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51-858: In July 1918, courses for agitators and instructors were established in Moscow under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee . In January 1919, the courses were transformed into the School of Soviet Work. On its basis, by order of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (b), the Central School of Soviet and Party Work was established, renamed in July 1919 into the Communist University named after Y. M. Sverdlov. The curriculum

102-936: A decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union on January 6, 1938, the All-Union Communist Agricultural University named after Ya. M. Sverdlov was closed. The prominent political activists who lectured at the university included: Vladimir Lenin , Joseph Stalin , Yakov Sverdlov, Maxim Gorky , Mikhail Kalinin , Valerian Kuybyshev , Anatoly Lunacharsky , Nikolai Bukharin . Notable teachers at Sverdlov Communist University included: Rectors: All-Russian Central Executive Committee The All-Russian Central Executive Committee ( Russian : Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет (ВЦИК) , romanized :  Vserossijskij Tsentraĺný Ispolniteĺný Komitet (VTsIK) )

153-563: A new congress of Soviets as soon as the conditions are created for its proper convocation. On November 8, at the evening session of the congress, Lenin proposed to dissolve the old composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, choosing instead the new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and forming a temporary workers' and peasants' government – the Council of People's Commissars . Among

204-745: Is also sometimes used for the governing body of European non-state organisations . In Communist states the presidium is the permanent committee of the legislative body. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet existed after 1936, when the Supreme Soviet of the USSR supplanted the Congress of Soviets of the USSR , as a replacement for the Central Executive Committee which was headed by "the Presidium of

255-539: Is authorized and does not have the right to take the initiative to convene a congress. Nevertheless, the Northern Regional Congress, convened in violation of all the rules established for regional conventions and representing random and randomly chosen Councils, has the right to do so. The Socialist Revolutionary and Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee accused the Bolsheviks of frauds in organizing

306-936: Is led by a Presidium composed of the Speaker , 7 deputies, 3 deans and 6 secretaries. In Poland , the Sejm is led by the Prezydium , made up of the Marshal and the Deputy Marshals of the Sejm. The Head of the Chancellery of the Sejm also attends the meetings of the Presidium in an advisory capacity. The Presidium of the Senate of the Republic of Poland is similarly made up of the Marshal and Deputy Marshals of

357-542: The 101 members of the new All-Russian Central Executive Committee were 62 Bolsheviks and 29 Left Social Revolutionaries. Although the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries secured a majority in advance, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee also represented a fraction of the Menshevik Internationalists close to the Bolsheviks, Ukrainian socialists, there was one representative of

408-466: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee convene the All-Russian Congress of Soviets at least twice a year (Statute 26 of Article III). Additional sessions could be called by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee or on the request of local Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected by a full Congress, with no more than 200 individuals. It was completely subordinate to

459-721: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, jointly with the executive committee of the All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies, initiated the convening of a Democratic Conference , as opposed to the August Moscow State Conference . In a telegram inviting representatives of parties and public organizations to take part in the meeting signed by the Chairmen of the Central Executive Committees Nikolay Chkheidze and Nikolay Avksentiev , it

510-766: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On the eve of the Second Congress, the Bolshevik Petrograd Soviet organized the First Congress of Soviets of the Northern Region, in which Petrograd was included, with the participation of representatives of the Baltic Fleet. The congress, which took place on October 24–26 in Petrograd, was characterized by a sharp predominance of radical socialists – the Bolsheviks and

561-546: The All-Russian Congress of Soviets to which it presented the reports on its activity, general policy, and other inquiries. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee formed the Council of People's Commissars for general administrative affairs of the republic and departments (called People's Commissariats) for the management of separate branches of administration. Deputies of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee worked in

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612-539: The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was not a governing body, and its chairman Nikolai Chkheidze was not the head of the Russian state. The congress elected the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of 320 deputies. It included 123 Mensheviks , 119 Social Revolutionaries , 58 Bolsheviks , 13 United Social Democrats, 7 others, which roughly corresponded to the Social Revolutionary-Menshevik composition of

663-770: The Central Committee of the Communist Party, but despite the similarity in name with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , the two Presidia were very different in power and function. The term presidium is currently used in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ( Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly ) and in the People's Republic of China ( Presidium of the National People's Congress , Standing Committee of

714-576: The Central Executive Committee ". In its place was the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet alone, no Central Executive Committee, and from 1938 to 1989, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was the formal title of the head of state of the USSR until the office of Chairman of the Supreme Soviet was introduced in 1989, later to be replaced by the President of the Soviet Union in March 1990. The Republics of

765-564: The Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and became chairman of the newly formed Central Executive Committee of the All-Union Congress of Soviets as well. Both positions were mostly ceremonial, increasingly so in later years. Presidium A presidium or praesidium is a council of executive officers in some countries' political assemblies that collectively administers its business, either alongside an individual president or in place of one. The term

816-694: The Communist University at various times. Over the first 10 years, more than 10 thousand people graduated from the university, 19 thousand people studied at it. By the Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the Communist University was reorganized into the Higher Communist Agricultural University named after Ya. M. Sverdlov. Its main task was the training of leading personnel for collective farms, state farms, MTS and district committees. By

867-523: The Congress of the Northern Region to be the highest authority, but delegates adopted a resolution that the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets should decide the issue of power. The Northern Regional Committee, elected at the congress of 11 Bolsheviks and 6 left-wing Socialist Revolutionaries, launched a stormy activity to prepare the Second All-Russian Congress. This activity took place against

918-665: The Congress. The functions of the Collegiate or the Presidium were not declared in the Constitution, but presumably they were supposed to be purely supervisory or revisionary bodies. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee gave a general direction for the policies of the Worker-Peasant government and all bodies of the Soviet power in the country. It united and coordinated activities for legislation and administration as well as supervised

969-513: The Council of Trade Unions, the Union of Factory and Factory Committees, Vikzhel, the Union of Postal and Telegraph Workers and Employees, provided and only after re-election of the All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies and organizations that have not been re-elected in the last three months. On November 28, 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, elected by the Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets, merged with

1020-567: The Left Socialist Revolutionaries. The Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee refused to recognize the legality of this congress, accusing the Bolsheviks of violating the procedures for electing delegates. On the other hand, the leadership of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), and first of all Lenin personally, considered the possibility of declaring

1071-675: The National People's Congress ; the Chinese word for presidium is 主席团 while standing committee is 常务委员会 ). In the same way, the Workers' Party of Korea is led by the Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea , made up of 5 members or fewer. In the Bangladeshi political party Awami League , the Presidium is the innermost or topmost circle of members who are of highest importance within

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1122-675: The Reichstag (German Empire) , Presidium of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic) , Presidium of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany) and Presidium of the Volkskammer in East Germany . Similarly, Norway's Parliament, the Storting is led by a Presidium , with a President and 5 vice-presidents. The Swedish Riksdag is also led by a Presidium of a Speaker and 3 deputies. The Hellenic Parliament in Greece

1173-464: The Second All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies was held, like the First Congress, separately from the Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. In advance declaring the Second Congress of Soviets illegal, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, however, agreed to convene it, postponing only the opening date of the Congress from October 20 (NS: November 2) to October 25 (NS: November 7) of 1917. The congress opened on November 7 at 10:40 pm, at

1224-506: The Second Congress failed and regards it as a private meeting of the Bolshevik delegates. The decisions of this congress, as illegal, are declared by the Central Executive Committee as optional for local Soviets and all army committees. The Central Executive Committee calls on the Soviets and army organizations to rally around him to defend the revolution. The Central Executive Committee will convene

1275-552: The Senate. The Senate may elect no more than 4 Deputy Marshals, whilst in the Sejm the number of Deputy Marshals is determined at the pleasure of the house. The Presidium of the Socialist International advises its president and prepares questions for consideration. In Flemish and Scandinavian student organisations, presidium is an umbrella term for all the chairmen in the organisations' administration. A Presidium headed by

1326-625: The Soviet Union were each led by Presidiums, such as the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , whose chairmen were the de facto head of state in those republics. From 1952 to 1966, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was known as the Presidium of

1377-471: The Soviet system at that time, artificially overstating the number of delegates from those Soviets where they had the majority. As a result, for example, 10% of the Congress delegates were Latvians, which did not correspond to their share in the population. The peasant majority of the country's population, which supported primarily the Social Revolutionaries, was not represented at all at the Congress;

1428-577: The actions of the Provisional Government, welcomed the appointment of Social Revolutionary Aleksandr Kerensky as minister-chairman of the government and decided to recognize unlimited powers for the government. Until August 1917, All-Russian Central Executive Committee sat in the Tauride Palace , after which it moved to Smolny . In early September, after the liquidation of the Kornilov revolt,

1479-684: The backdrop of the reluctance of the Mensheviks and right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries to convene this Congress as a matter of fact which predetermined the will of the Constituent Assembly on the question of power in the country. Particularly strong was the opposition of the Right Socialist Revolutionary permanent bodies of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies. Richard Pipes also indicates that

1530-727: The chairman of the Presidium of the Moscow Council, Lev Trotsky – the chairman of the Petrograd Council. Soldiers' committees, primarily the Northern and Western fronts, the Petrograd garrison and Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet went over to the Bolsheviks. At the Second Congress of the Deputies of the Baltic Fleet, the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet

1581-532: The delegates to the First Congress of Soviets. The Menshevik Nikolay Chkheidze became the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. After the July events , representatives of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee took part in the work of the commission on the establishment of order in Petrograd, established by the Provisional Government . The All-Russian Central Executive Committee supported

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1632-526: The departments or executed special assignments of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. State budgets (for the RSFSR as a whole and for each of the republic's administrative divisions) were decided jointly by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The first All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected at the First All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets , held in Petrograd , June 3–24 1917. The first Central Executive Committee of

1683-445: The elections for the Second Congress; in violation of electoral procedures, the Bolsheviks organized the election of soldiers' delegates not from army-level army committees, but from regimental, divisional, and corps-level, mainly pro-Bolshevik soldier-level committees, and the Bolsheviks launched re-election and army committees. In addition, the Bolsheviks took full advantage of the chaos and disproportionate representation that existed in

1734-432: The endorsement of the Soviet Constitution, declarations of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and central bodies of the Soviet power. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee reviewed and adopted the projects of decrees and other propositions introduced by the Council of People's Commissars and separate departments as well as issued its own decrees and instructions. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee summoned

1785-427: The executive committee (108 people) elected at the Extraordinary All-Russian Peasants' Congress, after which the left Socialist Revolutionaries agreed to join the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Republic and form a coalition with the Bolsheviks. It was composed of 62 Bolsheviks , 29 Left SRs , and 10 Mensheviks and Right SRs The chairman of the second All-Russian Central Executive Committee

1836-442: The height of the armed uprising that began in Petrograd . The peasant councils and all the soldier-level committees of the army refused to participate in the activities of the congress. The Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries condemned the Bolshevik's actions as an "illegal coup". The old composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee also condemned the Bolsheviks, saying that The Central Executive Committee considers

1887-439: The initiative of the regional Congress of Soviets to convene the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets was itself illegal and not coordinated with the old Soviet bodies. According to the procedures that existed at that time, only the All-Russian Central Executive Committee – the permanent body of the previous Congress – was entitled to convene a new All-Russian Congress of Soviets. However, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee

1938-485: The party. In Germany , the Presidium of the Bundestag consists of a president , who traditionally represents the largest party group, and at least one vice president from each party group. It is responsible for the legislature's routine administration, nowadays including its clerical and research activities. The Bundesrat of Germany is also led by a Presidium , of a President and 2 deputies. Earlier German states also had parliaments led by Presidiums; see Presidium of

1989-409: The powers of the commissars of the former (Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik) composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the army and on the ground were declared discontinued. On November 14, 1917, the new All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution "On the terms of an agreement with other parties", in which it explicitly indicated that it considers the "agreement of

2040-420: The radical faction of the maximalist Socialist Revolutionaries. Representatives of moderate socialists did not join the All-Russian Central Executive Committee because of their boycott. Lev Kamenev became the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On November 9, the Congress issued an appeal to the local Soviets with a call to "rally around the new composition of the Central Executive Committee",

2091-401: The socialist parties desirable". The terms of such an agreement were set forth as follows: 1. Recognition of the program of the Soviet government, as expressed in the decrees on land, peace, and both projects on workers' control. 2. Recognition of the need for a ruthless struggle against counter-revolution (Kerensky, Kornilov and Kaledin). 3. Recognition of the Second All-Russian Congress as

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2142-450: The sole source of power. 4. The government is responsible to the Central Executive Committee. 5. Addition of the Central Executive Committee, except for organizations that are not members of the Council, by representatives from Councils of workers', soldiers' and peasants' deputies not represented in it; proportional representation of the workers' and soldiers' deputies who left the congress, all-Russian professional organizations, such as:

2193-465: Was Lev Kamenev , who directed the day-to-day work of the committee and had a tie-breaking vote. Following the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution , the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was replaced with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR . On December 30, 1922, the Soviet Union was formed. It comprised the Russian SFSR and other communist-controlled Soviet republics. Mikhail Kalinin retained his position as chairman of

2244-412: Was (June – November 1917) a permanent body formed by the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (held from June 16 to July 7, 1917 in Petrograd ), then became the supreme governing body of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in between sessions of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets from 1917 to 1937. In 1937, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee

2295-423: Was accompanied by the ousting of moderate socialists that had previously dominated them, especially the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, from these authorities. By the beginning of November, the Bolsheviks occupied up to 90% of the seats in the Petrograd Soviet, up to 60% in Moscow, the majority of the seats in the 80 local Soviets of large industrial cities. In September, the Bolshevik Viktor Nogin became

2346-441: Was elected. "Bolshevization" of soldiers' committees, starting from the bottom, reached the committees of the regimental level. At the same time, the Army Committees until November 1917 remained Socialist Revolutionary–Menshevik. Having received an absolute majority of seats in the Petrograd Council, the Bolsheviks began active work in winning the upcoming Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, and, accordingly, its permanent body,

2397-443: Was more concerned with the speedy training of party militants rather than in developing any depth of knowledge. Many of the intakes had had little formal education however literacy was an entry requirement. However there was a Rabfak attached where prospective entrants could receive some preparatory education. Sverdlov was working on developing these courses at the time of his death. When it opened several weeks later on 1 June 1919, it

2448-472: Was named in his honour. The main reason for the creation of the institution was the delivery of the "Short Courses" which could be completed in 10–14 days. These were concerned with basic training in propaganda work. The course of study at the university at first was 6–8 months, then it was increased to 2, 3, 4 years. Institutions at the university were: The departments of philosophy, history, political economy, law, natural science, linguistics also existed at

2499-411: Was of the Social Revolutionary-Menshevik composition, and he was not going to convene a new Congress. The old Central Executive Committee declared that, in connection with violations, the Second Congress would be only an illegal "private meeting of individual Soviets". On October 19, the official Soviet newspaper Izvestia noted that No other committee [except the All-Russian Central Executive Committee]

2550-515: Was replaced with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR . At formation, its full name was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies . Later it was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Red Army, and Cossack Deputies ( Russian : Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет Советов рабочих, крестьянских, красноармейских и казачьих депутатов ). The 1918 Russian Constitution required that

2601-439: Was said that "a congress of all organized Democracy of Russia in Petrograd would create a strong revolutionary government capable of uniting all revolutionary Russia to repel external to enemies and for the suppression of any attempts on conquered freedom". The All-Russian Central Executive Committee tried to counteract the process of Bolshevization of Soviets , which began in August, which intensified in September–October 1917 and

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