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15-461: According to card game researcher, John McLeod , Troggu was probably invented in the 18th century. The reasons for this assumption concerns the rules for the Fool . In earlier Tarot card games and in modern French Tarot , the Fool is played as an "Excuse", a card which exempts the player from following suit. In modern Tarock games in such regions as Austria and Hungary , the Fool is played as Tarock XXII,

30-487: A pack of tarot cards and "as I opened the box, I was immediately fascinated by the cards. They looked totally different from anything I had seen before". He was then a research student in the mathematics department of the university and spent many evenings playing the Austrian tarock game of Königrufen with his students. Later McLeod toured Europe to study the individual variants of tarock games and captured his findings in

45-657: A trump to a trick; Volume Two deals with games played in Central Europe from the late 18th century onward, in which the Fool is used as the highest trump. British Skat Association The British Skat Association (BSA) was founded in 2001 to "promote the playing of Skat in Britain." Skat is Germany's national card game , but is played internationally under the auspices of the International Skat Players Association and has been described as one of

60-461: A trump. Only when void in the suit led and in trumps can any card be sloughed . The winner of the trick leads the next one. The Fool is the highest trump but if it is the last trump in the player's possession, the player can elect to play another card instead of following suit. Once this occurs, the Fool is no longer a trump but an excuse that must be reserved for the last trick. John McLeod (card game researcher) John McLeod (born 1949)

75-667: Is a British mathematician, author, historian and card game researcher who is particularly well known for his work on tarot games as well as his reference website pagat.com which contains the rules for over 500 card games worldwide. He is described as a "prominent member" of the International Playing Card Society and is Secretary of the British Skat Association . John McLeod was born in 1949. He studied mathematics at Cambridge University before entering industry. During his time at Cambridge, he came across

90-649: Is advertised for sale in a catalogue. The description notes that it was made in Brussels by F. J. Vandenborre, cardmaker, and comprises 78 cards, "the Coat Cards are exceedingly curious, representing Bacchus, Love, Death, the Devil, Lightning, Sun, Moon, Stars, Day of Judgement, Fool, &c." The closest known relative of Troggu is the game of Tape which was played in Fribourg until the late 20th century. The game traditionally uses

105-558: The Italian suited Swiss Tarot deck but removes the 1 through 4 of the swords and batons and the 7 through 10 of the cups and coins for a total of 62 cards. Troggu players prefer the German translated version as opposed to Troccas players who use the French version. The French suited Tarot Nouveau can be a substitute if the red 7 through 10 and black 1 through 4 are removed. Like in most tarot games,

120-513: The Tappist's secret partner. In a Solo game, the declarer is known as the Soloist who plays alone against the others without exchanging cards with the tapp . If all players pass, each plays for him- or herself in a misère game. The declarer (or player to the dealer's right in a misère game) leads to the first trick; the others must follow suit if they can. A player who is void in the suit, must play

135-580: The best and most interesting card games for three players, and "the king of German card games." The BSA was launched in 2001 at a Skat tournament held in Oxford and organised by David Parlett , John McLeod and Nick Wedd. The BSA holds several tournaments each year and plans eventually to affiliate to the International Skat Players Association and participate internationally. There are several forms of Skat played in different countries;

150-432: The dealer's right makes the first bid . Players can either pass , bid for the normal game, or bid a Solo which is the highest bid. In a normal game, the declarer is called the Tappist who can exchange cards with the tapp but must not discard cards with an individual value of 5 points. In games with seven or eight players, the Tappist can call a trump that is not worth 5 points. The player who holds this card will be

165-416: The highest ranking trump. The rules of Troggu contain a mixture of both variations and may be a transitional game from the traditional rules of the Fool to the more modern one. Troggu or a related game may have spread to Belgium in the 18th century as that would explain tarot decks sold as " Cartes de Suisses " where the Fool was numbered XXII. In 1849, for example, a pack of "Swiss Tarots, Cartes de Suisses"

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180-400: The international Tarock Cup where McLeod came 35th out of 100 participants. McLeod created the website www.pagat.com in 1995. It has been described by card game historian, David Parlett as the "most important" card game website, its "intrinsic authority [being] constantly enhanced by the contributions of interested and knowledgeable players from all over the world". The website describes

195-509: The monumental 2-volume work A History of Games Played with the Tarot Pack which he co-authored with Professor Sir Michael Dummett , the "leading authority on the history of the Tarot". According to McLeod, Tarock belongs to one of the largest and perhaps most interesting families of card games in the world. In 2005/06 McLeod and fellow researcher, Sally Prime, travelled to Vienna to participate in

210-433: The red or round suit pip cards are in reverse order. In Troggu, there are 114 points and the cards are counted individually. The value of the cards are as follows: The game can be played by three to eight players with five to seven being ideal. Like most tarot games, the deal and play are anticlockwise. The number of cards dealt and the size of the tapp (stock) depends on the number of players involved. The player to

225-451: The rules of over 500 contemporary card games world wide. It also categorises games by mechanism, objective and equipment used. The website is in English and German. McLeod's magnum opus is the two-volume set on the history of tarot card games which he co-authored with Michael Dummett. Volume One deals with games in which the Fool is used to excuse the player from following suit or playing

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