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22-480: Particularly unique among similar common Russian names, this one is not of ancient Slavic origin, but was coined by Alexander Vostokov in 1802 and popularized by Vasily Zhukovsky in his eponymous ballad " Svetlana ", the latter first published in 1813. The name is also used in Ukraine , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovakia , Macedonia , and Serbia , with a number of occurrences in non-Slavic countries. In

44-649: A large-scale digitization project at the end of the 20th century by taking part in the Library of Congress project Meeting on Frontiers . By 2012 the library, along with its counterpart in Moscow , had around 80,000 titles available electronically. After the end of the Second World War, millions of German art objects, books and archival materials were brought to the Soviet Union. Some of these cultural assets were returned to

66-514: Is cited as one of the founders of toponymy in Russia. Imperial Public Library The National Library of Russia ( NLR , Russian : Российская национальная библиотека , РНБ ), located in Saint Petersburg , is the first, and one of three national public libraries in Russia. The NLR is currently ranked among the world's major libraries . It has the second biggest library collection in

88-558: Is mainly used outside the former USSR). Sveta also means "saint" in Bulgarian. The Slavic element Svet means "blessed, holy, bright". Serbian language diminutives of the name are Sveta (Света), and Ceca (Цеца, pronounced Tsetsa). Alexander Vostokov Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov (born Alexander Woldemar Osteneck ; Russian: Алекса́ндр Христофо́рович Восто́ков ; 27 March [ O.S. March 16] 1781 – 20 February [ O.S. 8 February] 1864)

110-776: The Russian Orthodox Church Svetlana is used as a Russian translation of Photina (derived from phos ( Greek : φως , "light")), a name sometimes ascribed to the Samaritan woman at Jacob's well (the Bible , John 4 ). Semantically similar names to this are Lucia (of Latin origin, meaning "light"), Claire ("light" or "clear" in French , equivalent to Spanish and Portuguese Clara ), Roxana (from Old Persian , "little shiny star, light"), and Shweta ( Sanskrit , "white, pure"). The Ukrainian equivalent of

132-729: The National Library of Russia (NLR). The Imperial Public Library was established in 1795 by Catherine the Great . It was based on the Załuski Library , the famous Polish national library built by Bishop Załuski in Warsaw , which had been seized by the Russians in 1794 after the Partitions of Poland . The idea of a public library in Russia emerged in the early 18th century but did not take shape until

154-700: The Russian Federation, a treasury of national heritage, and is the All-Russian Information, Research and Cultural Center. Over the course of its history, the library has aimed for comprehensive acquisition of the national printed output and has provided free access to its collections. It was known as the Imperial Public Library from 1795 to 1917; Russian Public Library from 1917 to 1925; State Public Library from 1925 to 1992 (since 1932 named after M.Y. Saltykov-Shchedrin ); and since 1992 as

176-445: The annual growth rate of five thousand new acquired during the first part of the century. In 1859, Vasily Sobolshchikov prepared the first national manual of library science for the library entitled Public Library Facilities and Cataloguing . The influx of new visitors required a larger reading room in the new building closing the library court along the perimeter (designed by Sobolshchikov, built in 1860–62). From 1849 to 1861

198-667: The arrival of the Russian Enlightenment . The plan of a Russian public library was submitted to Catherine in 1766 but the Empress did not approve the project for the imperial library until 27 May [ O.S. 16 May] 1795, eighteen months before her death. A site for the building was found at the corner of Nevsky Avenue and Sadovaya Street , right in the center of the Russian imperial capital. The construction work began immediately and lasted for almost fifteen years. The building

220-412: The diplomatic service for more than 20 years outside the fatherland. Based on the review, Stroganov recommended to Alexander I the creation of a manuscript depot. Alexander decreed the creation of such a department on February 27, 1805, and named Dubrowsky as the first keeper of the depot of manuscripts. The Imperial Public Library was inaugurated on 14 January [ O.S. 2 January] 1814 in

242-481: The female name Svetlana , which would gain popularity through Vasily Zhukovsky 's eponymous ballad. During his lifetime, Vostokov was known as a poet and translator, but it is his innovative studies of versification and comparative Slavonic grammars which proved most influential. In 1815, he joined the staff of the Imperial Public Library , where he discovered the most ancient dated book written in Slavonic vernacular,

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264-542: The library (numbering some 55,000 titles) were returned to Poland by the Russian SFSR in 1921. For five years after its foundation, the library was run by Comte Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier . The stocks were arranged according to a specially compiled manual of library classification. In 1810, Emperor Alexander I approved Russia's first library law stipulating, among other things, that two legal copies of all printed matter in Russia be deposited in

286-684: The library was managed by Count Modest von Korff (1800–76), who had been Alexander Pushkin 's school-fellow at the Lyceum . Korff and his successor, Ivan Delyanov , added to the library's collections some of the earliest manuscripts of the New Testament (the Codex Sinaiticus from the 340s), the Old Testament (the so-called Leningrad Codex ), and one of the earliest Qur'ans (the Uthman Qur'an from

308-457: The library. The library was to be opened for the public in 1812 but, as the more valuable collections had to be evacuated because of Napoleon's invasion , the inauguration was postponed for two years. Under Count Alexander Stroganov , who managed the library during the first decade of the 19th century, the Rossica project was inaugurated, a vast collection of foreign books touching on Russia. It

330-669: The mid-7th century). In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution , the institution was placed under the management of Ernest Radlov and Nicholas Marr , although its national preeminence was relinquished to the Lenin State Library in Moscow. The library was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1939 and remained open during the Siege of Leningrad . The National Library began

352-725: The name is Svitlana (Ukrainian: Світлана ), the Belarusian is Sviatlana (Belarusian: Святлана ), the Polish variant is Świetlana , and the Czech is Světlana . The Serbo-Croatian speaking area has three pronunciations: Ijekavian Svjetlana ( Свјетлана ), Ekavian Svetlana ( Светлана ) and Ikavian Svitlana ( Свитлана ) are used according to local customs. Russian language diminutives include Sveta ( Russian : Света ), used in Russian-speaking countries, and Lana (the latter

374-415: The presence of Gavrila Derzhavin and Ivan Krylov . The library's third, and arguably most famous, director was Aleksey Olenin (1763–1843). Librarianship progressed to a new level in the 1850s. The reader community grew several times, enlarged by common people. At the same time, many gifts of books were offered to the library. Consequently, collection growth rates in the 1850s were five times higher than

396-672: The so-called Ostromir Gospel . In 1841, Vostokov was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences . Vostokov's works on the Church Slavonic language were considered a high-water mark of Slavic studies until the appearance of Izmail Sreznevsky 's comprehensive lexicon in 1893–1903 and garnered him the doctorates honoris causa from the Charles University and University of Tübingen . Vostokov also laid foundations of modern Russian toponymy . In 1812, he published an article with

418-697: The title "An example to the amateurs of etymology" (Russian: Задача любителям этимологии ), where he argued that geographical names ( toponyms ) have repeating elements which he called formants and which help to restore the etymology of the name. For instance, the endings -va, -ga, and -ma in the end of such names as the Sylva, the Onega, and the Kama, may mean "water" in the languages these names originate from. Whereas this article did not get sufficient attention during Vostokov's life, it did subsequently receive recognition, and Vostokov

440-753: Was Stroganov who secured for the library some of its most invaluable treasures, namely the Ostromir Gospel , the earliest book written in the Old East Slavic dialect of Church Slavonic (which was to eventually develop into the Russian language ), and the Hypatian Codex of the Russian Primary Chronicle . He, along with other bibliophiles, also reviewed the collection of manuscripts and letters brought by Peter P. Dubrowsky (1754–1816) who had stayed in

462-524: Was designed in a Neoclassical style by architect Yegor Sokolov (built between 1796 and 1801). The cornerstone of the foreign-language department came from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the form of Załuski's Library (420,000 volumes), seized in part by the Russian government at the time of the partitions , though many volumes were lost en route to theft by Russian soldiers who sold them for profit. The Polish-language books from

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484-690: Was one of the first Russian philologists . He was born into a Baltic German family in Arensburg , Governorate of Livonia , and studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg . As a natural son of Baron von Osten-Sacken , he received the name Osteneck, which he later chose to render into Russian as Vostokov ( Ost , the German word for "east," translates to vostok in Russian). He liked to experiment with language and, in one of his poems, introduced

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