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63-500: This dichotomy is explained by the vigour of the Sylvaner vine and the grape's neutral flavour, which can lead to blandness unless yields are controlled. On the other hand, it gives a blank canvas for the expression of terroir , and on good sites with skilled winemaking, Sylvaner can produce elegant wines. It has high acidity but naturally reaches high must weights , so is often blended with other varieties such as Riesling or Elbling , and

126-713: A bottle of Sylvaner?”. In the 1970s Brown Brothers experimented with "Syilvaner" in northeastern Victoria, but nothing seems to have come of it. There are just 34 hectares (84 acres) of Sylvaner in its land of origin, due to the trend in Austrian wine towards drier styles. Sylvaner ( silvanac zeleni in Croatian) is grown in Eastern Croatia, in the regions of Slavonija and Srijem, as well as in other regions. In recent years high-quality semi-dry Silvanac zeleni from Orahovica has become one of Croatia's more popular whites. Sylvaner has

189-506: A concept of different regions having the potential to produce very different and distinct wines, even from the same grapes. The Ancient Greeks would stamp amphorae with the seal of the region they came from, and different regions established reputations based on the quality of their wines. For centuries, literate and disciplined members of the Benedictine and Cistercian orders cultivated grapes in much of Burgundy . With vast landholdings,

252-637: A controversial place in Alsace wine . Since 2006, it may be used in Alsace Grand Cru, which was previously reserved for the four "noble grapes" Gewürztraminer , Muscat , Pinot gris and Riesling , but only in the Zotzenberg vineyard, which together with Altenberg de Bergheim and Kaefferkopf were allowed to produce mixed variety wines as Alsace Grand Cru. Zotzenberg Grand Cru wines may consist of Gewürztraminer, Pinot gris, Riesling and Sylvaner in any combination. It

315-636: A good wine cellar. Originally the Silvaner was the most important grape. In the 20th century the Müller-Thurgau , a simple grape, has been planted in large areas. Although the amount of Müller Thurgau has been decreasing for the last ten years, it is still the most widely cultivated grape in Franconia. Red grape varieties cover 20% of the region's vineyard area. The most cultivated grape varieties, by area in 2022, were: The rounded and flattened Bocksbeutel

378-409: A higher standard with the "lesser" premier cru . These critics also question the difference between New World and Old World wine and whether modern winemaking techniques – like significant oak influences, over-ripened fruit , cultured yeast, micro-oxygenation, and color pigment additives – obscure or even eliminate the influence of terroir in making different regions unique. Critics often point to

441-568: A notable example) and Cognac where the chalky soil, climate and distance from the ocean are all factors influencing the product. Producers of single malt whisky , bourbon , rum , and vodka use terroir elements in their production process, including wood flavors derived from barrel aging . The tenet of terroir has also been applied to the production of artisan cheese , and French authorities have fought to balance traditional cheesemakers terroir cheeses concerns with those of major industrialists. The flavor of cheeses (and other dairy products)

504-452: A particular vineyard or row of grapevines (like the Grand Cru vineyard of La Grande Rue ). The element of soil relates both to the composition and the intrinsic nature of the vineyard soils , such as fertility, drainage and ability to retain heat. Geomorphology refers to natural landscape features like mountains , valleys and bodies of water , which affect how the climate interacts with

567-826: A peak in the 1960s-1970s, with 30% of German vineyards. However overproduction during the Liebfraumilch years ruined its reputation, and it has since retreated to its stronghold in Franconia (Frankenland) (1,425 ha), where on the best chalky Muschelkalk terroir it can produce wines that can compete with the best German white wines which usually are made out of the Riesling grape. These powerful wines are considered food-friendly and are often described as having an "earthy" palate. Under VDP Erste Lage/Grosses Gewächs rules, Silvaner may be used for Grosses Gewächs wines (top-end dry wines), but only in Franconia and Saale-Unstrut and not in any of

630-589: A result, it is now thought to have originated in Austrian Empire . It is thought that the grape came to Germany after the Thirty Years' War as there is a record of Sylvaner from Austria being planted at County of Castell in Franconia on 5 April 1659. So Germany celebrated the 350 th anniversary of Silvaner in 2009. Its name has been taken to be associated with either Latin silva (meaning woods) or saevum (meaning wild), and before modern ampelography it

693-419: A similar continental type warm dry summer and is often planted with white silvaner grapes with small plantings of red silvaner grapes. Red silvaner mutates easily, with more than 200 varieties researched. Quality producers put much interest into new clone varieties for eventual replacement of traditional varieties. Blue silvaner is thought to be a natural cross between red and green silvaner, while red silvaner

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756-460: A special logo, in addition to the Appellation d'origine protégée (AOP) . The importance of terroir affects the price of the agricultural product as well as the products made from the product. Branding, variety, and farmer identification affects the price of a product. The Slow Food movement appreciates history of a variety of plant or animal, the story of the farmer who produced it, and ultimately

819-403: A very strong mineral taste. The most important villages are Iphofen , Rödelsee and Castell There is evidence that wine has been produced in Franconia for over 1,000 years. In an old document from the year 777 there is a note of a winery in the town of Hammelburg being given by Charlemagne to Fulda Abbey . In medieval times the area under cultivation grew strongly, up to 40,000 ha . In

882-462: Is a French term used to describe the environmental factors that affect a crop's phenotype , including unique environment contexts, farming practices and a crop's specific growth habitat. Collectively, these contextual characteristics are said to have a character; terroir also refers to this character. Some artisanal crops and foods for which terroir may apply include wine , cheese , coffee , single malt whisky , onions , and tea . Terroir

945-411: Is a controversial element since some will advocate that its use is beneficial in bringing out the natural terroir characteristics while others will argue that its use can mask the influences of the terroir. Vineyard management (e.g., growing grapes organically or biodynamically over a more conventional method of farming) can also be seen as a human controlled aspect of terroir. Many decisions during

1008-608: Is a plot turning point in the 1976 French comedy L'aile ou la cuisse ( The Wing or the Thigh ) with Louis de Funès . In 2014 Keith Carradine starred in John Charles Jopson 's Edgar Allan Poe -inspired film Terroir . Terroir is frequently referenced in Jeff VanderMeer 's 2014 novel Authority . Franconia (wine region) Franconia (German: Franken ) is a German wine region, mostly in north west Franconia . It

1071-1178: Is also known under the following synonyms: Arvine, Arvine Grande, Augustiner Weiss, Beregi Szilvani, Boetzinger, Clozier, Cynifadl Zeleny, Cynifal, Fliegentraube, Frankenriesling, Frankentraube, Fueszeres Szilvani, Gamay blanc, GentilvVert, Gros Rhin, Gros-rhin, Gruen Silvaner, Gruenedel, Gruenfraenkisch, Grün Silvaner, Haeusler Schwarz, Johannisberger, Mishka, Momavaka, Monterey Riesling, Moravka, Movavka, Muschka, Mushza, Musza, Nemetskii Rizling, Oesterreicher, Oestreicher, Pepltraube, Picardon blanc, Picardou blanc, Plant Du Rhin, Rhin, Rundblatt, Salfin, Salfine Bely, Salvaner, Salviner, Scharvaner, Scherwaner, Schoenfeilner, Schwaebler, Schwuebler, Sedmogradka, Sedmogradska Zelena, Selenzhiz, Selivan, Silvánské zelené, Sylván zelený, Sonoma Riesling, Sylvaner, Sylvaner verde, Szilvani Feher, Tschafahnler, Yesil Silvaner, Zelencic, Zeleny, Zierfandler, Zierifandel, Zinifal, Zoeld Szilvani, Zoeldsilvani, Syilvaner, Siylvaner, Sylvaner vert, Grüner Sylvaner, Grünfraenkisch, Franken Riesling and Grüner Silvaner. Terroir Terroir ( / t ɛ r ˈ w ɑːr / ; French: [tɛʁwaʁ] ; from terre , lit.   ' lands ' )

1134-406: Is impacted by the production location. For instance, Alpine pastures are composed of a larger variety of grasses, herbs, and flowers, than those in the lowlands. At higher elevations, the flora also changes significantly throughout the grazing period (from spring to autumn), thus also impacting the taste of cheeses produced in different batches. In Switzerland, Alp cheese is typically indicated with

1197-511: Is not usually matured in barrique (oak) barrels to avoid the fine and fruity body of the Silvaner being overwhelmed by the oak taste. In Transylvania, presumed to be the homeland of Silvaner, two varieties of this grape are grown: the Sylvaner roz (rosé) and the Sylvaner Verde B (Grüner Silvaner, Silvaner) in wineyards as Jidvei (Tarnava) and Nachbil (Dealurile Sătmarului - Satu Mare) Silvaner

1260-502: Is said that the wines of the typical Silvaner are the best wines from this grape in the world. Most Franconian wines are dry. Although in German law dry wines are allowed 9 grams of residual sugar , many German wineries are still using the term Fränkisch trocken (Franconian dry) for wines with 5 grams of residual sugar or less. About 12,000 to 14,000 wines from Franconia pass the official testing. As in most German wine regions,

1323-478: Is sometimes made into a dessert wine . Sylvaner is an ancient variety that has long been grown in Central Europe . In Germany it is best known as a component of Liebfraumilch . It has long enjoyed a better reputation in Franconia than in other German wine regions. DNA fingerprinting has revealed it to be a cross between Traminer and the "hunnic" variety Österreichisch-Weiß (meaning "Austrian White"). As

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1386-501: Is the basis of the French wine appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) system, which is a model for wine appellation and regulation in France and around the world. The AOC system presumes that the land from which the grapes are grown imparts a unique quality that is specific to that growing site (the plants' habitat). The extent of terroir's significance is debated in the wine industry. Over

1449-637: Is the only wine region in the federal state of Bavaria . In 2014, vines were grown on 6,176 hectares (15,260 acres) of land in the region. The greater part of the wine region is in Lower Franconia around its capital Würzburg along the Main River . There are a few areas in Middle Franconia , mainly in the Steigerwald ; and a very small part in the area of Upper Franconia around Bamberg . The bends of

1512-476: Is the typical and well known bottle originally used only for the best Franconian wines. Since 1989 the use of the Bocksbeutel has been protected by European Union regulations, but some other regions beside Franconia are also allowed to use this bottle shape. Unlike many other German wine regions, a large amount of Franconian wine is drunk in the area where it is produced. Nearly every town has its own Weinfest ,

1575-558: Is therefore possible to produce a varietally pure "Sylvaner Grand Cru" from this vineyard, but it may not be labelled so, only "Zotzenberg". Even after this, Jean Trimbach's view was that "This Sylvaner grand cru is only possible in Zotzenberg, it is a recognition of the terroir, but we should stop there." As in Germany, Sylvaner has been falling in popularity since the 1970s, declining from 25% of Alsace vineyards to 10% in that time. First recorded at Castell in 1659, Silvaner (with an 'i') reached

1638-415: Is thought to originate from natural mutation of green silvaner. A German red sylvaner wine from 2017 has been rated among the top 6% of wines in the country. The vine is vigorous and productive, with three-lobed leaves. The bunches are small and cylindrical, with medium green berries that ripen quickly. In 1940, Silvaner was crossed with Chasselas to produce the white grape variety Nobling . Silvaner

1701-746: Is traditionally grown in the Limbach village in Slovakia , that is famous for its varietal Silvaner wines, and in its surroundings. Some is grown in Switzerland, where it is known as Johannisberger or Sylvaner with an "y". In 1858, Emil Dresel brought the first Sylvaner cuttings to America and planted them on what is now the Scribe Estate in Sonoma County. In his honor, Scribe Winery planted one acre in 2007. It has been grown for many years at Rancho Sisquoc Winery in

1764-535: The United States there is some confusion over the use of semi-generic names like Champagne and Port but there has been more effort by the American wine industry to recognize the unique association of place names with the wines produced in those places, such as the 2005 Napa Declaration on Place agreement. While appellation systems and the protected designations of origin can be a way of protecting "unique terroir",

1827-553: The United States Federal Trade Commission . In some East Asian countries, terms like terroir or marriage have been popularised by Japanese manga . A 2008–09 Korean drama , most of whose leading characters work with wine, is titled Terroir after the main setting, a wine restaurant in turn named for the concept. The concept of terroir has been discussed in several films and television shows. Jonathan Nossiter 's 2004 documentary, Mondovino , explores

1890-472: The growing and winemaking process can either lessen or increase the expression of terroir in the wine. These include decisions about pruning , irrigation and selecting time of harvest . At the winery, the use of oak , cultured or ambient yeast, length of maceration and time in contact with lees , temperature during fermentation , and processes like micro-oxygenation , chaptalization , clarification with fining agents , and reverse osmosis all have

1953-508: The 1970s. The Pinot noirs and the rare but high quality grape Frühburgunder are grown. The " Bürgstadter Centgrafenberg" and the "Schlossberg" in Klingenberg am Main are said to be the best vineyards. Some of the wines made from vines grown there have won national and international wine trophies. The most important villages are Bürgstadt, Großheubach and Klingenberg am Main. The main red wine areas of Franconia have been connected by

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2016-412: The 20th century it decreased at one stage to just over 2,000 ha. Today about 6,100 ha of land is used for growing wine. The area stretches from Bamberg to Aschaffenburg . The climate is called continental with Mediterranean influence. Quite often there are strong winters and temperatures under 0 degrees Celsius in the spring. Therefore, wine is grown mainly in especially protected places usually along

2079-958: The Bordeaux region to experiment on a trial basis with four red and two white vine types selected from other areas of France. The new types can make up no more than 10% of the final wine blend. The rest must be from the six red and eight white grape varieties traditionally cultivated in the region during its 2,000 year history. Another approach to protecting plants against the effects of climate change involves experimenting with rootstocks to develop plants that are resilient, vigorous and use water more efficiently under stressful conditions. Differences in planting, irrigation and harvesting practices are also being studied. Practices developed in warmer climates like Australia, Israel, South America, and Spain are being adapted for use in countries that used to be cooler, as temperatures rise. The concept of terroir exists in other drinks, notably in tea ( Wuyi rock-essence tea being

2142-513: The French AOC systems, have developed around the concepts of "unique wines from a unique area". These systems have also developed into protected designation of origin across the European Union so that, for example, winemakers from outside a region like Tuscany can not produce a Sangiovese wine and call it a Chianti . While the wine may be made from the same clonal variety of Sangiovese, in

2205-560: The German crop was blended into Liebfraumilch , but overproduction of this type of wine ruined its reputation, and changing tastes led to many vines being grubbed up. Liebfraumilch became popular again with new wine drinkers and again changing tastes. However, in Franconia , where Liebfraumilch may not be produced and which primarily stuck to dry white wines in the decades when most other German regions produced semi-sweet wines, Silvaner has kept its popularity. Single-variety semi-sweet Silvaner, which used to be common, has all but disappeared from

2268-522: The German wine production. More recently there has been a revival in Alsace based on low yields from good vineyard sites, with formal recognition in 2006 as Zotzenburg Sylvaner became the first to be designated an Alsace Grand Cru . Sylvaner is the wine chosen by the protagonist of Julio Cortázar 's novel 62 Modelo para armar on the firsts pages, when entering the Parisian restaurant Polidor “Why did I ask for

2331-624: The River Main have been used to define the region's three districts, two of which take their names from their respective geometric shape. The Mainviereck ("Main square") is the westernmost district of Franconia, on the lower slopes of the Spessart hills and is one of the warmest spots in Bavaria. The special soil is mainly red sandstone which is especially suitable for growing grape vines for red wine. Franconian vine plantings for red wine started to expand in

2394-758: The Santa Maria Valley of California. Otherwise, Sylvaner has more or less disappeared from California, where it was known as Sylvaner Riesling, Franken Riesling, Monterey Riesling, and Sonoma Riesling. Oregon does have some Sylvaner at David Hill Vineyards in Forest Grove. Varieties of Red Silvaner and Blue Silvaner grapes are mutated varieties and are produced in small quantities The wine areas of Baden-Württemberg are best known for producing red wines, most of which are locally consumed and not well known outside Germany. Adjacent wine region Franken in Bayern (Franconia) has

2457-469: The Silvaner grape is found in the archive of Castell in a document from 10 April 1659. The most important cities and towns are Würzburg , Randersacker , Thüngersheim , Sommerhausen , Frickenhausen am Main , Sulzfeld am Main , Sommerach , Escherndorf , Nordheim , and Volkach . The soil of the Mittelgebirge Steigerwald consists mainly of gypsum . The wines of this region often have

2520-438: The centuries, French winemakers developed the concept of terroir by observing the differences in wines from different regions, vineyards, or even different sections of the same vineyard. The French began to crystallize the concept of terroir as a way of describing the unique aspects of a place that influence and shape the wine made from it. Long before the French, the wine-making regions of the ancient world had already developed

2583-518: The commercial importance of terroir has been a much debated topic in the wine industry. In Spain in 2018, networks of vintners joined in a grassroots movement to produce wines with added terroir value with intention to enhance the Spanish rural wine culture. As climate change disrupts long-established patterns of temperature and precipitation in wine-growing regions and causes more extreme weather events, there are potential serious impacts on terroir and

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2646-486: The common conception of terroir as a myth. While Matthews agrees local characteristics can have an effect on plant growth and the wines made from particular grapes, he points out that the term is imprecisely defined, and also proposes the concept of terroir is accepted primarily based on traditional belief , and is not backed by rigorous data or research. The definition of terroir can be expanded to include elements that are controlled or influenced by humans. This can include

2709-445: The control of humans. Components often described as aspects of terroir include: The interaction of climate and terroir is generally broken down from the macroclimate of a larger area (For example, the Côte de Nuits region of Burgundy ), down to the mesoclimate of a smaller subsection of that region (such as the village of Vosne-Romanée ) and even to the individual microclimate of

2772-422: The decision of which grape variety to plant, though whether or not that grape variety will produce quality wine is an innate element of terroir that may be beyond human influence. Some grape varieties thrive better in certain areas than in others. The winemaking decision of using wild or ambient yeast in fermentation instead of cultured or laboratory produced yeast can be a reflection of terroir. The use of oak

2835-525: The exact vineyard site ( Lage ) where the wine comes from is nearly as important as the winery. Apart from the Steinwein, very few people outside Franconia – and nearly no one outside Germany – is familiar with the site names, mainly because the German Lagen are tiny compared to some of the well-known appellations of France, Italy, and Spain. Today many wineries have tried to introduce their own brands without

2898-409: The globalization of the wine business, and features interviews with a number of small producers, mostly French, who talk about terroir. In the 2006 BBC series, Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure , one episode is almost entirely devoted to Oz Clarke teaching James May about terroir. At the end of the episode, May identifies three wines successfully, placing them in the correct order on the basis of

2961-417: The goal is to make good wine rather than terroir-driven wine. The importance of these influences depends on the culture of a particular wine region. In France, particularly Burgundy, there is the belief that the role of a winemaker is to bring out the expression of a wine's terroir. The French word for "winemaker," vigneron , is more aptly translated as "wine-grower" rather than "winemaker". The belief that

3024-577: The hills of the River Main and the Steigerwald. Because of the special soil and the mild climate along the Main river, wines with a very high mineralisation can be harvested. The amount of minerals in the wine is a factor in the quality testing every Franconian wine is subjected to. This is unique in Germany. The majority of the wines are made from one grape variety at a time. Cuvées – special blends or selected vats of higher quality – are rare. It

3087-429: The homogenizing effect on mass-produced wines made from popular varietals like Chardonnay , which may have their terroir characteristics hidden by invasive and intensive winemaking. A heavily oaked, over-ripe Chardonnay from California can taste very similar to the same style of wine from elsewhere. The marketability of wines from different regions and producers is affected by the importance accorded to terroir, both by

3150-483: The long-distance hiking trail Fränkischer Rotweinwanderweg (Franconian red wine footpath) since 1990. The Maindreieck ("Main triangle") is the middle portion of Franconia. On the sometimes very steep hills alongside the Main river, the soil mainly consists of Muschelkalk . Mostly Silvaner and Müller-Thurgau grapes are grown. As in many wine regions in Germany, a wide variety of grapes are cultivated. Riesling , Bacchus , Pinot noir , Domina , and Dornfelder are

3213-413: The monks could conduct large-scale observation of the influences that various parcels of land had on the wine it produced. Some legends have the monks establishing the boundaries of different terroirs – many of which still exist today as the Grand Cru vineyards of Burgundy. While wine experts disagree about the exact definition, particular consideration is given to the natural elements that are beyond

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3276-560: The most important grapes besides Silvaner and Müller-Thurgau. Some wine journalists say that Franconia is the only place in the world where the wines made from Silvaner can be better than those made there from Riesling. The best-known vineyard site is the Würzburger Stein , a hill north of central Würzburg. The wines from there are known as Steinwein . Along the Maindreieck , nearly every town produces some wine. The earliest evidence of

3339-461: The other 11 German wine regions. Silvaner is also grown in Rheinhessen (2,486 ha) and Palatinate , and is sometimes also made into dessert wine . Currently there are 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) in Germany, just 5% of the total area under vine. The official name of the variety in Germany is Grüner Silvaner , spelled with an "i" in difference from Alsace and its homeland of Austria. The Silvaner

3402-450: The potential to either reduce or emphasize some aspect derived from the terroir. Winemakers can work between the extremes of producing wine that is terroir-driven and focused on purely expressing the unique aspects of a region's terroir, or winemaking that is done without any consideration given to terroir. Furthermore, aspects of terroir such as climate and soil type may be considered when deciding such things as which grape variety to plant if

3465-544: The quality of terroir they come from. Les Blank and Gina Leibrecht's 2007 documentary, All In This Tea , explores the importance of terroir and organic growing methods for the quality and future sustainability of the Chinese tea market. Terroir is also a frequent topic of discussion in the Japanese wine comic Les Gouttes de Dieu . The films French Kiss and A Good Year also make references to terroir. Terroir recognition

3528-477: The quality of the product. Chefs and bakers develop their own list of qualities they desire for their creations, and terroir affects these. Wine critics question the value of a Pinot noir wine from a Burgundy Grand Cru vineyard relative to a wine produced from the "lesser terroir" of a Premier Cru vineyard, and whether it merits the higher price. These doubts also arise when the quality of winemaking and other human influences are taken into account, which may be of

3591-479: The region, and includes the elements of aspect and elevation of the vineyard location. Other organisms growing in, on, and around the vine plots refers to the region specific fauna , flora , and microflora present in the vineyards. The microbial populations in vineyards have been described as being a quantifiable aspect of the overall terroir . Mark A. Matthews, a professor of viticulture and plant physiology at University of California, Davis , has described

3654-503: The same soil composition as found in the Chianti region with winemakers using the Tuscan method of production, there is an assumption that the two wines will be different due to terroir. The names of these European wine regions are protected so that wines from different regions and different terroir are not confused with wines from that those regions – i.e. a Spanish or Australian "chianti". In

3717-722: The terroir is the dominant influence in the wine is the basis behind French wine labels emphasizing the region, vineyard, or AOC more prominently than the varietal of grape, and often more prominently than the producer. The influence of terroir means that wines from a particular region are unique, incapable of being reproduced outside that area, even if the grape variety and winemaking techniques are painstakingly duplicated. Winemakers in Burgundy do not believe that they are producing Pinot noir that happens to be grown in Burgundy, but that they are producing unique Burgundian wines that happen to be made from Pinot noir. Appellation systems, such as

3780-655: The vineyard designation, and with cuvées a brand name rather than a single grape varietal. Franconian wines vary in how long they can be kept. The basic wines, which are called Qualitätswein or Kabinett are made to be drunk one to three years after production. If they are kept too long, the wines lose their typical fruitiness and freshness. The best wines are mainly the dry Spätlesen which are full-bodied and can mature for up to six, sometimes ten years. The rare sweet wines often with noble rot , and Eisweins , can sometimes mature for 50 years or more. Oak matured red wines should be drunk three to ten years after production if kept in

3843-542: The wine industry and consumer wine markets, with some producers downplaying terroir and its effect on their wines. In the United States, the principles of terroir have been applied in a few limited instances, such as Vidalia onions , whose production area has been defined by the United States Department of Agriculture and Indian River fruit , which can only carry that label if grown within an area defined by

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3906-474: The wine industry. Hotter temperatures and an earlier growing season can push berries towards a higher sugar content, less acids and differences in secondary compounds that are important for aromas. Growers are attempting to adapt in a variety of ways in response. In 2021, in a controversial move, the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment formally authorized wine producers in

3969-534: Was sometimes assumed that this variety had a close relationship with wild vines. Before DNA typing, some assumed an origin in Transylvania based on its name. A lot of Sylvaner was planted in Germany and Alsace after the Second World War, reaching 30% and 25% respectively of total vineyard area in the 1960s - 1970s. It was Germany's most grown variety until it was overtaken by Müller-Thurgau around 1970. Much of

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