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25-427: Words may often be synonymous in only one particular sense : for example, long and extended in the context long time or extended time are synonymous, but long cannot be used in the phrase extended family . Synonyms with exactly the same meaning share a seme or denotational sememe , whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and thus overlap within

50-486: A semantic field . A common pattern is that one sense is broader and another narrower. This is often the case in technical jargon , where the target audience uses a narrower sense of a word that a general audience would tend to take in its broader sense. For example, in casual use " orthography " will often be glossed for a lay audience as " spelling ", but in linguistic usage "orthography" (comprising spelling, casing , spacing , hyphenation , and other punctuation )

75-444: A semantic field . The former are sometimes called cognitive synonyms and the latter, near-synonyms, plesionyms or poecilonyms. Some lexicographers claim that no synonyms have exactly the same meaning (in all contexts or social levels of language) because etymology , orthography , phonic qualities, connotations , ambiguous meanings, usage , and so on make them unique. Different words that are similar in meaning usually differ for

100-565: A form of onoma ( ὄνομα 'name'). Synonyms are often from the different strata making up a language. For example, in English, Norman French superstratum words and Old English substratum words continue to coexist. Thus, today there exist synonyms like the Norman-derived people , liberty and archer , and the Saxon-derived folk , freedom and bowman . For more examples, see

125-576: A metonym is a type of synonym, and the word metonym is a hyponym of the word synonym . The analysis of synonymy, polysemy , hyponymy, and hypernymy is inherent to taxonomy and ontology in the information science senses of those terms. It has applications in pedagogy and machine learning , because they rely on word-sense disambiguation . The word is borrowed from Latin synōnymum , in turn borrowed from Ancient Greek synōnymon ( συνώνυμον ), composed of sýn ( σύν 'together, similar, alike') and - ōnym - ( -ωνυμ- ),

150-435: A process called word-sense disambiguation to reconstruct the likely intended meaning of a word. This process uses context to narrow the possible senses down to the probable ones. The context includes such things as the ideas conveyed by adjacent words and nearby phrases, the known or probable purpose and register of the conversation or document, and the orientation (time and place) implied or expressed. The disambiguation

175-472: A reason: feline is more formal than cat ; long and extended are only synonyms in one usage and not in others (for example, a long arm is not the same as an extended arm ). Synonyms are also a source of euphemisms . Metonymy can sometimes be a form of synonymy: the White House is used as a synonym of the administration in referring to the U.S. executive branch under a specific president. Thus,

200-531: A single morpheme. Per is not a bound morpheme; a bound morpheme, by definition, cannot stand alone as a word. Per is a standalone word as seen in the sentence, "I go to the gym twice per day." A similar example is given in Chinese ; most of its morphemes are monosyllabic and identified with a Chinese character because of the largely morphosyllabic script, but disyllabic words exist that cannot be analyzed into independent morphemes, such as 蝴蝶 húdié 'butterfly'. Then,

225-611: Is coinages , which may be motivated by linguistic purism . Thus, the English word foreword was coined to replace the Romance preface . In Turkish, okul was coined to replace the Arabic-derived mektep and mederese , but those words continue to be used in some contexts. Synonyms often express a nuance of meaning or are used in different registers of speech or writing. Various technical domains may employ synonyms to convey precise technical nuances. Some writers avoid repeating

250-592: Is implicit within a context. Common examples are as follows: Usage labels of " sensu " plus a qualifier , such as " sensu stricto " ("in the strict sense") or " sensu lato " ("in the broad sense") are sometimes used to clarify what is meant by a text. Polysemy entails a common historic root to a word or phrase. Broad medical terms usually followed by qualifiers , such as those in relation to certain conditions or types of anatomical locations are polysemic, and older conceptual words are with few exceptions highly polysemic (and usually beyond shades of similar meaning into

275-407: Is a hypernym of "spelling". Besides jargon, however, the pattern is common even in general vocabulary. Examples are the variation in senses of the term "wood wool" and in those of the word "bean" . This pattern entails that natural language can often lack explicitness about hyponymy and hypernymy . Much more than programming languages do, it relies on context instead of explicitness; meaning

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300-463: Is a type of bound form , and a free morpheme is a type of free form . A form is a free form if it can occur in isolation as a complete utterance, e.g. Johnny is running , or Johnny , or running (this can occur as the answer to a question such as What is he doing? ). A form that cannot occur in isolation is a bound form, e.g. -y , is , and -ing (in Johnny is running ). Non-occurrence in isolation

325-406: Is given as the primary criterion for boundness in most linguistics textbooks. Affixes are bound by definition. English language affixes are almost exclusively prefixes or suffixes : pre- in "precaution" and -ment in "shipment". Affixes may be inflectional , indicating how a certain word relates to other words in a larger phrase, or derivational , changing either the part of speech or

350-402: Is thus context-sensitive . Advanced semantic analysis has resulted in a sub-distinction. A word sense corresponds either neatly to a seme (the smallest possible unit of meaning ) or a sememe (larger unit of meaning), and polysemy of a word of phrase is the property of having multiple semes or sememes and thus multiple senses. Often the senses of a word are related to each other within

375-720: The list of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English . Loanwords are another rich source of synonyms, often from the language of the dominant culture of a region. Thus, most European languages have borrowed from Latin and ancient Greek, especially for technical terms, but the native terms continue to be used in non-technical contexts. In East Asia , borrowings from Chinese in Japanese , Korean , and Vietnamese often double native terms. In Islamic cultures, Arabic and Persian are large sources of synonymous borrowings. For example, in Turkish , kara and siyah both mean 'black',

400-499: The Germanic term only as a noun, but has Latin and Greek adjectives: hand , manual (L), chiral (Gk); heat , thermal (L), caloric (Gk). Sometimes the Germanic term has become rare, or restricted to special meanings: tide , time / temporal , chronic . Many bound morphemes in English are borrowed from Latin and Greek and are synonyms for native words or morphemes: fish , pisci- (L), ichthy- (Gk). Another source of synonyms

425-503: The actual meaning of a word. Most roots in English are free morphemes (e.g. examin- in examination , which can occur in isolation: examine ), but others are bound (e.g. bio- in biology ). Words like chairman that contain two free morphemes ( chair and man ) are referred to as compound words. Cranberry morphemes are a special form of bound morpheme whose independent meaning has been displaced and serves only to distinguish one word from another, like in cranberry, in which

450-625: The former being a native Turkish word, and the latter being a borrowing from Persian. In Ottoman Turkish , there were often three synonyms: water can be su (Turkish), âb (Persian), or mâ (Arabic): "such a triad of synonyms exists in Ottoman for every meaning, without exception". As always with synonyms, there are nuances and shades of meaning or usage. In English, similarly, there often exist Latin (L) and Greek (Gk) terms synonymous with Germanic ones: thought , notion (L), idea (Gk); ring , circle (L), cycle (Gk). English often uses

475-582: The free morpheme berry is preceded by the bound morpheme cran-, meaning "crane" from the earlier name for the berry, "crane berry". An empty morpheme is a special type of bound morpheme with no inherent meaning. Empty morphemes change the phonetics of a word but offer no semantic value to the word as a whole. Examples: Words can be formed purely from bound morphemes, as in English permit, ultimately from Latin per "through" + mittō "I send", where per- and -mit are bound morphemes in English. However, they are often thought of as simply

500-429: The individual syllables and corresponding characters are used only in that word, and while they can be interpreted as bound morphemes 蝴 hú- and 蝶 -dié, it is more commonly considered a single disyllabic morpheme. See polysyllabic Chinese morphemes for further discussion. Linguists usually distinguish between productive and unproductive forms when speaking about morphemes. For example, the morpheme ten- in tenant

525-413: The realms of being ambiguous ). Homonymy is where two separate-root words ( lexemes ) happen to have the same spelling and pronunciation . Bound morphemes In linguistics , a bound morpheme is a morpheme (the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression, while a free morpheme (or unbound morpheme ) is one that can stand alone. A bound morpheme

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550-442: The same as he died , yet my passport has expired cannot be replaced by my passport has died . A thesaurus or synonym dictionary lists similar or related words; these are often, but not always, synonyms. [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of synonym at Wiktionary Word sense In linguistics , a word sense is one of the meanings of a word . For example, a dictionary may have over 50 different senses of

575-422: The same word in close proximity, and prefer to use synonyms: this is called elegant variation . Many modern style guides criticize this. Synonyms can be any part of speech , as long as both words belong to the same part of speech. Examples: Synonyms are defined with respect to certain senses of words: pupil as the aperture in the iris of the eye is not synonymous with student . Similarly, he expired means

600-459: The word " play ", each of these having a different meaning based on the context of the word's usage in a sentence , as follows: We went to see the play Romeo and Juliet at the theater. The coach devised a great play that put the visiting team on the defensive. The children went out to play in the park. In each sentence different collocates of "play" signal its different meanings. People and computers , as they read words, must use

625-524: Was originally derived from the Latin word tenere , "to hold", and the same basic meaning is seen in such words as "tenable" and "intention." But as ten- is not used in English to form new words, most linguists would not consider it to be a morpheme at all. A language with a very low morpheme-to-word ratio is an isolating language . Because such a language uses few bound morphemes, it expresses most grammatical relationships by word order or helper words, so it

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