return to the country and regain control, although the resistance of his opponent failed to break even after his return. It was therefore necessary for him to rely on a secure southern border, which had previously been constantly exposed to

9628-478: The title of despot from the Byzantines in 1402. Becoming a Hungarian ally in 1403–04, he received large possessions, including the important Belgrade and Golubac Fortress . He also held the superior rank in the chivalric Order of the Dragon. During his reign, there was a long conflict with his nephew Đurađ Branković , which ended in 1412. Lazarević also inherited Zeta , and waged war against Venice . Since he

9744-407: The troops were placed under the command of his brother Vuk and directed them against the forces commanded by Đurađ Branković, while he, with a smaller part of the army attacked the Ottomans. Forces under his command had won a victory, but the significance it played was small Caesar Uglješa Vlatković . He was still an Ottoman vassal, but he reported to Stefan with their war plan, and during the battle

9860-468: The united Roman Empire, Theodosius I (378–395), became emperor in Sirmium. The usurpers Ingenuus and Regalianus also declared themselves emperors in this city (in 260) and many other Roman emperors spent some time in Sirmium, including Marcus Aurelius , who might have written parts of his famous work Meditations in the city. According to Tertullian Sirmium was also the site of the death of Marcus Aurelius, of smallpox, in March of 180 CE, although

9976-513: The victory at Rovine sparked a great crusade in which forces from England, France, Germany, and other European countries joined Hungarian king Sigismund and Mircea I with the Venetian fleet, which was to enter the Danube from the Black Sea and support the army on the mainland. The crusader forces gathered in Hungary, after which they crossed the Danube and took Vidin. After that, the march continued down

10092-459: The year and Despot with present Charter confirmed the privileges that they previously enjoyed. It also represents the charter of Serbian ruler, which was issued after the 1387th in Dubrovnik. At the end of the month, a charter was issued to them from Stefan's sister Mara Branković with sons. This includes Dubrovnik provide benefits to its merchants throughout Serbia, but it is noticeable that Stefan

10208-560: The years is not known from historical sources. It is known that they were able, with the most money that Vuk Branković is left on the guarding in the Kotor and Republic of Ragusa, to recover some of the former countries. In early 1402, their area included parts of Kosovo , Polimlje , Sjenica and Brskovo , and since the spring of that year they became Bayezid's vassals, with the same responsibilities Prince Stefan had. Beyond their control remained Zvečan , Jeleč and Gluhavica , which were held by

10324-636: Was canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church as Saint Despot Stefan of Serbia , and his relics are kept in the Koporin Monastery . Stefan was the son of the prince of Moravian Serbia , Lazar , and his wife Milica , member of an elder, but collateral branch of Nemanjić dynasty . Milica's father Prince Vratko was a direct descendant of Vukan , the eldest son of Stefan Nemanja . In addition to Stefan, they had seven other children. On 12 September 1405, Stefan married Helena Gattilusio ,

10440-720: Was 790,697. 668,745 (84.58%) were Serb . In 2001, the population of the Croatian Vukovar-Srijem county was 204,768. The census showed that Croats made up 78.3% of total population, Serbs 15.5%, Hungarians 1%, Rusyns 0.9% and others. The majority of Syrmia is located in the Srem district of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia . A smaller area around Novi Sad is part of the South Bačka district , and another smaller area around Novi Beograd , Zemun , and Surčin belongs to

10556-612: Was a city in the Roman province of Pannonia , located on the Sava river, on the site of modern Sremska Mitrovica in the Vojvodina autonomous province of Serbia . First mentioned in the 4th century BC and originally inhabited by Illyrians and Celts , it was conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC and subsequently became the capital of the Roman province of Pannonia Inferior . In 293 AD, Sirmium

10672-461: Was a great patron of the arts and culture by providing shelter and support to scholars and refugees from neighboring countries that had been taken by the Ottomans. In addition, he was himself a writer, and his most important work is A Homage to Love , which is characterized by Renaissance lines. During his reign the Resava School was formed. On 1 August 1927, the 500th anniversary of his death, he

10788-449: Was able to make peace with Branković, and at the same time through his mother reconciled with Süleyman. Immediately after the takeover of Belgrade, Stefan started the reconstruction of its fortifications, which were destroyed by the Ottomans in 1397. In addition, he began work on the development of the city, which were carried out by the end of his reign, but in the beginning of 1405, Stefan was transferred his capital to it, which until then

10904-530: Was captured and killed by Constantine Diogenes . A new but ultimately short lived area of governance named the Thema of Sirmium was established. It included the region of Syrmia and what is now Mačva . In 1071, Hungarians took over the region of Syrmia, but the Byzantine Empire reconquered the province after the victory over the Hungarians in the Battle of Syrmia (1167) . Byzantine rule ended in 1180, when Syrmia

11020-571: Was childless, he designated his nephew Đurađ as heir in 1426, a year before his death. On the domestic front, he broke the resistance of the Serbian nobles , and used the periods of peace to strengthen Serbia politically, economically, culturally and militarily. In 1412 he issued the Code of Mines , with a separate section on governing of Novo Brdo – the largest mine in the Balkans at that time. This code increased

11136-730: Was connected with the mint in Salona and silver mines in the Dinaric Alps through the Via Argentaria . At the end of the 4th century, Sirmium came under the sway of the Goths , and later, was again annexed to the East Roman Empire. In 441 the Huns conquered Sirmium; for more than a century it was held by various other tribes, such as the Ostrogoths and Gepids . In 504, Ostrogothic Count Pitzas under Theoderic

11252-528: Was conquered by Romans in the first century BC and became the economic and political capital of Pannonia . In 6 AD, there was an uprising of the indigenous peoples against Roman rule. However, ten later Roman Emperors were born in Sirmium or nearby. They included Herennius Etruscus (227–251), Hostilian (230?–251), Decius Traian (249–251), Claudius II (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximianus Herculius (285–310), Constantius II (337–361) and Gratian (367–383). In

11368-530: Was considered the legitimate successor of Nemanjić crown and he portrayed the Battle of Kosovo like his own victory over the Ottomans, while their possessions in the north bordering with Hungary, King Sigismund . On 7 July, three weeks after the battle, Sigismund sent his palatine Nicholas II Garay to negotiate with Vuk Branković about things that are in his and Serbian favor, where he confirmed in advance any agreements that they have achieved. Although both Nicholas and Vuk were married with sisters of Stefan, it

11484-557: Was destroyed, Athens was occupied (1397), the Despotate of Morea was devastated once again, the fall of Constantinople became practically inevitable, and the area of Vuk Branković was taken by the Ottomans . Vuk Branković was captured and soon died in captivity (1397). Most of his area was transferred to the control of Stefan Lazarević, a small portion (centered in Vučitrn ) was left to his wife Maria and his sons (Đurađ, Grgur and Lazar), while

11600-508: Was destroyed, as evidenced by a letter that arrived in February in Dubrovnik, from the merchants of the city. Dubrovnik people in Serbia were also instructed that, as citizens of the Republic, could call for its neutrality during the conflict, but they were also told not to harm Stefan's people, as well as in the case of attacks on towns where they were engaged in their defense. Stefan was assisted in

11716-640: Was detached and joined to the prefecture of Italia assuming the name of Diocese of Illyricum . The eastern part of Illyricum remained a separate prefecture under the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire with its new capital in Thessalonica . The city also had an imperial palace, a horse-racing arena, a mint , an arena theatre, and a theatre, as well as many workshops, public baths, temples, public palaces, and luxury villas. Ancient historian Ammianus Marcellinus called it "the glorious mother of cities". The mint in Sirmium

11832-497: Was in Kruševac . In September of the same year, he married Helena Gattilusio , but only two months later, with his mother's death (11 November), Stefan remained without strong support. Nevertheless, the situation in Serbia have stabilized and start to grow in prosperity, as evidenced by the charter in Borač , 2 December of that year, issued from Dubrovnik ( Republic of Ragusa ). Negotiations about their shopping preferences are driven during

11948-541: Was in a crisis, King Sigmund I had lost the throne because part of the nobility was captured April 1401 in Buda . He was released in late 1401 and retired to Bohemia, where he spent the next year. Changed conditions in Southeast Europe in the early fifteenth century, led to a convergence of Despot Stefan and Hungarian king Sigismund . Stefan needed a strong ally who could help him get rid of Ottoman domination, but also stay on

12064-487: Was joined at his side. As a reward for this, Stefan gave him authority over Vranje , Inogoštem ( Surdulica ) and Preševo , which had previously belonged to his father and that area was connected to the Serbian despotate. Lazarević, having retreated after the battle in Novo Brdo , came into a verbal conflict with Vuk. The despot's younger brother accused him of ignorance of war casualties and his weak leadership skills, because

12180-683: Was known as the Sanjak of Syrmia . In 1699, the Habsburg monarchy took western Syrmia from the Ottomans as part of the Treaty of Karlowitz . Until the Treaty of Passarowitz at the end of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18 , remainder of Syrmia was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier . At the end of the Austro-Russian-Turkish War of 1735–1739, there was a migration of Albanians from

12296-489: Was not referred to the charter, even though her husband Vuk in their charters, always calling on those issued by Lazar of Prince Lazar. At the beginning of 1405 The great rebellion broke out in the local population in Skadar end against the Venetian rule. The reason for it lay in the arrogant and high-handed fashion of Venetian rule, which was manifested impounding the property, which were then shared to Venetian supporters, denying

12412-547: Was not uncommon at the time that strong neighbors, even relatives, to suppress the legitimate heirs to throne as juvenile. The outcome of these negotiations is not known, but already in the fall, Sigismund began an offensive against young Serbian prince Stefan. His forces have crossed the Sava River in October and early November were they occupied the fortresses of Borač and Čestin, near present day Kragujevac . In these circumstances,

12528-618: Was occupied by the World War II Axis powers and its entire territory was ceded to the Independent State of Croatia , a Nazi puppet state . The fascist Ustashe regime systematically murdered Serbs (as part of the Genocide of the Serbs ), Jews ( The Holocaust ), Roma ( The Porajmos ), and some political dissidents. In August 1942, following the joint military anti-partisan operation in

12644-598: Was part of the temporary Serbian Voivodship , a Serb autonomous region within the Austrian Empire. By a 1849 decree of the Emperor Franz Joseph , the Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat was created, comprising Northern Syrmia, including Ilok and Ruma. After 1860, the County of Syrmia was re-established and returned to the Kingdom of Slavonia . In 1868, the Kingdom of Slavonia became part of Croatia-Slavonia in

12760-687: Was planning to join Bayezid I's son Süleyman, who established his rule in the European part of the Ottoman Empire. This is probably true, as Đurađ, after escaping from prison in September, went to Süleyman and asked him for military aid against Lazarević. Stefan's return to Serbia was thwarted due to Ottoman hostility; the returning Serbian troops were killed on their way home near Adrianople . The two brothers and about 260 remaining soldiers embarked for Serbia, with

12876-529: Was plotting with the Hungarians against the Ottomans, Stefan first sent his mother to Edirne to plead his case with the sultan, and then went there himself. Both mother and son were received generously by Bayezid, and the embarrassing situation was resolved: I think of you as my eldest and favourite son, who stands before me in such honour as you? I am already growing old, and soon will die perhaps in battle or of illness – and then your time will come. The relationship between Prince Stefan and Branković family over

12992-457: Was probably disappointed to Stefan's connecting with Sigmund I and the West. He therefore went to Süleyman and asked him for military assistance against Stefan. In return, he promised to recognize his sovereignty, if he receives his own state and if Branković and his brothers joined him. At the beginning of 1409, Süleyman's Ottoman forces broke into Serbia at the battlefield of Kosovo and nearby Priština

13108-628: Was proclaimed one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire. It was also the capital of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum and of Pannonia Secunda . The site is protected as an archaeological Site of Exceptional Importance . The modern region of Syrmia (Srem or Srijem) was named after the city. Sirmium purportedly had 100,000 inhabitants and was one of the largest cities of its time. Colin McEvedy , whose estimates for ancient cities are much lower than

13224-503: Was split into two provinces: Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior ; Sirmium became the capital city of the latter. In 296, Diocletian reorganized Pannonia into four provinces: Pannonia Prima , Pannonia Valeria , Pannonia Savia and Pannonia Secunda , with Sirmium becoming the capital of Pannonia Secunda. He joined them with Noricum and Dalmatia to establish the Diocese of Pannonia , with Sirmium as its capital also. In 293, with

13340-407: Was taken again by the Hungarians. In the 13th century, the region was controlled by the Kingdom of Hungary . On 3 March 1229, the acquisition of Syrmia was confirmed by Papal bull . Pope Gregory IX wrote, "[Margaretha] soror…regis Ungarie [acquired] terram…ulterior Sirmia". In 1231, The Duke of Syrmia was Giletus . In the 1200s, the territory around Syrmia was divided into two counties: Syrmia in

13456-503: Was the desire to keep the Serbian-Ottoman Alliance strong under looming Hungarian pressure. Another was that Stefan's sister Olivera that was married to the Sultan. She was captured in the battle and later released, through an agreement that was signed between Stefan and Timur. It seems that a ransom wasn't paid, thanks to the great respect that Timur had for Olivera's brother Stefan, and she returned to Serbia (Spring 1403), and

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