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38-467: The Swadeshi Industrial Works PLC was established in 1941 and was the first local soap manufacturing company in the country. Swadeshi is one of the native industrial companies developed during the wartime economic background. By 1958, Swadeshi was one of the four soap manufacturers in Sri Lanka. Others were Lever Brothers , British Ceylon Corporation, and Eastern Chemical Industries. Although inedible tallow

76-596: A major general . The rank of Air Vice-Marshal is immediately senior to the rank Air Commodore and immediately subordinate to the rank of Air Marshal . Since before the Second World War it has been common for air officers commanding RAF groups to hold the rank of Air Vice-Marshal. In small air forces such as the Royal New Zealand Air Force and the Ghana Air Force , the head of the air force holds

114-703: A legal dispute over a trademark violation and unfair competition law. Swadeshi Industrial Works ranked 29th in LMD 100 ' s second board for the financial year 2020/21. LMD 100 ranks listed companies in Sri Lanka by revenue annually. Amari Wijewardene is the company's chairperson and a member of the Wijewardene family . Wijewardene's appointment as the Sri Lankan High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in 2016 by her cousin, then prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe

152-587: A new soap product called Apsara after registering the trade mark with the National Intellectual Property Office. Vendol Lanka followed up by launching its own product called Apsara, with identical packaging in the same colour. After a decade-long legal battle, Swadeshi won its case against Vendol in 2012. Swadeshi obtained an enjoining order against Lanka Sathosa and ReeBonn Lanka regarding Sathosa Khomba soap in December 2021. Swadeshi instituted

190-529: A prize crew on board. The sinking of the battleship HMS  Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser HMS  Repulse , and the subsequent fall of Singapore , punctured forever the myth of British invincibility. Against this backdrop, and on the agitation of the Trotskyist -inspired Lanka Sama Samaja Party , soldiers of the on Horsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands mutinied on the night, intending to hand

228-510: Is an air officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the Royal Air Force . The rank is also used by the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence and it is sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in countries which have a non-English air force-specific rank structure. Air vice-marshal is usually equivalent to a rear admiral or

266-481: The 7th Australian Division and elements of the 1st (African) Division because of the island's strategic importance, holding almost all the British Empire's resources of rubber. The Easter Sunday Raid was the air raid carried out by Japan on Easter Sunday (5 April) 1942 on Colombo; a few days later Trincomalee was also attacked. Although the military effect of the raids was substantial - it resulted in

304-673: The British Army , with officers at what is now air vice-marshal level holding the rank of major-general. In response to the proposal that the RAF should use its own rank titles, it was suggested that the RAF might use the Royal Navy 's officer ranks, with the word "air" inserted before the naval rank title. For example, the rank that later became air vice-marshal would have been air rear-admiral. The Admiralty objected to any use of their rank titles, including this modified form, and so an alternative proposal

342-713: The British Eastern Fleet . The army headquarters were established at the Colombo Museum building , while the Fighter Operations Room was setup at Bishop's College, Colombo . Naval headquarters was moved to HMS Lanka and its operations room took form in an underground center and Admiral Layton established his headquarters at the Secretariat . Admiral Somerville took over the house of the King's Harbour Master adjoining

380-524: The Royal Air Force (RAF) had established an aerodrome in China Bay , Trincomalee long before the war. After the fall of Singapore the Royal Navy's East Indies Station was moved to Colombo and then to Trincomalee. Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon with Air Vice Marshal John D'Albiac Air Officer Commanding and Admiral Sir James Somerville appointed commander of

418-599: The Workers' Council . An armed police party that went to restore 'law and order' was disarmed by the workers. The strike wave at last was beaten back by a wave of terror by the police, aided by floods which cut Uva off from the rest of the country for over a week. However, the colonial authorities were finding that the independence struggle was becoming too powerful. After Dunkirk , the British colonial authorities reacted in panic (as revealed in secret files released decades later) and

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456-575: The British war effort. The local Ministers brought motions gifting the Ceylonese taxpayers' money to the British war effort, which were opposed by the pro-independence members of the State Council . Propaganda was carried out among the troops, Australian and British as well as indigenous with little effect. Starting in November 1939 and during the first half of 1940 there was a wave of spontaneous strikes on

494-724: The British-owned plantations, basically aimed at winning the right of organisation. There were two main plantation unions, Natesa Iyer 's Ceylon Indian Congress and the All-Ceylon Estate Workers Union (later the Lanka Estate Workers Union , LEWU) led by Samasamajists. In the Central Province the strike wave reached the zenith on the Mool Oya Estate strike, which was led by Samasamajists. After Mool Oya,

532-906: The Ceylon Defence Force who requested transfer to front line units of the British Army . They served in the Burma and later in Malaya . Ceylonese served in the Royal Engineers in Italy and with the Royal Army Service Corps in the Middle East and North Africa . The 1st battalion, the Ceylon Corps of Military Police, served in Malaya till 1949. Several of those who served with Commonwealth Forces during

570-522: The Civil Defence Commissioner complained that the British commander of Ceylon, Admiral Layton called him a 'black bastard'. Ceylonese in Japanese occupied Singapore and Malaya formed the 'Lanka Regiment' of the so called Indian National Army which had been established by Nazi Germany, directly under Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose . A plan was made to transport them to Ceylon by submarine, to begin

608-524: The Governing Party, Junius Jayawardene (who later became President) and Dudley Senanayake (later the third Prime Minister), held discussions with the Japanese with a view to collaboration to oust the British. These discussions did not go further since the much older D. S. Senanayake (later the first Prime Minister) stopped them. Independence agitators turned to opposition to the Ministers' support for

646-477: The LSSP State Council members N. M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena and others were arrested on 18 June. The Samasamajist press was raided and sealed. Regulations were promulgated which made open party work practically impossible. Public opposition to British colonial rule continued to grow. Among the elite there was irritation at the colour-bar practised by the leading clubs. Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke ,

684-713: The LSSP supported the pro-Japanese unrest in Cocos Islands. The Communist Party of Ceylon too supported the anti-war movement as they saw it also as a war of imperialists, but in 1941 when Germany attacked the Soviet Union they joined the war movement in support of the British calling it a people's war. But much of the populace dreaded a Japanese victory. Among Buddhists, there was anger that Buddhist monks of German origin were interned as 'enemy aliens' whereas German and Italian Roman Catholic priests were not. Two young members of

722-706: The Port Commission Tugs Samson and Goliath , it later manned and operated trawlers and Antarctic whalers converted as Minesweepers and fitted out with guns, submarine detection equipment and anti-submarine weaponry. They were H.M. Ships Overdala Wyike (the first ship to be purchased by the Government of Ceylon), Okapi , Semla , Sambhur , Hoxa , Balta and H.M Tugs Barnet and C405 . In addition it manned several Motor Fishing Vessels (MFV) and miscellaneous auxiliary vessels. All were manned exclusively by CRNVR personnel. These ships were meant to sweep and guard

760-525: The Victoria Arcade Navy officer's mess. The fixed land defences consisted of four coastal batteries at Colombo and five at Trincomalee; these were established prior to the war. Air defences were expanded starting in 1941 with the RAF occupying the civil airfield at Ratmalana near Colombo with its station headquarters set up at Kandawala. Another airfield was rapidly built at Koggala near Galle and several temporary airstrips were built across

798-523: The approaches the harbours but were also often used on extended missions outside Ceylon waters. In the course of these operations, the ships came under enemy fire, recovered essential information from Japanese aircraft shot down, sailed to Akyab after the Burma front was opened in two FMVs for harbour duties, and was called upon to accept the surrender of the Italian colonial ship Eritrea and escort her to port with

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836-528: The country, with the largest at Colombo Racecourse Airstrip . Several RAF Squadrons were sent to Ceylon. Several Commonwealth units were also stationed in Ceylon for the duration of the war. As with other British Colonies conscription was not implemented in Ceylon. However, Ceylonese were encouraged to volunteer for service. Many volunteered throughout the war, most joining the Ceylon Defence Force , which

874-490: The independence struggle, but this was abortive. The LSSP leaders were able to escape, with the help of one of their guards. Several of them fled to India, where they participated in the struggle there, underscoring what had been established before the war, that India's and Ceylon's independence struggles were interlinked. However, a sizable contingent remained, led by Robert Gunawardena , Philip's brother. Air Vice Marshal Air vice-marshal ( Air Vce Mshl or AVM )

912-511: The islands over to the Japanese. The mutiny was suppressed within an hour, however, and three of the mutineers were later executed — the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War. Following the mutiny the use of Ceylonese combat troops was discontinued by the British, although a number of supply and transport units were used in the rear areas in the Middle East. The defences of Ceylon were reinforced by

950-682: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka , Swadeshi donated Swadeshi Khomba soap and hand sanitisers to the armed forces, who were the frontline workers. The company obtained the COVID-19 Safety Management System certification from the Sri Lanka Standards Institution. The 80th anniversary of Rani Sandalwood soap was marked by the company by launching a new packaging. Ceylon in World War II After

988-749: The outbreak of the Second World War , in the British Crown Colony of Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka ), the government of Sir Don Baron Jayatilaka assured the British King and his government of its continued support. The British had occupied the coastal areas of the island since 1796, but after 1917 the colony had no regular garrison of British troops. The Ceylon Defence Force and Ceylon Navy Volunteer Reserve were mobilised and expanded. The Royal Navy maintained naval installations in Trincomalee and

1026-547: The rank of Air Vice-Marshal. The equivalent rank in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force , Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force , Women's Royal Air Force (until 1968) and Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (until 1980) was "air chief commandant". The Australian Air Corps adopted the RAF rank system on 9 November 1920 and this usage was continued by its successor, the Royal Australian Air Force . However,

1064-712: The rank of air vice-marshal was not used by the Australian Armed Forces until 1935 when Richard Williams , the Australian Chief of the Air Staff , was promoted. Margaret Staib of the Royal Australian Air Force served in the rank of air vice-marshal from 2009 to 2012 when she retired from the Australian Defence Force . In 1920, Sir Willoughby Gwatkin , the former Canadian Chief of the General Staff ,

1102-499: The rank, and their former service ranks are also shown: The rank insignia consists of a narrow light blue band (on a slightly wider black band) over a light blue band on a broad black band. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the dress uniform or on the shoulders of the flying suit or working uniform. The command flag of an air vice-marshal has two narrow red bands running through the centre. The vehicle star plate for an air vice-marshal depicts two white stars (air vice-marshal

1140-481: The sinking of several ships including two cruisers and an aircraft carrier, the effect on the Ceylonese population was far greater as it had heard of the Nanjing Massacres and of the act of brutality of the Japanese in occupied countries. The civilian population began a panicked fleeing of Colombo and of Ceylon by boat to India following the raid. There was some opposition to the war in Ceylon, particularly among

1178-595: The strike wave spread southward towards Uva , the strikes became more prolonged and the workers began to seek the militant leadership of the Samasamajists more and more. The Trotskyist leader N. M. Perera addressed a large meeting in Badulla on 12 May, and the police were powerless to act, although it was banned. At Wewessa Estate the workers set up an elected council and the Superintendent agreed to act in consultation with

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1216-482: The war went on to serve in the Sri Lankan Armed Forces after Ceylon gained independence in 1948; these include General D. S. Attygalle , Major General Anton Muttukumaru , Major General Bertram Heyn , Major General Richard Udugama , Major General H.W.G. Wijeyekoon and Air Vice Marshal Edward Amerasakera. The Ceylon Navy Volunteer Reserve was taken over by the Royal Navy. Cutting its teeth on

1254-638: The workers and the nationalists (such as the Ceylon National Congress ), encouraged by the Trotskyist Lanka Sama Samaja Party (or "Samasamajists"), which supported the independence movement and led the anti-war movement, made it clear that it did not side with either the Axis powers or the Allies and considered the war an internationalist one. In 1940, the LSSP was banned; in response,

1292-583: Was criticised as nepotism. Over the years, the company has sponsored the Buddhist ritual of Aloka Pooja (illumination offering ) in various prominent temples across the country. This is carried out as a part of the company's corporate social responsibility programme. The programme has been conducted in many temples including Ridi Viharaya , Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara , Kiri Vehera and Kataragama temple . Swadeshi signed an agreement with UNICEF to partner up with respect to UNICEF's betterparenting.lk website. During

1330-513: Was expanded from a reserve unit to a mobilised force of 10 infantry battalions, 3 artillery regiments and support units. For the first time, Ceylonese units were deployed outside Ceylon in formation until the Cocos Islands Mutiny after which deployment overseas of Ceylonese units was stopped with a few exceptions. Ceylonese continued to volunteer and joined the British Army , RAF and the Royal Navy . They were supplemented by personnel of

1368-515: Was granted the rank of air vice-marshal and appointed the inspector-general of the newly established Canadian Air Force . The rank was used until the 1968 unification of the Canadian Forces , when army-type rank titles were adopted. Canadian air vice-marshals then became major-generals . In official Canadian French usage, the rank title was vice-maréchal de l'air . On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from

1406-514: Was put forward: air officer ranks would be based on the term "ardian", which was derived from a combination of the Gaelic words for "chief" ( ard ) and "bird" ( eun ), with the term "third ardian" or "squadron ardian" being used for the equivalent to rear admiral and major general. However, air vice-marshal was preferred and was adopted in August 1919. The following officers were the first to be appointed to

1444-485: Was used in manufacturing soap, coconut oil was the main raw material used. In 1960, the company sought to partner up with American soap and toiletries manufacturers to expand its business. At the time, the company was manufacturing safety matches , plastic moulding, photoengraving and printing besides manufacturing soap and toiletries. Swadeshi obtained a restraining order against Vendol Lanka preventing Vendol Lanka from marketing its Apsara soap. In 1999, Swadeshi launched

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