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23-538: The associates were extremely heterogeneous. They had no institution that bound them together, other than their alliances with the Swiss Confederacy. Some had extremely close bonds with the Confederation, whereas others were only bound with one or two cantons. Generally, all nations that were related to the Confederation that were not subjects nor fully fledged cantons were considered associates. Whereas members of

46-599: A buffer state , defending the core of the Swiss Confederacy from their rivals. The Three Leagues for example provided a good buffer to Habsburg Austria . The Confederation could also use the military potential of the associates without having the bear responsibility for the land, for they weren't fully part of the Confederation. These associates were known as Engere Zugewandte : This consisted of two Federations, known collectively as Ewige Mitverbündete : There were two associates known as Evangelische Zugewandte : Vassal A vassal or liege subject

69-441: A "formal colony" or "junior ally" might also be regarded as a vassal state in terms of international relations, analogous to a domestic "fief-holder" or "trustee". The concept of a vassal state uses the concept of personal vassalry to theorize formally hegemonic relationships between states – even those using non-personal forms of rule. Imperial states to which this terminology has been applied include, for instance: Ancient Rome ,

92-612: A part of its territory, Toggenburg , was in turn considered an allied country of Schwyz and Glarus on the basis of the… Treaty of 1436, but without the right to vote in the [Federal] Diet. In the later years of the Confederacy, some associates even gained the ability to vote in the Federal Diet, which was not possible in the past. This privilege was only granted to the largest and most influential associates. The associates of St. Gallen and Biel were regular and officially authorized members of

115-410: A subordinate state (such as a dependency , residency , client state or protectorate ) has retained internal autonomy, but has lost independence in foreign policy, while also, in many instances, paying formal tribute , or providing troops when requested. This is a similar relationship to vassals, but vassals hold fiefdoms which are present in the actual territory of the monarch. In this framework,

138-455: A tenant or fief . The term is also applied to similar arrangements in other feudal societies. In contrast, fealty ( fidelitas ) was sworn, unconditional loyalty to a monarch. In fully developed vassalage, the lord and the vassal would take part in a commendation ceremony composed of two parts, the homage and the fealty , including the use of Christian sacraments to show its sacred importance. According to Eginhard 's brief description,

161-500: Is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch , in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe . While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain . The rights and obligations of a vassal are called vassalage , while the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called suzerainty . The obligations of a vassal often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as

184-621: The Mongol Empire , Imperial China and the British Empire . Sax-Forstegg The Lordship of Sax-Forstegg was a territory in the Alpine Rhine Valley , including the settlements of Sennwald and Altstätten , now part of the canton of St. Gallen , Switzerland . It was named for the baronial family of Sax and their castle Forstegg. It was created with the division of the old Lordship of Sax into Hohensax and Frischenberg in

207-473: The commendatio made to Pippin the Younger in 757 by Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria , involved the relics of Saints Denis, Rusticus, Éleuthère , Martin , and Germain – apparently assembled at Compiegne for the event. Such refinements were not included from the outset when it was time of crisis, war, hunger, etc. Feudal society was increasingly based on the concept of "lordship" (French seigneur ), which

230-471: The 18th century — " feudalism ". These developments proceeded at different rates in various regions. In Merovingian times (5th century to 752), monarchs would reward only the greatest and most trusted vassals with lands. Even at the most extreme devolution of any remnants of central power, in 10th-century France, the majority of vassals still had no fixed estates. The stratification of a fighting band of vassals into distinct groups might roughly correlate with

253-615: The Caddea League were linked to the seven [cantons]... the League of the Ten Jurisdictions only to the [cantons] of Zurich, Bern and Glarus. The bishop of Sion and the Valais were allied... with the cantons.. of central Switzerland and... with Bern. The city of St. Gallen was an [ally] of six cantons, while the abbey principality was an [ally] and protectorate of four cantons; Furthermore,

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276-500: The Confederation without being a full member of the Confederation. Throughout the 16th century, multiple states would be described as being related to the Confederacy, such as the Bishopric of Constance . The French term, Pays Alliés (meaning Allied Countries), is a more modern representation of the term. As mentioned before, each associate had different relations with the Confederacy when compared to others. Associates were allied with

299-540: The Holy Roman Empire. By 1803, only 5 imperial villages remained, several of which annexed into the Confederation by larger cantons. Due to the extremely vague and undefined nature of the Swiss Associates, they were unique when it came to political affairs. Depending on the situation, the Federal Diet could either emphasize autonomy or subtract autonomy from the associate states. The surrounding areas also acted as

322-516: The Swiss Confederacy were not permitted to form alliances or ties with outside states without consent of all cantons, the associates were permitted to form their own alliances and conduct their own diplomacy. Grisons for example even had their own delegates at the Congress of Vienna . Following the creation of the Federal Diet , associate states were also permitted to send delegates as representatives in

345-453: The Swiss cantons. Some had excellent relations with all or most of the cantons, whereas others hardly had treaties at all. While Biel was united by a Burgrecht treaty only to Fribourg , Bern and Solothurn , the cities of Rottweil and Mulhouse were allied to all 13 cantons; nevertheless the latter are the only ones who are no longer currently part of the [Confederacy]. The Gray League and

368-425: The cavalry he was bound to contribute to his lord to fight his frequent wars. Such resources, in the absence of a money economy, came only from land and its associated assets, which included peasants as well as wood and water. Many empires have set up vassal states , based on tribes, kingdoms, or city-states, the subjects of which they wish to control without having to conquer or directly govern them. In these cases

391-488: The confederation in terms of military aid , though on occasion such aid was asymmetrical, as was the norm with European diplomacy at the time due to the complex shifting of alliances. What was always ensured was the enactment of duties , trade , justice , and mediation in terms of conflicts, that latter of which generally enforced by the Federal Diet, in which most associates had representatives in. The associates themselves also differed in how close their relations were with

414-500: The diet from 1667, and Graubünden, Valais, Mulhouse and Rottweil all held sporadic spots in the diet as well. Not all associates had such benefits; The city and county of Neuchâtel, the city of Geneva and the Prince-Bishop of Basel, all did not have any representation in the diet. Some associates even had their territory directly integrated into the Confederacy. The County of Gruyere , originally an associate, fell bankrupt in 1555, and

437-566: The diet. However, not all associate states were not granted the right vote. Over time, many associates were gradually absorbed into the cantons, or became cantons themselves. By 1815, the remaining associates would become part of the modern Swiss Confederacy . The origin of the German term Zugewandte Orte (literally meaning Facing Places) is unknown, but it was used in 15th century Swiss sources to refer to certain secular and ecclesiastical territories that were subject to contractual agreements with

460-555: The late 14th century. In 1458, the lords of Sax-Forstegg entered a pact with the Swiss Confederacy . In addition, they were also citizens of St. Gallen from 1463, and citizens of Zürich from 1486. Baron Ulrich VII von Sax received the villages of Frischenberg and Lienz as a gift from the Confederacy in 1490. He was a successful military commander on the side of the Confederacy in the Swabian War of 1499. The Swiss Reformation

483-564: The new term " fief " that had started to supersede "benefice" in the 9th century. An "upper" group comprised great territorial magnates, who were strong enough to ensure the inheritance of their benefice to the heirs of their family. A "lower" group consisted of landless knights attached to a count or duke . This social settling process also received impetus in fundamental changes in the conduct of warfare. As co-ordinated cavalry superseded disorganized infantry , armies became more expensive to maintain. A vassal needed economic resources to equip

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506-468: Was one of the distinguishing features of the Early Middle Ages and had evolved from times of Late Antiquity . In the time of Charlemagne (ruled 768–814), the connection slowly developed between vassalage and the grant of land, the main form of wealth at that time. Contemporaneous social developments included agricultural " manorialism " and the social and legal structures labelled — but only since

529-404: Was partitioned by the cantons of Fribourg and Bern. The Lordship of Sax-Forstegg , which held an associate status due to a 1458 treaty with Zurich, would be annexed by Zurich in 1615. These annexations were not rare, and were important in the centralization of Switzerland. In the 14th and 15th century, Switzerland was littered with Imperial Villages . These were some of the smallest entities within

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