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34-453: After becoming a bogatyr of knyaz Vladimir the Bright Sun (Владимир Красное Солнышко, Vladimir Krasnoye Solnyshko ), Ilya (another bogatyr) rides off to challenge Svyatogor, despite being forewarned not to do so by pilgrims who had miraculously healed him. On the road, Ilya Muromets sees a giant asleep on a giant horse. Ilya strikes him three times with his mace, with the only result that

68-532: A common parent language . Because language change can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate. Cognates are distinguished from loanwords , where a word has been borrowed from another language. The English term cognate derives from Latin cognatus , meaning "blood relative". An example of cognates from

102-617: A common origin, but which in fact do not. For example, Latin habēre and German haben both mean 'to have' and are phonetically similar. However, the words evolved from different Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots: haben , like English have , comes from PIE *kh₂pyé- 'to grasp', and has the Latin cognate capere 'to seize, grasp, capture'. Habēre , on the other hand, is from PIE *gʰabʰ 'to give, to receive', and hence cognate with English give and German geben . Likewise, English much and Spanish mucho look similar and have

136-521: A hereditary title of Russian nobility patrilineally descended from Rurik (e.g., Belozersky , Belosselsky-Belozersky , Repnin , Gorchakov ) or Gediminas (e.g., Galitzine , Troubetzkoy ). Members of Rurikid or Gedyminid families were called princes when they ruled tiny quasi-sovereign medieval principalities. After their demesnes were absorbed by Muscovy, they settled at the Moscow court and were authorised to continue with their princely titles. From

170-412: A similar meaning, but are not cognates: much is from Proto-Germanic *mikilaz < PIE *meǵ- and mucho is from Latin multum < PIE *mel- . A true cognate of much is the archaic Spanish maño 'big'. Cognates are distinguished from other kinds of relationships. An etymon , or ancestor word, is the ultimate source word from which one or more cognates derive. In other words, it

204-553: Is knyaginya ( княгиня ), kneginja in Slovene and Serbo-Croatian ( Serbian Cyrillic : кнегиња ), kniahinia (княгіня) in Belarusian and kniazioŭna (князёўна) is the daughter of the prince, kniahynia (княгиня) in Ukrainian and kniazivna (князівна) is the daughter of the prince. In Russian, the daughter of a knyaz is knyazhna ( княжна ). In Russian,

238-420: Is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times. It is usually translated into English as " prince ", " king ", or " duke " depending on specific historical context and the potentially known Latin equivalents at the time, but the word was originally derived from the common Germanic * kuningaz (king). The female form transliterated from Bulgarian and Russian

272-581: Is generally considered to be an early borrowing from Proto-Germanic kuningaz , a form also borrowed by Finnish and Estonian ( kuningas ). The tradition of translating Knyaz and other Slavic and Russian titles of same origin not as “King” but as "Duke" or "Prince" can be traced back to Medieval Lithuania and Poland when after invasion of Tartar Empire on the lands of Eastern Europe most part of independent Slavic and Russian Kingdoms were destroyed and their lands divided between Fathers of Rome and Rulers of their side and new, Heathen, Tartar Emperors of

306-492: Is regular. Paradigms of conjugations or declensions, the correspondence of which cannot be generally due to chance, have often been used in cognacy assessment. However, beyond paradigms, morphosyntax is often excluded in the assessment of cognacy between words, mainly because structures are usually seen as more subject to borrowing. Still, very complex, non-trivial morphosyntactic structures can rarely take precedence over phonetic shapes to indicate cognates. For instance, Tangut ,

340-477: Is the source of related words in different languages. For example, the etymon of both Welsh ceffyl and Irish capall is the Proto-Celtic * kaballos (all meaning horse ). Descendants are words inherited across a language barrier, coming from a particular etymon in an ancestor language. For example, Russian мо́ре and Polish morze are both descendants of Proto-Slavic * moře (meaning sea ). A root

374-444: Is the source of related words within a single language (no language barrier is crossed). Similar to the distinction between etymon and root , a nuanced distinction can sometimes be made between a descendant and a derivative . A derivative is one of the words which have their source in a root word, and were at some time created from the root word using morphological constructs such as suffixes, prefixes, and slight changes to

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408-746: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Following the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , kniaź became a recognised title in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . By the 1630s – apart from the title pan , which indicated membership of the large szlachta noble class – kniaź was the only hereditary title that was officially recognised and officially used in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Notable holders of

442-789: The Paraguayan Guarani panambi , the Eastern Bolivian Guarani panapana , the Cocama and Omagua panama , and the Sirionó ana ana are cognates, derived from the Old Tupi panapana , 'butterfly', maintaining their original meaning in these Tupi languages . Cognates need not have the same meaning, as they may have undergone semantic change as the languages developed independently. For example English starve and Dutch sterven 'to die' or German sterben 'to die' all descend from

476-464: The Russian Empire of 1809–1917, Finland was officially called Grand Principality of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta , Swedish : Storfurstendömet Finland , Russian : Великое Княжество Финляндское , romanized :  Velikoye Knyazhestvo Finlyandskoye ). As noted above, the title knyaz or kniaz became a hereditary noble title in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and

510-478: The Tsardom of Russia gained dominion over much of former Kievan Rus' , velikii kniaz (великий князь) ( Great Kniaz ) Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar . From the mid-18th century onwards, the title Velikii Kniaz was revived to refer to (male-line) sons and grandsons of Russian Emperors. See titles for Tsar's family for details. Kniaz ( Russian : князь , IPA: [ˈknʲæsʲ] ) continued as

544-554: The 18th century onwards, the title was occasionally granted by the Tsar, for the first time by Peter the Great to his associate Alexander Menshikov , and then by Catherine the Great to her lover Grigory Potemkin . After 1801, with the incorporation of Georgia into the Russian Empire , various titles of numerous local nobles were controversially rendered in Russian as "kniazes". Finally, within

578-421: The 19th century. Those are officially called gradonačelnik (градоначелник) (Serbia) and gradonachalnik (градоначалник) or kmet (кмет) (Bulgaria). In early medieval Bosnia knez ( knjaz, књаз ) was a title used, along župan and duke ( vojvoda ) titles, for Bosnian rulers. One of the first such ruler, recorded in historic documents and later historiography, was Stephen, Duke of Bosnia . Later it

612-937: The Catholic title " monsignor " for a priest. Today the term knez is still used as the most common translation of "prince" in Slovenian , Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian literature . Knez is also found as a surname in former Yugoslavia . The word is ultimately a cognate of the English King , the German König , and the Swedish Konung . The proto-Slavic form was * kъnędzь , kŭnędzĭ ; Church Slavonic : кънѧѕь , kŭnędzĭ ; Bulgarian : княз , knyaz ; Old East Slavic : князь , knyazĭ ; Polish : książę ; Serbo-Croatian Latin : knez / Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic : кнез ; Czech : kníže ; Slovak : knieža ; etc. It

646-555: The East that’s why Slavic and Russian Rulers became subdued to Latin, European Kings and Emperors of Holy Roman Empire, their titles became equal to semidependent Dukes and Princes. The rulers of the Duchy of Poland bore the title of książę , which was rendered as dux or princeps in Latin, and later adopted krol (from Karl , the name of Charlemagne ) and its equivalent rex following Bolesław I 's coronation in 1025. Similarly,

680-706: The Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts 'night'. The Indo-European languages have hundreds of such cognate sets, though few of them are as neat as this. The Arabic سلام salām , the Hebrew שלום ‎ shalom , the Assyrian Neo-Aramaic shlama and the Amharic selam 'peace' are cognates, derived from the Proto-Semitic *šalām- 'peace'. The Brazilian Portuguese panapanã , (flock of butterflies in flight),

714-449: The degree of centralization grew, the ruler acquired the title Velikii Knyaz (Великий Князь) (translated as Grand Prince or Grand Duke , see Russian Grand Dukes ). He ruled a Russian : Великое Княжеcтво , romanized :  Velikoye Knyazhestvo or Ukrainian : Велике Князiвcтво , romanized :  Velyke Knyazivstvo ( Grand Duchy ), while a ruler of its vassal constituent ( udel , udelnoe knyazivstvo or volost )

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748-426: The giant, still asleep, grabs Ilya and puts him into his pocket. Eventually, the giant awakes, Ilya introduces himself and learns that the giant is Svyatogor; they become friends and journey together. They arrive at a giant stone coffin and both have a premonition that it is for Svyatogor. Ilya manages to lie down in the coffin first, but it appears too large for him, but it fits Svyatogor perfectly. When Svyatogor closes

782-521: The language of the Xixia Empire, and one Horpa language spoken today in Sichuan , Geshiza, both display a verbal alternation indicating tense, obeying the same morphosyntactic collocational restrictions. Even without regular phonetic correspondences between the stems of the two languages, the cognatic structures indicate secondary cognacy for the stems. False cognates are pairs of words that appear to have

816-537: The lid, it seals the coffin. Before the coffin seals completely, Svyatogor passes part of his strength to Ilya through his breath. Belarusian Rodnovers worship Svyatogor as a god. This article about a literature character is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about Russian culture is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Knyaz Knyaz , also knez , knjaz or kniaz ( Old Church Slavonic : кънѧѕь , romanized:  kŭnędzĭ ),

850-665: The pagan title 'khan' of his predecessors. The new titles were applied to his sons Vladimir Rasate (889-893) and Simeon I (893–927), however knyaz Simeon took the higher title of tsar soon in 913. According to Florin Curta , the primary sources have a variety of names for the rulers of the Bulgars before christianisation - such as including ‘rex’, ‘basileus’ and ‘khagan’. Omurtag (814–831) and his son Malamir (831–836) are mentioned in inscriptions as ' kanasubigi '. However, secondary sources are almost always ' khan '. In Kievan Rus', as

884-450: The ruler of the Duchy of Lithuania , called kunigaikštis (also derived from kuningaz ) in Polish, was called magnus dux instead of the Polish word for "king", karalius (also derived from Karl ). Medieval German records, however, translated knyaz as koning (king) until at least the 15th century. The meaning of the term changed over the course of history. Initially the term

918-983: The same Indo-European root are: night ( English ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch , Frisian ), nag ( Afrikaans ), Naach ( Colognian ), natt ( Swedish , Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech , Slovak , Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч , nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч , noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), nakts ( Latvian ), naktis ( Lithuanian ), nos ( Welsh/Cymraeg ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek ), νύχτα / nychta ( Modern Greek ), nakt- ( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), nox , gen. sg. noctis ( Latin ), nuit ( French ), noche ( Spanish ), nochi ( Extremaduran ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), nuet/nit/nueit ( Aragonese ), nuèch / nuèit ( Occitan ) and noapte ( Romanian ). These all mean 'night' and derive from

952-452: The same Proto-Germanic verb, *sterbaną 'to die'. Cognates also do not need to look or sound similar: English father , French père , and Armenian հայր ( hayr ) all descend directly from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr . An extreme case is Armenian երկու ( erku ) and English two , which descend from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ ; the sound change *dw > erk in Armenian

986-588: The son of a knyaz is knyazhich ( княжич in its old form). The title is pronounced and written similarly in different European languages . In Serbo-Croatian and some West Slavic languages , the word has later come to denote "lord", and in Czech , Polish and Slovak also came to mean "priest" ( kněz , ksiądz , kňaz ) as well as "prince/duke" ( knez , kníže , książę , knieža ). In Sorbian it means simply "Mister" (from "Master". Compare French monsieur from mon sieur "my lord"), and

1020-592: The title knez was Pavle Radinović of Radinović-Pavlović noble family, while other include several noblemen from Radojević-Mirković family , such as Batić Mirković . Further families that bear this title are for example Šantić noble family and most members of Hrvatinić . The title used in Macedonian historiography for Medieval local leaders. Cognate In historical linguistics , cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in

1054-505: The title kniaź include Jeremi Wiśniowiecki . In the 19th century, the Serbian term knez (кнез) and the Bulgarian term knyaz (княз) were revived to denote semi-independent rulers of those countries, such as Alexander Karađorđević and Alexander of Battenberg . In parts of Serbia and western Bulgaria, knez was the informal title of the elder or mayor of a village or zadruga until around

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1088-466: Was called udelny knyaz or simply knyaz . When Kievan Rus' became fragmented in the 13th century, the title Knyaz continued to be used in East Slavic states, including Kiev's Principality , Chernigov's Principality , Novgorod Republic and its princes , Pereiaslavl Principality , Vladimir-Suzdal , Muscovy , Tver's Principality , Kingdom of Ruthenia , and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . As

1122-523: Was held by several of most powerful magnates (in Bosnia vlastelin ) of the era, sometime along with an office title given to a person through service to the monarch, such as Grand Duke of Bosnia ( Veliki vojvoda bosanski ), which was office of the supreme military commander of the realm. Other noble titles included the knez , the duke ( vojvoda ) and the župan . The title knez is equivalent to that of prince . Among most influential of Bosnian nobleman with

1156-508: Was used to denote the chieftain of a Slavic tribe . Later, with the development of feudal statehood, it became the title of a ruler of a state, and among East Slavs ( Russian : княжество ( knyazhestvo ), Ukrainian : князівство , romanized :  kniazivstvo ) traditionally translated as duchy or principality , for example, of Kievan Rus' . In First Bulgarian Empire , Boris I of Bulgaria (852–889) changed his title to knyaz after his conversion to Christianity in 864, abandoning

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