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24-584: The Synchrotron Radiation Source ( SRS ) at the Daresbury Laboratory in Cheshire , England was the first second-generation synchrotron radiation source to produce X-rays. The research facility provided synchrotron radiation to a large number of experimental stations and had an operating cost of approximately £20 million per annum. SRS had been operated by the Science and Technology Facilities Council . The SRS

48-536: A unitary authority , independent of Cheshire County Council . However, it continues to be served by Cheshire Police and Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service , and forms part of Cheshire for ceremonial purposes. On 1 April 2014, Halton became part of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority , joining the local authorities of Liverpool , Sefton , Wirral , Knowsley and St Helens ; the five metropolitan district councils which constitute

72-605: A broad range of science, including pioneering work on X-ray diffraction, structural molecular biology, surface physics and chemistry, materials science and upper atmosphere physics. Following its closure, a detailed study of the economic impact of the SRS was made. Two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry have been received by scientists who performed part of their prize-winning research using the SRS: Sir John E. Walker in 1997 for his contribution to

96-539: A natural beam emittance of around 1000 nm-rad with 16 cells. The HBL upgrade implemented in 1986 increased the total number of quadrupoles to 32, whilst retaining the same number of cells and geometry, and reduced the operating emittance to around 100 nm-rad in the so-called 'HIQ' (high tune) configuration. A 'LOQ' (low tune) configuration was also provided, to allow the efficient storage of one intense bunch of electrons (instead of up to 160), to provide radiation bursts at 3.123 MHz (the revolution frequency of

120-453: The 1970 general election which it had fought on a manifesto pledge to introduce a system of two-tier local government. The Local Government Act 1972 created new metropolitan counties around Liverpool (as Merseyside) and Manchester (as Greater Manchester ) but Runcorn and Widnes would not be allocated to either. Instead, Widnes and Warrington would be moved into the non-metropolitan county of Cheshire, with Widnes joining Runcorn to create

144-721: The Labour Party . In 2021, the borough's total GVA was £4.0 billion with a total GDP of £4.5 billion. GVA per capita in Halton was £31,390 and GDP per capita was £34,985, the highest in the Liverpool City Region. In 2022, there were 67,000 jobs in Halton, including the self-employed. The borough is an industrial, scientific and logistics hub with a higher proportion of jobs in these industries, and proportionally fewer jobs in hospitality and education compared to Great Britain . Proportionally more jobs were full-time roles. In

168-458: The SRS was designed to produce synchrotron radiation principally from its dipole magnets, but the initial design foresaw the use of a high-field insertion device to provide shorter-wavelength electromagnetic radiation to particular users. The first storage ring design was a 2 GeV FODO lattice consisting of alternating focussing and defocussing quadrupoles , with one dipole following every quadrupole (i.e. two dipoles per repeating cell), giving

192-571: The area. The Labour Party has controlled the council since it was created in 1974. On 1 April 2014, Halton became one of the six constituent local government districts of the Liverpool City Region under the Combined Authority . Since the 2024 general election , the borough has been split into the two constituencies of Widnes and Halewood and Runcorn and Helsby , and held by Derek Twigg and Mike Amesbury respectively, both of

216-677: The boundary of the historic counties of Lancashire (to the north) and Cheshire (to the south). Before 1974, Widnes was administered by the Municipal Borough of Widnes in Lancashire, and Runcorn by Runcorn Urban District Council in Cheshire. The 1969 Redcliffe-Maud Report recommended reforms to local government in England, including the abolition of all existing local government areas. They were to be replaced by mostly unitary authorities with

240-407: The county of Merseyside. As a unitary authority, Halton's status is similar to the metropolitan district councils. The population of Halton is 128,964 (2022). Although the borough was only created in 1974, the change in population since 1801 has been calculated by adapting historical census data to modern boundaries. In the 2021 census, Christianity was the main religion in Halton at 58.6%, above

264-441: The course of several hours, when it would then have to be "re-filled", however it could be maintained at current of around 200mA for over 30 hours. The storage ring had 16 dipole magnets from which 16 beamlines at tangents to the ring supplied synchrotron light to many different stations. The SRS had 16 beamlines which had many different functions. Below is a list of the experimental stations and their purposes; The SRS supported

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288-406: The electrons, corresponding to the 96 m circumference). The design of the SRS consisted of a 5 MeV electron gun at the start of an injector linac , which increased the energy to 12 MeV, to feed into a booster ring which boosted the electrons up to 600 MeV, which then fed into and filled up the storage ring. Once the storage ring was "full", the booster and linac were powered down and the energy of

312-420: The exception of three two-tier metropolitan areas to be called Merseyside, SELNEC (an acronym of South East Lancashire & North East Cheshire), and West Midlands. Runcorn and Widnes would form part of the new Merseyside Metropolitan Area under a district called 'St Helens-Widnes'. The proposals were broadly accepted by the then Labour government but set aside by the incoming Conservative government following

336-510: The national average for England of 46.3% but down from 75% in 2011. 35.2% stated that they had 'no religion'. Those stating their religion as Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh or other amounted to 1.6%. In the 2021 census, 96.5% of Halton residents identified as White and 3.5% as non-White or mixed. 95.2% were born in the United Kingdom. Halton Borough Council is a unitary authority responsible for most local government functions within

360-509: The new non-metropolitan district of Halton. The name of the new district was inspired by the ancient Barony of Halton which had possessed land on both sides of the river. The district was established on 1 April 1974. In addition to Runcorn Urban District and the Municipal Borough of Widnes, parts of Runcorn Rural District and the parish of Hale from Whiston Rural District were incorporated into Halton. On 1 April 1998, Halton became

384-476: The period October 2022 to September 2023, the employment rate in Halton was 76.6%, higher than the average rate for Great Britain of 75.8%. Unemployment was 2.9% compared to 3.7% for Great Britain. However, people in Halton are qualified to a lower level than the average for the North West or Great Britain. In 2023, the gross median weekly wage for full time workers living in Halton was £664. Although higher than

408-489: The regional median of £649, it is lower than the £682.60 for Great Britain. Local television content is provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada Local radio stations include: Local newspapers are The Runcorn & Widnes Weekly News , and Runcorn and Widnes World . Halton is twinned with: Following an appeal in 1997, Halton residents donated 1,000 English books to Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem . In 1999, an historic Halton Transport bus

432-461: The storage ring was then ramped up to 2 GeV. Due to this design, the storage ring could not be topped up by the linac and booster until the storage ring was turned off, when the beam current was too low for experiments to take place. In the original design, the typical initial circulating current was around 300mA but after the HBL upgrade it was decreased to around 220mA. The beam current would slowly drop over

456-610: The understanding of the synthesis of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) , a key component of the body’s energy transport, and Sir Venki Ramakrishnan for his work on the structure and function of the ribosome , the molecular machine that constructs proteins from ‘instructions’ coded in mRNA . Over 5000 academic papers were produced. Daresbury Laboratory Daresbury Laboratory is a scientific research laboratory based at Sci-Tech Daresbury campus near Daresbury in Halton , Cheshire , England. The laboratory began operations in 1962 and

480-507: The university research community and industrial research base. The laboratory is based at Sci-Tech Daresbury . In 2009 the laboratory was awarded the title of the "Most Outstanding Science Park" at the UK Science Parks Association . Borough of Halton Halton ( / h ɒ l t ə n / ) is a unitary authority area with borough status in the ceremonial county of Cheshire , North West England . The borough

504-475: Was closed on 4 August 2008 after 28 years of operation. Following the closure of the NINA synchrotron, construction of the facility commenced in 1975 and the first experiments were completed using the facility by 1981. In 1986 the storage ring was upgraded with additional focusing to increase the output brightness, the new 'lattice' being termed the HBL (High Brightness Lattice). Like all second-generation sources,

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528-577: Was created in 1974 and contains the towns of Runcorn and Widnes and the civil parishes of Daresbury , Hale , Halebank , Moore , Preston Brook , and Sandymoor . Since 1998, Halton Borough Council has been a unitary authority , being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council . Since 2014, it has been a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority . The neighbouring districts (clockwise from west) are Liverpool , Knowsley , St Helens , Warrington and Cheshire West and Chester . The River Mersey marks

552-1200: Was officially opened on 16 June 1967 as the Daresbury Nuclear Physics Laboratory ( DNPL ) by the then Prime Minister of United Kingdom, Harold Wilson . It was the second national laboratory established by the British National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science, following the Rutherford High Energy Laboratory (now Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ). It is operated by the Science and Technology Facilities Council , part of UK Research and Innovation . As of 2018, it employs around 300 staff, with Paul Vernon appointed as director in November 2020, taking over from Professor Susan Smith who had been director from 2012. Daresbury Laboratory carries out research in fields such as accelerator science, bio-medicine, physics, chemistry, materials, engineering and computational science. Its facilities are used by scientists and engineers, from both

576-569: Was restored and gifted to the Czech Republic to mark the centenary of public transport in the city. Engineers from Halton have assisted with chemical decontamination in the city and also when the city flooded in 2002. The first crazy golf course in Berlin, created in Marzahn-Hellersdorf in 2005, contains several Halton landmarks and was constructed with the assistance of exchange students from

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