58-720: Swanston may refer to: Places [ edit ] Australia Swanston Street , Melbourne Swanston, Tasmania , a rural locality in Australia UK Swanston, Edinburgh , a village in Scotland US Swanston (Sacramento RT) , a light rail station in California Swanston Estates , a neighborhood in North Sacramento, California Other uses [ edit ] HMS Swanston ,
116-607: A Ton class minesweeper Swanston (surname) See also [ edit ] Swanson (disambiguation) Swanton (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swanston&oldid=1055807472 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
174-519: A fifteen percent citywide decrease in total rental units, and a seven percent increase in citywide rents. Lack of jobs that pay living wages , lack of affordable housing , and lack of health and social services can lead to poverty and homelessness. Factors that can lead to economic struggle include neighborhood gentrification (as previously discussed), job loss, debt, loss of money or assets due to divorce, death of breadwinning spouse, being denied jobs due to discrimination, and many others. Moreover,
232-631: A human right. Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter addressed this issue in a 2017 interview, saying, "A lot of people don't look at housing as a human right, but it is". His view contrasts with many Americans who do not believe housing is a basic human right. Many homeless enumeration studies published in the 2010s and onward utilize the term unsheltered homeless . The common colloquial term " street people " does not fully encompass all unsheltered people, in that many such persons do not spend their time in urban street environments. Many shun such locales, because homeless people in urban environments may face
290-447: A major thoroughfare, carrying car traffic between areas north of the city and St Kilda Road throughout most of the 20th century. In the latter half of the 20th century, the southern half of the street had problems with heavy traffic and its associated pollution, homelessness , loitering , and a plethora of discount stores, fast food outlets, sex shops and strip joints. As part of Victoria's 150th birthday celebrations, Swanston Street
348-467: A shopping strip. Swanston Street runs roughly north–south in-between Russell Street to the east and Elizabeth Street to the west. To the south it becomes St Kilda Road after the intersection with Flinders Street , whilst the road's northern end is in the suburb of Carlton at Melbourne Cemetery . This northern section was originally named Madeline Street. The street is named after merchant, banker and politician Charles Swanston . Swanston Street
406-431: A small effect on shelter and street populations. This is largely due to rent control reducing the quality and quantity of housing. For example, a 2019 study found that San Francisco's rent control laws reduced tenant displacement from rent-controlled units in the short-term, but resulted in landlords removing thirty percent of the rent-controlled units from the rental market, (by conversion to condos or TICs ) which led to
464-629: Is also a major route for commuting cyclists to and through the city, with bike lanes from the northern suburbs and from St Kilda Road in the south, and the Capital City Trail on the Southbank of the Yarra River . The parking of tour buses along the street caused controversy in September 2008 when a young cyclist was killed by a bus as it turned out of a parking spot. There had previously been calls to
522-496: Is closely connected to declines in physical and mental health. Most people who use homeless shelters frequently, face multiple disadvantages, such as the increased prevalence of physical and mental health problems, disabilities, addiction, poverty, and discrimination . Studies show that preventive and primary care (which homeless people are not receiving) substantially lower overall healthcare costs. In terms of providing adequate treatment to homeless people for their mental illness,
580-493: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Swanston Street Swanston Street is a major thoroughfare in the Melbourne central business district , Victoria, Australia . It was laid out in 1837 as part of the original Hoddle Grid . The street vertically bisects Melbourne's city centre and is famous as the world's busiest tram corridor , for its heritage buildings and as
638-630: Is indeed an environment in which males have far greater power (O'Grady and Gaietz, 2004)." Women on the street are often motivated to gain capital through affiliation and relationships with men, rather than facing homelessness alone. Within these relationships, women are still likely to be physically and sexually abused. Social exclusion related to sexual orientation , gender identity or expression , or sex characteristics can also attribute to homelessness based on discrimination. Relationship breakdown, particularly with young people and their parents, such as disownment due to sexuality or gender identity
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#1733084900717696-437: Is the condition of lacking stable, safe, and functional housing . It includes living on the streets , moving between temporary accommodation with family or friends, living in boarding houses with no security of tenure, and people who leave their homes because of civil conflict and are refugees within their country. The legal status of homeless people varies from place to place. Homeless enumeration studies conducted by
754-663: Is the venue for many annual events, including the Moomba parade, the AFL Grand Final parade and Melbourne Cup parade. It is also the major route for the Anzac Day parade because Swanston Street leads into St Kilda Road , the site of the Shrine of Remembrance . Swanston Street was one of the busiest roads in Melbourne, carrying a large volume of private car traffic, mostly transiting through
812-625: Is widespread among homeless people and, for around 70 percent of respondents, can be attributed to a time "before the onset of homelessness" Lack of housing serves as a social determinant of mental health . Being afflicted with a mental disorder , including substance use disorders , where mental health services are unavailable or difficult to access can also drive homelessness for the same reasons as disabilities. A United States federal survey in 2005 indicated that at least one-third of homeless men and women had serious psychiatric disorders or problems. Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia are
870-460: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , part of which addressed homelessness prevention, allocating $ 1.5 billion for a Homeless Prevention Fund. The Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG) program's name was changed to Emergency Solution Grant (ESG) program, and funds were reallocated to assist with homeless prevention and rapid re-housing for families and individuals. In January 2024
928-742: The Antebellum South , the availability of enslaved labor made it difficult for poor white people to find work. To prevent them from cooperating with enslaved black people, slaveowners policed poor whites with vagrancy laws. After the American Civil War , a large number (by the hundreds or thousands) of homeless men formed part of a counterculture known as "hobohemia" all over the United States. In smaller towns, hobos temporarily lived near train tracks and hopped onto trains to various destinations. The growing movement toward social concern sparked
986-620: The Conservative administration's Rough Sleeper Initiative, the number of people sleeping rough in London fell dramatically. This initiative was supported further by the incoming Labour administration from 2009 onwards with the publication of the 'Coming in from the Cold' strategy published by the Rough Sleepers Unit, which proposed and delivered a massive increase in the number of hostel bed spaces in
1044-506: The Halifax f.p. television series is shown living in an apartment at 339 Swanston Street (Jensen House; now converted into a UniLodge ) opposite the State Library. [REDACTED] Australian roads portal [REDACTED] Media related to Swanston Street at Wikimedia Commons Homelessness Homelessness , also known as houselessness or being unhoused or unsheltered ,
1102-749: The Public Transport Corporation . Swanston Street was the shooting location for the 1976 video for AC/DC 's song " It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll) ". It led to a nearby street being renamed ACDC Lane in honour of the music video. It is also referenced in The Distillers ' song "Dismantle Me", as singer Brody Dalle is originally from Melbourne, as well as TISM 's song "Get Thee in My Behind Satan" and Courtney Barnett 's "Elevator Operator". Jane Halifax ( Rebecca Gibney ) of
1160-585: The United States Supreme Court agreed to make a decision on whether city laws that punish individuals to limit the growth of homeless encampments are in violation of the Constitution's limits for cruel and unusual punishment . In June 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 ruling, permitted U.S. cities to criminalize homeless camps, thus making it possible to jail people for sleeping in areas such as public parks. On October 3, 2024, Florida passed
1218-781: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , adopted 10 December 1948 by the UN General Assembly, contains this text regarding housing and quality of living: 1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy
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#17330849007171276-516: The convicts transported to the American colonies in the 18th century. During the 16th century in England , the state first tried to give housing to vagrants instead of punishing them, by introducing bridewells to take vagrants and train them for a profession. In the 17th and 18th centuries, these were replaced by workhouses but these were intended to discourage too much reliance on state help. In
1334-631: The government of the United States also include people who sleep in a public or private place that is not designed for use as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings. Homelessness and poverty are interrelated. There is no standardized method for counting homeless individuals and identifying their needs; consequently, most cities only have estimated figures for their homeless populations. In 2024, an estimated 150 million people worldwide were homeless, and as many as 1.6 billion people live as squatters , refugees , or in temporary shelters. Unhoused persons who travel have been termed vagrants in
1392-601: The 1990s, many were forced to leave the country in search of employment elsewhere. Many of them became illegal immigrants, seeking asylum in China, South Korea or other nearby countries. Families that made it to China were often separated, in some cases children even fled North Korea on their own. These orphaned North Korean homeless children living in China are called the Kotjebi . In 2001, the Scottish Parliament came into place. It
1450-696: The HB 1365 law that prohibits counties from allowing public camping or sleeping on public property without certification of designated public property by DCF according to the Florida Senate. Major reasons for homelessness include: Gentrification is a process in which a formerly inexpensive neighborhood becomes more popular with wealthier people, increasing residential house prices and forcing poorer residents out. Gentrification may cause or influence evictions, foreclosures, and rent regulation. Increased wealth disparity and income inequality cause distortions in
1508-747: The Other Half Lives and Jack London 's The People of the Abyss (1903) discussed homelessness and raised public awareness, which caused some changes in building codes and social conditions. In England, dormitory housing called "spikes" was provided by local boroughs. By the 1930s in England, 30,000 people were living in these facilities. In 1933, George Orwell wrote about poverty in London and Paris, in his book Down and Out in Paris and London . In general, in most countries, many towns and cities had an area that contained
1566-499: The absence of accessible healthcare and social services further compounds the economic struggle for many. Inadequate healthcare can lead to untreated illnesses, making it more demanding for certain individuals to maintain employment, perpetuating a continuous cycle of poverty. Social services, including mental health support and addiction treatment, are essential for addressing the root causes of economic hardship. However, limited access to these services leaves vulnerable populations without
1624-404: The best solution to a loan default is to take and sell the house to pay off the debt can leave people homeless. Foreclosures on landlords often lead to the eviction of their tenants. "The Sarasota, Florida, Herald Tribune noted that, by some estimates, more than 311,000 tenants nationwide have been evicted from homes this year after lenders took over the properties." Rent regulation also has
1682-473: The capital and an increase in funding for street outreach teams, who work with rough sleepers to enable them to access services. Scotland saw a slightly different picture, with the impact of the right to buy ending in a significant drop in available social housing. The 1980s and the 1990s resulted in an ever-increasing picture of people becoming homeless. Due to economic crisis and famine in North Korea in
1740-562: The care process. Homelessness has migrated toward rural and suburban areas. Although the number of homeless people has not changed dramatically, the number of homeless families has increased according to a report by HUD . The United States Congress appropriated $ 25 million in the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Grants for 2008 to show the effectiveness of Rapid Re-housing programs in reducing family homelessness. In February 2009, President Obama signed
1798-417: The city. In 1992, the street was made partially car-free, with limited exemptions for small freight, buses and private cars during certain times of the day. After that, proposals for the street to become entirely car-free gained momentum. On 27 January 2010, it was announced that the entire length of Swanston Street would become car free. The $ 25.6 million proposal included plans for several city squares along
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1856-599: The council to relocate the large buses from the street where there was little space between buses and trams. Swanston Street was previously served by bus services to Gardenvale and Middle Brighton . When Melbourne-Brighton Bus Lines ' licence periodically came up for review, the Melbourne City Council and Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board always opposed. Finally the buses were removed from Swanston Street in October 1989, by which time they were operated by
1914-439: The demographics of homelessness. The experiences of homeless women and women in poverty are often overlooked, however, they experience specific gender-based victimization. As individuals with little to no physical or material capital, homeless women are particularly targeted by male law enforcement, and men living on the street. It has been found that "street-based homelessness dominates mainstream understanding of homelessness and it
1972-608: The development of rescue missions, such as the U.S. first rescue mission, the New York City Rescue Mission , founded in 1872 by Jerry and Maria McAuley . The U.S. Great Depression of the 1930s caused an epidemic of poverty, hunger, and homelessness in the United States. When Franklin D. Roosevelt took over the presidency from Herbert Hoover in 1933, he signed the New Deal , which expanded social welfare, including providing funds to build public housing. How
2030-434: The healthcare system's performance has not been promising, either. Disabilities , especially where disability services are non-existent, inconvenient, or poorly performing can impact a person's ability to support house payments, mortgages, or rent, especially if they are unable to work. Traumatic brain injury is one main disability that can account for homelessness. According to a Canadian survey, traumatic brain injury
2088-510: The homeless population in the United States, and this has presented new challenges to agencies. In the U.S., the government asked many major cities to come up with a ten-year plan to end homelessness. One of the results of this was a " Housing First " solution. The Housing First program offers homeless people access to housing without having to undergo tests for sobriety and drug usage. The Housing First program seems to benefit homeless people in every aspect except for substance abuse, for which
2146-400: The homeless population. Some formerly homeless people, who were finally able to obtain housing and other assets which helped to return to a normal lifestyle, have donated money and volunteer services to the organizations that provided aid to them during their homelessness. Alternatively, some social service entities that help homeless people now employ formerly homeless individuals to assist in
2204-416: The housing market that push rent burdens higher, making housing unaffordable. In many countries, people lose their homes by government orders to make way for newer upscale high-rise buildings, roadways, and other governmental needs. The compensation may be minimal, in which case the former occupants cannot find appropriate new housing and become homeless. Mortgage foreclosures where mortgage holders see
2262-460: The necessary support systems, hindering their ability to escape poverty. Poverty is a significant factor in homelessness. Alleviation of poverty, as a result, plays a vital role in eliminating homelessness. Some non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have studied 'unconditional cash transfers' (UCTs) to low-income families and individuals to reduce poverty in developing countries. Despite their initial concern about UCT's potentially negative effects on
2320-470: The next eight years. However, with a focus on the broader numbers of people experiencing homelessness, many people with higher levels of need got caught in the system. Work from 2017 started to address this, with a framework put in place to work towards a day where everyone in Scotland has a home suitable to meet their needs. In 2002, research showed that children and families were the largest growing segment of
2378-532: The past; of those, persons looking for work are hobos , whereas those who do not are tramps . All three of these terms, however, generally have a derogatory connotation today. In 2004, the United Nations sector of Economic and Social Affairs defined a homeless household as those households without a shelter that would fall within the scope of living quarters due to a lack of a steady income. The affected people carry their few possessions with them, sleeping in
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2436-423: The penalty was gaol . Vagabonds could be sentenced to the stocks for three days and nights; in 1530, whipping was added. The presumption was that vagabonds were unlicensed beggars . In 1547, a bill was passed that subjected vagrants to more provisions of the criminal law, namely two years servitude and branding with a "V" as the penalty for the first offense and death for the second. Many vagabonds were among
2494-504: The poor, transients, and afflicted, such as a " skid row ". In New York City, for example, there was "the Bowery " – traditionally, where people with an alcohol use disorder were to be found sleeping on the streets, bottle in hand. In the 1960s in the U.K., the nature and growing problem of homelessness changed in England as public concern grew. The number of people living "rough" in the streets had increased dramatically. However, beginning with
2552-461: The program offers little accountability. An emerging consensus is that the Housing First program still gives clients a higher chance at retaining their housing once they get it. A few critical voices argue that it misuses resources and does more harm than good; they suggest that it encourages rent-seeking and that there is not yet enough evidence-based research on the effects of this program on
2610-624: The recipients, the researchers found promising results. The study in Kenya found that assisted households increased their consumption and savings. While the families spent more on their food and food security, they did not incur any expenses on unnecessary goods or services. This study shows that a proper approach to poverty could effectively eliminate this factor as part of a solution to homelessness. Providing access to education and employment to low-income families and individuals must also be considered to combat poverty and prevent homelessness. Homelessness
2668-595: The risk of being robbed or assaulted. Some people convert unoccupied or abandoned buildings (" squatting "), or inhabit mountainous areas or, more often, lowland meadows, creek banks, and beaches. Many jurisdictions have developed programs to provide short-term emergency shelter during particularly cold spells, often in churches or other institutional properties. These are referred to as warming centers , and are credited by their advocates as lifesaving. Other common terms include urban campers , unsheltered , unhomed , and houseless . In 2020, an entry on homelessness
2726-489: The same social protection. The ETHOS Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion was developed as a means of improving the understanding and measurement of homelessness in Europe, and to provide a common "language" for transnational exchanges on homelessness. The ETHOS approach says homelessness is a process (rather than a static phenomenon) that affects many vulnerable households at different points in their lives. The typology
2784-635: The street and several large tram stops. Aside from trams, the only motorised vehicular access was for emergency vehicles and small-scale freight at certain times. The modifications to the street commenced in late 2011 and were completed in late 2012. Many of Melbourne's most noteworthy precincts and prominent buildings face Swanston Street as the city's historic main avenue, including: Both the University of Melbourne and RMIT University also have campus buildings fronting Swanston Street. Tram routes 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 16 , 64 , 67 and 72 currently run along
2842-453: The street, with the frequency of trams making Swanston Street the world's busiest tram corridor. Two of the busiest railway stations in Melbourne are located near the street, with the hub Flinders Street station at its southern end and, further north, the underground Melbourne Central station at the intersection of La Trobe Street. The Metro Tunnel is being constructed under Swanston Street, and should be completed in 2025. Swanston Street
2900-599: The street. The move attracted opposition from the Public Transport Users Association , Australian Greens and Bicycle Victoria . The idea was rejected and, by January 2010, plans to make the entire length of Swanston Street in the city car-free were announced by the Lord Mayor himself, a complete reversal of his previous stance. Many marches, rallies and protests involve the use of Swanston Street, resulting in planned and unplanned road closures. The street
2958-647: The streets, in doorways or on piers, or in another space, on a more or less random basis. In 2009, at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Conference of European Statisticians (CES), the Group of Experts on Population and Housing Censuses defined homelessness as: In its Recommendations for the Censuses of Population and Housing, the CES identifies homeless people under two broad groups: Article 25 of
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#17330849007173016-413: The top two common mental disabilities among the U.S. homeless. Personality disorders are also very prevalent, especially Cluster A . A history of experiencing domestic violence can also attribute to homelessness. Compared to housed women, homeless women were more likely to report childhood histories of abuse, as well as more current physical abuse by male partners. Gender disparities also influence
3074-593: Was added to The Associated Press Stylebook noting how "Homeless is generally acceptable as an adjective to describe people without a fixed residence" and that reporters should use person-first language to "avoid the dehumanizing collective noun the homeless, instead using constructions like homeless people, people without housing or people without homes." Following the Peasants' Revolt , English constables were authorized under 1383 English Poor Laws to collar vagabonds and force them to show support; if they could not,
3132-483: Was agreed by all parties that a ten-year plan to eradicate homelessness by the end of 2012 would be implemented. The Minister for Housing, Iain Gray , met with the third sector and Local Authorities every six weeks, checking on progress, whilst consultations brought about legislative change, alongside work to prevent homelessness. There was a peak in applications around 2005, but from there onwards figures dropped year on year for
3190-426: Was closed to traffic, turfed and treed between Flinders Street and Lonsdale Street for a Summer street-party on February 9-10, 1985. The conversation then began around the permanent transformation of Swanston Street. In March 1992, the street was closed to daytime private through-traffic between Flinders and La Trobe Streets , roughly half its length. This section is known as Swanston Street Walk . Swanston Street
3248-487: Was launched in 2005 and is used for different purposes: as a framework for debate, for data collection purposes, policy purposes, monitoring purposes, and in the media. This typology is an open exercise that makes abstraction of existing legal definitions in the EU member states. It exists in 25 language versions, the translations being provided mainly by volunteer translators. Many countries and individuals do not consider housing as
3306-400: Was one of the main north–south streets originally laid out as part of the 1837 Hoddle Grid . Originally carrying pedestrians and horse-drawn traffic, the street resembled many typical European avenues of the 19th century. By the end of the 19th century it also accommodated one of the major tram lines through the city. With the advent of the automobile in the early 20th century, the street became
3364-538: Was redeveloped in 1992 with a number of public sculptures being established through the Percent for Art Program. The most famous of these statues is of a small bronze dog called Larry La Trobe by Melbourne artist, Pamela Irving . By the turn of the 21st century, the street carried nine tram routes , with the frequency of trams being the highest in Melbourne. In November 2008, the newly elected Lord Mayor of Melbourne Robert Doyle proposed returning private vehicle traffic to
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