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34-399: The name is probably related to the appellative spiška , špiška known from Slovak (Eastern Slovakia and Orava ) and Moravian dialects ( Haná ) - a (cut) stick, a piece of wood or sugar, etc. Old Slavic pьchjati , pichjati - to stab, to cut → prefixed form sъ-pich-jь → after palatalization and extinction of yers spiš . Spiš probably means "a cut forest". The theory is supported also by

68-550: A Roman Catholic Church and Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession ( Lutherans ). In the year 1600 the biggest was church the Evangelical Church . Currently, the biggest church is the Roman Catholic Church . Historically, economic activity in the region has been based principally on agriculture and forestry (formerly mining, too), which explains why Spiš belongs to the relatively poor regions of Slovakia. Since

102-516: A mortgage . Another difference between Roman and English law is that certain things (e.g. apparel, furniture and instruments of tillage) could not be pledged in Roman law, while there is no such restriction in English law. In the case of a pledge, a special property passes to the pledgee, sufficient to enable him to maintain an action against a wrongdoer, but the general property, that is the property subject to

136-474: A negligible number in census terms, they are a distinctive minority with their own culture, and speak a dialect of Polish (or Slovak-Polish dialect continuum by some considered a language), especially elders. They consider themselves as Slovaks and, in present, speak mostly Slovak language. Official Slovak 2011's census reported only 3084 Poles living in Slovakia. In Spiš are the biggest and oldest churches such as

170-412: A pledge in civil law jurisdictions typically corresponds in common law jurisdictions to any possessory or a nonpossessory lien , excluding mortgage or other lien related to property covered exclusively by a hypothec , namely real estate and (in some jurisdictions) a marine vessel ( ship hypothec ). In English law, the pledge is in the possession of the pledgee, as opposed to a nonpossessory lien or

204-499: A public notice or registered their title in a court-recognized register before the pledgor. In earlier medieval law, especially in Germanic law, two types of pledge existed, being either possessory (cf. Old English wed , Old French gage , Old High German wetti , Latin pignus depositum ), i.e., delivered from the outset, or nonpossessory (cf. OE bād , OFr nam, nant , OHG pfant , L pignus oppositum ), i.e., distrained on

238-429: A wrongful sale except in the case of property passing by delivery, such as money or negotiable securities. In all other cases, persons must show that they are a bona fide purchaser, for (good) value, without notice (BFP). In the case of some types of property as defined on the detailed laws of the jurisdiction, such a new possessor (BFP) must have first consulted (before purchase) revealing no other ownership and then made

272-437: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pledge (law) A pledge is a bailment that conveys title to property owned by a debtor (the pledgor ) to a creditor (the pledgee ) to secure repayment for some debt or obligation and to the mutual benefit of both parties. The term is also used to denote the property which constitutes the security. The pledge is a type of security interest . Pledge

306-401: Is the pignus of Roman law , from which most of the modern European-based law on the subject is derived, but is generally a feature of even the most basic legal systems. A pledge of personal property is known as a pawn . The pledgee has the right of selling the pledge if the pledgor fails to make payment at the stipulated time. No title to a third party purchaser is guaranteed following

340-501: Is valid and common in Slovak (but also in other Slavic languages) without any need for phonetic adaptation and similar changes are not documented. On the other hand, the assumed phonetic adaptation Slavic Spiš → Hungarian Szepes depends on well known changes in the Hungarian language like vowel insertion (i.e. Slepčany → Szelepcsény) and vowel harmonization. The region is situated between

374-764: The Habsburg monarchy . In 1868, 21 Spiš settlements sent their demands, the 'Spiš Petition', to the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary, requesting special status for Slovaks within the Kingdom. In 1918 (and confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920), the county became part of newly formed Czechoslovakia . A tiny part of the territory (situated in today's Poland below the Rysy ), amounting to 195 km after an internal border dispute had been confirmed to be part of Galicia (Central Europe) (at that time

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408-724: The High Tatras and the Dunajec River in the north, the springs of the Váh River in the west, the Slovenské rudohorie Mountains (Slovak Ore Mountains) and Hnilec River in the south, and a line running from the town of Stará Ľubovňa , via the Branisko mountain (under which lies the 4,822 m long Branisko Tunnel , currently the longest in Slovakia), to the town of Margecany in the east. The core of

442-458: The 2nd half of the 12th century. In the 1250s the border of the Kingdom of Hungary shifted to the north to Podolínec and in 1260 even further to the north (the Dunajec River). The northeastern region around Hniezdne and Stará Ľubovňa , the so-called "districtus Podoliensis", was incorporated only in the 1290s. The northern border of the county stabilized in the early 14th century. Around 1300,

476-652: The Slovak side (and also the seat of the former county) is Dolný Kubín . The Polish part of Orava belongs to the Lesser Poland Voivodeship , to the Nowy Targ County , with the main village of the Polish side being Jabłonka . 49°15′42″N 19°21′29″E  /  49.261569°N 19.358056°E  / 49.261569; 19.358056 This Slovak geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Poland location article

510-511: The Spiš region is about 320,000; almost half the population lives in towns, the largest of which are Poprad (55,000), Spišská Nová Ves (39,000) and Kežmarok (17,000). 49°5′N 20°30′E  /  49.083°N 20.500°E  / 49.083; 20.500 Orava (region) Orava is the traditional name of a region situated in northern Slovakia (as Orava ) and partially also in southern Poland (as Orawa ). It encompasses

544-617: The Spiš region is formed by the basins of the rivers Hornád and Poprad , and the High Tatra Mountains . Throughout its history, the territory has been characterized by a large percentage of forests - in the late 19th century, as much as 42.2% of Spiš was forest. The history of the region until 1920 is given in more detail at Szepes County . Traces of settlement in the Neanderthal era have been found in remains at Gánovce (Gánóc) and Bešeňová (Besenyőfalu). The territory of Spiš

578-523: The amount due (secured under the pledge). That contrasts with the general law of mortgages , which allows most mortgagors to sustain a cause of action (sue) on a wrongful sale to restore the property into their qualified ownership if they bring any payment arrears up to date plus reasonable debt collection and legal costs of the creditor. The laws of Scotland and of the United States generally agree with that of England as to pledges. The main difference

612-458: The county was Orava Castle . Orava is recognized as one of Slovakia's 25 tourist regions , but not an administrative region. In Slovakia, it is divided between Dolný Kubín , Tvrdošín , and Námestovo districts in the Žilina Region . It has an area of 1,661 km (641 sq mi), with the population on the Slovak side around 126,000. The village of Oravská Polhora is the northernmost settlement of Slovakia. The most important town on

646-510: The ethnic Germans in Spiš fled westward, between mid-November 1944 and 21 January 1945 (see also Carpathian Germans ). Their property was confiscated after the war (see Beneš decrees ). After World War II the prewar borders of Spiš were restored, with most of the county going to Czechoslovakia, and a small part to Poland. In 1948, it became part of the newly created Košice Region ( Košický kraj ) and Prešov Region ( Prešovský kraj ), whose borders however were completely different from those of

680-439: The fact that almost all early Latin documents mention Spiš as silva Zepus (or with similar transcription) - the name of forest area. Another theory is a derivation from Hungarian szép – nice, beautiful → Szepes. However, according to Šimon Ondruš this etymology is linguistically impossible. The Slovak and the Polish name could not be derived from Hungarian Szepes because the combination "consonant-e-consonant-e-consonant"

714-514: The following nationalities: Slovaks 50.4%, (58.2%, 58%), Germans 35% (25%, 25%), Carpatho-Rusyns 13.8% (8.4%, 8%) and 0.7% (6%, 6%) Magyars (Hungarians). The current ethnic composition of the region, however, is much different. As mentioned above, many Jews and ethnic Germans were removed or left during World War II. Present-day Spiš has a number of Romani settlements and Romani are a substantial minority there. There are also 40,000-48,000 Gorals (Slovak: Gorali ; literally Highlanders). Although

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748-676: The late 19th century, tourism has helped the local economy, and sanatoria and winter sports resorts have been built in the High Tatras and the Low Tatras , and areas such as the Slovak Paradise ( Slovenský raj ) in the south-west and the Pieniny National Park at the Slovak-Polish border. Other tourist destinations include the region's historical sites like Spiš Castle and nearby Spišské Podhradie , Spišská Kapitula , Žehra and

782-406: The maturity date, and the latter essentially gave rise to the legal principle of distraint . This distinction still remains in some systems, e.g. French gage vs. nantissement and Dutch vuistpand vs. stil pand . Token (symbolic) reciprocal pledges were commonly incorporated into formal ceremonies as a way of solidifying agreements and other transactions. A pledge of real property which allowed

816-613: The modern Košice Region and Prešov Region and is covered approximately by the following six administrative districts: Poprad , Kežmarok , Stará Ľubovňa , Spišská Nová Ves , Levoča and Gelnica , except for the eastern half of the Stará Ľubovňa District that had been within Saris county and three villages of the Poprad district ( Štrba including Tatranská Štrba, Štrbské Pleso and Liptovská Teplička from Liptov county.) The present population of

850-606: The only Zipser-speaking town is Chmeľnica (Hopgarten) . Many smaller settlements were populated by settlers from Poland. In 1412, under the Treaty of Lubowla , 16 towns, two castles and a number of villages in Spiš were pawned to Poland by Sigismund of Luxembourg to finance his wars with the Republic of Venice in Dalmatia . Among the towns that for 360 years belonged to Poland were: Stará Ľubovňa , Podolínec , Spišská Sobota , Poprad and Spišská Nová Ves . In 1772 all were annexed by

884-424: The pledge, remains in the pledgor. As the pledge is for the benefit of both parties, the pledgee is bound to exercise only ordinary care over the pledge. After a wrongful sale by a pledgee (such as if the pledgor has been keeping to his payment schedule and will have the right to redeem the goods if continuing to do so), the pledgor cannot recover the pledge/the value of the pledge without a tender of (full payment of)

918-451: The present-day regions of the same name. From July 1960 it became part of the newly created Eastern Slovak region ( Východoslovenský kraj ), which ceased to exist in September 1990. In 1993, Czechoslovakia was split and Spiš became part of Slovakia . According to censuses carried out in the Kingdom of Hungary in 1869 (and later in 1900 and 1910) the population of Szepes county comprised

952-436: The royal county became a noble county. Many of the towns of Spiš developed from German colonization . The German settlers had been invited to the territory from the mid-12th century onwards. The settlements founded by them in southern Spiš were mainly mining settlements (later towns). Consequently, until World War II Spiš had a large German population (called Zipsers; see Carpathian Germans ) who spoke Zipser German ; now,

986-679: The territory of the former comitatus (county) of Árva . The northern part of is one of the regions that are part of the Goral Lands. The name arises from the Orava river (a major river flowing through the region). The county arose before the 15th century. The county's territory was situated along the Orava River between Zázrivá and the Tatra Mountains . Its area amounted to 2,019 km (780 sq mi) around 1910. The original seat of

1020-442: The town of Levoča (all of which are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites ), Kežmarok , and Stará Ľubovňa Castle. The tourism industry has developed rapidly in Spiš, aided by the introduction of regular flights to Poprad Airport and improving rail and road connections. Spiš today is one of Slovakia's 21 tourist regions but, unlike its predecessor, is not an administrative region. Since 1996, Spiš has been divided between

1054-541: The use and occupation of the pledged property, in lieu of interest on the loan , used to be called an antichresis , but contemporary law of most civil law jurisdictions only allows hypothec as the sole security interest applicable to real estate and (in some cases) marine vessels ( ship hypothec ), while allowing only pledges (but not hypothec) of other collaterals , including corporeal movables other than marine vessels, as well as securities and intangible assets such as intellectual property rights . Therefore,

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1088-481: The western part of Austria-Hungary ) as early as 1902. After World War I northern Spiš was united with Poland and became the subject of a long-running border dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia . In 1923 Slovak Spiš was divided between the newly formed Sub-Tatra county ( Podtatranská župa ) and Košice county ( Коšická župa ). In 1928-1939 and 1945-1948 it was part of the newly created Slovak Land ( Slovenská krajina ). During World War II , when Czechoslovakia

1122-512: Was divided, Spiš was part of independent Slovakia , and formed the eastern part of Tatra county ( Tatranská župa ) from 1940 to 1945. Slovakia joined the Axis, and the Polish part of Spiš (together with the Polish part of the county of Orava ) was transferred to Slovakia. During the war all the Jews of the area were deported or murdered. When Soviet forces approached from the east at the end of 1944, most of

1156-452: Was later populated first by Celts . It belonged to the state of Great Moravia (Veľká Morava), and after its dissolution became part of Poland . The southern part of the territory was conquered by the Kingdom of Hungary at the end of the 11th century, when the border of the Kingdom ended near the modern town of Kežmarok . The royal county of Szepes ( comitatus Scepusiensis ) was created in

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