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107-534: The Suwa clan had ruled the area around Lake Suwa in Shinano Province since ancient times. The clan was defeated by Takeda Shingen in 1542. The final Suwa ruler, Suwa Yorishige was forced to commit seppuku ; however, his nephew, Suwa Yoritada was spared as hereditary kannushi of Suwa Shrine . After the Takeda clan was destroyed by an alliance of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu , Suwa Yoritada went into

214-600: A han (feudal domain), and given to Matsudaira Tadayoshi . In 1619, however, the shogunate replaced Osaka Domain with Osaka Jodai , placed under the command of a bugyō who served the shogunate directly; like many of Japan's other major cities, Osaka was for the remainder of the Edo period not part of a han under the control of a daimyō . A few daimyō including Naitō Nobumasa (Takatsuki Castle, Settsu Province 20,000 koku) and Mizuno Katsushige (Yamato Koriyama, Yamato Province 60,000 koku) moved to Osaka. The Toyotomi clan

321-455: A nun at Kamakura 's Tōkei-ji . Hideyoshi's grave, along with Kyoto's Toyokuni Shrine , were destroyed subsequently during the Tokugawa shogunate. Chōsokabe Morichika was beheaded on May 11. There are also records of pillaging and mass rapes by Tokugawa forces at the closing of the siege. The bakufu obtained 650,000 koku at Osaka and started rebuilding Osaka Castle. Osaka was then made

428-661: A belligerent attitude against Yodo-dono and Hideyori. The situation worsened in September of that year, when the news reached Edo that in Osaka they were grouping a large quantity of rōnin at the invitation of Hideyori. Katsumoto proposed that Yodo-dono be sent to Edo as a hostage with the desire to avoid hostilities, which she flatly refused. Suspecting him of trying to betray the Toyotomi clan, Yodo-dono banished Katsumoto and several other servants accused of treason from Osaka castle, sending them to

535-533: A body and so make this priest ( hōri ) my body." This [boy] is Arikazu (有員), the priest of the sacred robe (御衣祝 Misogihōri ), the founding ancestor of the Miwa (Jin) clan. However, a brief text attached to a genealogical record of the Suwa clan discovered in the Ōhōri 's residence in 1884 instead portrays Arikazu as a descendant of Kumako (神子 or 熊子), a son of a kuni no miyatsuko (provincial governor) of Shinano Province , who

642-668: A buyer. This incident was reported William Adams to the shogunate, who purchased the entire quantity of lead on offer. Furthermore, in the same month a Dutch merchant company was also selling lead, which was also purchased by the shogunate. Later in June, Tokugawa Ieyasu purchased a large amount of cannons, gunpowder, and bullets from British merchants, with Adams acted as the middleman, the prices being 1 kan for cannons, 2.3 bun for gunpowder, and 1.6 bun for bullets. In November of 1614, Tokugawa Ieyasu decided not to let this force grow any larger, and led 164,000 men to Osaka. The count does not include

749-417: A fortress that had served as Hideyoshi's residence. Hideyori remained confined to the castle for several years. In addition, as a mechanism of control, it was agreed that in the year 1603 he would marry the daughter of Tokugawa Hidetada , Senhime , who was related to both clans. Ieyasu sought to establish a powerful and stable regime under the rule of his own clan. Only the Toyotomi clan, led by Hideyori under

856-406: A plot to induce a split among the people of the Toyotomi family. On one hand, Ieyasu proposed a generous demand towards Lady Okurakyo. On the other hand, Ieyasu made severe demands on Katagiri Katsumoto, who represented the moderates and had been separately asking Ieyasu to save the Toyotomi family. Despite Katagiri Katsumoto's attempts to mediate the situation, Ieyasu found the ideal pretext to take

963-404: A result of compliance with this law. Despite finally uniting Japan, Ieyasu's health was failing. During the one-year campaign against the Toyotomi clan and its allies, he received wounds that significantly shortened his life. Roughly one year later on June 1, 1616, Tokugawa Ieyasu, the third and last of the great unifiers, died at the age of 75, leaving the shogunate to his descendants. The siege

1070-618: A sanctuary at the foot of the mountain at the southern side of the lake. Another genealogical record, that of the Aso clan ( 阿蘇氏 ) of Aso Shrine in Kyushu (discovered in 1956), similarly identifies Otoei (乙頴) - there given the alias 'Kumako' - as the " Ōhōri of the great deity of Suwa" (諏訪大神大祝) and narrates the same legend as those found above. Recent reappraisals of these two genealogies, however, have cast doubt on their authenticity and reliability as historical sources. Apart from these candidates,

1177-442: A sign of goodwill. Ohatsu conveyed the terms to Yodo-dono who, in terror, asked Ōno Harunaga , Oda Nobukatsu , and Hideyori's top seven advisers to accept the terms of the surrender. Lady Acha and Honda met again with Ohatsu, Lady Aeba and Ōkurakyō no Tsubone (Yodo-dono's former wet nurse and one of the most influential figures in Osaka castle), and they told him that the outer pit should be filled by Ieyasu's men. On January 21,

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1284-437: A strong antipathy for Ieyasu, rejected the bribe and made the attempt public. Ieyasu then bribed another captain, a commander named Nanjo Tadashige, asking him to open the castle gates. The attempted treason was discovered and Nanjo beheaded, so Ieyasu changed his strategy. Ieyasu ordered his men to deliberately bomb Yodo-dono's quarters, and when they had found the range, a cannon hit its target, killing two of her maids. During

1391-417: A violent quarrel with Minamoto no Yoshimitsu 's men during a feast held by the latter was considered to be divine punishment for his violation of the ban. Due to the circumstances of his father's death, Tamenaka's son, Tamemori (為盛) did not inherit the office of ōhōri , it instead passing in succession to Tamenaka's three younger brothers, two of whom died within mere days of their investiture. It would be

1498-516: Is claimed to have founded the Upper Shrine during the reign of Emperor Yōmei (585-587). When Kumako was eight years old, the revered deity appeared, took off his robe and put them on Kumako. After declaring, "I do not have a body and so make you my body," he disappeared. This [Kumako] is the ancestor of Arikazu of the Miwa (Jin) clan, the Misogihōri . In the second year of Emperor Yōmei, Kumako built

1605-421: Is inviolable. On January 22, Ieyasu received a solemn oath from Hideyori and Yodo-dono that Hideyori would not rebel against Ieyasu or Hidetada and that he would consult any matter directly with him. Both Honda Tadamasa and Honda Masayuri were entrusted to dismantle the castle's exterior defenses, so the soldiers of the shogunate tore down the walls and filled the outer moat. Hideyori did complain indignantly to

1712-467: Is now the city of Chino, Nagano . Yorimizu was married to a daughter of Honda Yasushige of Okazaki Domain . Suwa Tadatsune ( 諏訪忠恒 , May 13, 1595 – November 4, 1657) was the 2nd daimyō of Suwa and hereditary chieftain of the Suwa clan. Tadatsune was the eldest son of Suwa Yorimizu . In 1607, the Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada presided over his genpuku ceremony, giving him a sword and

1819-462: Is said to have lived in the early Heian period during the reigns of the emperors Kanmu (reigned 781-806), Heizei (806-809), and Saga (809-823), to be this child. The Suwa Daimyōjin Ekotoba (1356) for example relates: At the beginning of the god's manifestation , he took off his robe, put them on an eight year old boy, and dubbed him 'great priest' ( Ōhōri ). The god declared, "I do not have

1926-437: Is the main setting for the tv show, Samurai Rabbit: The Usagi Chronicles . The protagonist, Tsugumo Hanshirō, of the film Harakiri , mentions his status as a veteran of the siege of Osaka Castle. The events of the siege and its fallout form the backstory for the 1974 Toei TV series Unmeitōge . The siege campaign serves as the setting for the video game Nioh 's final two DLC . The game's second DLC, "Defiant Hope",

2033-571: Is the subject of the Hiroshi Inagaki 's historical drama " Ōsaka-jō monogatari " ( engl. The Tale of Osaka Castle , UK; some other English titles: "Daredevil in the Castle", "Devil in the Castle", "Osaka Castle Story") (1961) with Toshiro Mifune in the leading role. It is also the backdrop for Tai Kato 's musical film Brave Records of the Sanada Clan (1963). The fall of Osaka is (for most of

2140-578: The kanji for "Tada" in his name. he was initially named "Tadayori" (忠頼), but changed his name to Tadanobu (忠澄) and later to Tadatsune. During the Siege of Osaka he led Suwa forces into battle under the overall command of Sakakibara Yasukatsu , and was at the Battle of Yao and Battle of Tennōji . as a reward for his services in combat, he received 5000 koku in Chikuma District, Shinano . He became daimyō on

2247-521: The Council of Five Elders , among whom Tokugawa Ieyasu possessed the most authority. After defeating Ishida Mitsunari in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Ieyasu essentially seized control of Japan for himself and abolished the council. In 1603, the Tokugawa shogunate was established with its capital at Edo . Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori and his mother Yodo-dono were allowed to stay at Osaka Castle,

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2354-670: The Gōdono (神殿). Reflecting its being the residence of an incarnate deity, the Maemiya area and its vicinity was known during the Middle Ages as the Gōbara (神原), the 'god's field'. Should an incumbent Ōhōri die while in office, his corpse was immediately brought before the Uchi-no-mitama-den where he was ceremonially retired - the idea being that the Ōhōri 's spirit was temporarily deposited in

2461-522: The Jinchōkan dressed the boy in full ritual attire: traditional makeup ( oshiroi , ohaguro , beni and mayuzumi ), a dull yellow-green sokutai , a hakama , and a crown ( kanmuri ). The Jinchōkan then summoned the Mishaguji (who as a nature spirit was believed to manifest on rocks and trees ) to the kanameishi via secret incantations . Via the rock, the Mishaguji was then believed to enter

2568-484: The Maemiya to a place in what is now Nakasu, Suwa City . In the meantime, other male members of the clan aside from the ōhōri - who cannot step outside the boundaries of the region, as well as come into contact with sources of impurity such as the flesh and blood of men or horses - began to pursue military careers. One of the first recorded warriors from the clan was Tamenaka (為仲), a son of then ōhōri Tamenobu (為信). Tamenaka served under Minamoto no Yoshiie during

2675-530: The Siege of Osaka , he was ordered to defend Kōfu Castle and his son Suwa Tadatsune was sent to the front lines to command the Suwa forces in his place. Despite his lack of accomplishments in battle, he was highly regarded by Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu , and was entrusted by the shogunate as jailor to the disgraced Matsudaira Tadateru . He retired in 1640 and died the following year at the age of 72. Although noted as an enlightened ruler who restored waste land and opened considerable new rice lands and who improved

2782-603: The Takeda clan , during the Sengoku period (which ended in the extinction of the main family), by the Edo period the clan had split into two branches: one ruling the Suwa Domain of Shinano as daimyō , with the other continuing to serve as priests of Suwa Shrine until the Meiji period . Although the Suwa, which was the high priestly lineage of the Upper Shrine (上社 Kamisha ) of Suwa, one of

2889-478: The Zenkunen War (1051-1063) under the orders of his father, who could not participate himself due to his priestly status. He then also served again under Yoshiie in the later Gosannen War of the 1080s, this time despite opposition from his family due to him already inheriting the position of ōhōri from Tamenobu in the interim between the two wars. Tamenaka's eventual suicide out of shame after his subordinates had

2996-580: The abolition of the han system in 1871, he relocated to Tokyo , where he died in 1878 at the age of 26. The clan chieftainship reverted to Suwa Tadamasa. List of Han Suwa clan The Suwa clan ( 諏訪氏 , Suwa-shi ) , also known as the Jin or Miwa clan (神氏, Miwa uji / Miwa-shi or Jinshi ) was a Japanese shake and samurai family. Originating from the area encompassing Lake Suwa in Shinano Province (modern-day Nagano Prefecture ), it

3103-461: The Ōhōri as the god's incarnation in a letter to his subordinates, declaring that the Ōhōri 's orders are those of the god himself. The Ōhōri was expected to live a life of ritual purity and was also forbidden to step outside the boundaries of Suwa region under pain of divine punishment. During his term of office, the Ōhōri originally resided in a building near the Suwa Maemiya known as

3210-469: The Ōhōri made a ritual declaration (申立 mōshitate ) that he has become the god's new 'body' and will henceforth avoid impurity . As time went on the ritual became increasingly simplified and later, was supposedly even omitted altogether, with the ōhōri simply assuming the position without any ceremony. During his term, the incumbent Ōhōri was treated as the physical manifestation of Suwa Daimyōjin. In 1186, Minamoto no Yoritomo officially recognized

3317-509: The Oda delivered their children as hostages and Hideyori sent Kimura to Chausayama to close the agreement. Ieyasu issued a document, sealed with blood from his finger and signed also by Hidetada, which said: (that) the rōnin in the castle are not found guilty; that Hideyori's income remain the same as before; that Yodo-dono is not asked to live in Edo; that if Hideyori chooses to leave Ōsaka he may choose any other province as his fiefdom; that his person

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3424-610: The Port of Osaka to finance these rōnins despite the crisis. Furthermore, Hideyori tried to solve this problem by requesting one of the neighboring provinces to be handed to him to increase the tax incomes during the meeting with Ieyasu on March 15. However, his request was rejected, causing unrest in Osaka as the provisions in the city became less day by day. Hideyori expressed his decision to move from Osaka to Koriyama in Yamato Province, as Ieyasu instructed which agreed by his vassals. However,

3531-420: The Suwa clan. Suwa Tadaaya ( 諏訪忠礼 , February 20, 1853 – October 10, 1878) was the 10th (and final) daimyō of Suwa and hereditary chieftain of the Suwa clan. Tadaaya was the younger son of Suwa Tadamichi 's third son, and was selected by his uncle Suwa Tadamasa as heir. He became daimyō on Tadamasa's retirement in 1868 and was appointed imperial governor by the new Meiji government in 1869. Following

3638-472: The Suwa clan. Tadakata was the eldest son of Suwa Tadaatsu , and became daimyō on his father's forced retirement in 1781. He continued the domain's time-honored policies of opening new rice lands, accurate surveying, and promoted the production of carpentry tools as a clan monopoly. In 1803, he opened a han school to teach rangaku western sciences, and invited a doctor trained in western medicine from Nagasaki . Tadakata retired in 1816 and died in 1822 at

3745-429: The Suwa clan. Tadatoki was the son of Suwa Yoriatsu, a hatamoto descendant of Suwa Yorimizu 's younger son and Edo Machi-bugyō . He married a daughter of Suwa Tadatora shortly before the latter's death and was adopted as heir, as the only son of Takatora had pre-deceased his father. He became daimyō on Tadatora's death in 1731. Although noted for his scholarship and poetry, he was in poor health and left much of

3852-442: The Tokugawa army while a second force, 16,500 men led by Kyōgoku Tadataka , Ishikawa Tadafusa , and Kyōgoku Takatomo , would attack them from the rear. Meanwhile, Ii Naotaka has send his Red Demon ninja unit under the lead of Miura Yo'emon, Shimotani Sanzo, Okuda Kasa'emon, and Saga Kita'emon to aid the Tokugawa's regular soldiers in storming the southern gate of Osaka castle. Another contingent waited in reserve. Ieyasu's army

3959-424: The Toyotomi clan during this time were divided in three factions: In the end, Nagamasu decided to leave the Osaka castle as he cannot maintain the reconcilliatory faction's voice within the Toyotomi clan. Ieyasu left Osaka for Kyoto on January 24, meeting with Emperor Go-Mizunoo at a formal hearing on the 28th, where he informed the emperor that the war had come to an end. Hidetada remained in place to supervise

4066-450: The Toyotomi has stockpiled rice and kept employing the rōnin mercenaries in Osaka. In response to these reports, Ieyasu issued ban on March 14 to prohibit ships loaded with annual rice from landing in Osaka and selling their provisions, which was implemented particularly to the daimyo governors from western regions of Japan such as Kyushu and Shikoku . facing with those bans, the Toyotomi side began to show signs of internal division due to

4173-410: The Upper Shrine. In another myth, the god is said to have chosen an eight-year-old boy to become his priest (祝, hōri ; historical orthography : hafuri ) and living incarnation by clothing the latter with his own garments. This boy is eventually said to have become the founding ancestor of the Suwa clan. Medieval tradition usually identified a semi-legendary individual named Arikazu (有員), who

4280-451: The abolition of the han system during the Meiji period . Meanwhile, the establishment of State Shinto abolished the tradition of hereditary succession among Shinto priesthood, including that of Suwa Grand Shrine. Local clans such as the Suwa lost control of the shrine's traditional priestly offices (which in turn became defunct) as government appointees began to manage the shrine, which passed under state control. The last Suwa ōhōri ,

4387-470: The age of 55. He was married to a daughter of Matsudaira Norisada of Nishio Domain . Suwa Tadamichi ( 諏訪忠恕 , November 26, 1800 – May 21, 1851) was the 8th daimyō of Suwa and hereditary chieftain of the Suwa clan. Tadakata was the eldest son of Suwa Tadakata , and became daimyō on his father's retirement in 1816. He continued his father's policies, but also encouraged sericulture and increasing irrigation canals from Lake Suwa . However, his tenure

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4494-451: The age of 57. He was married to a daughter of Naitō Tadaoki of Iwakitaira Domain . Suwa Tadatora ( 諏訪忠虎 , April 22, 1666 – August 4, 1731) was the 4th daimyō of Suwa and hereditary chieftain of the Suwa clan. Tadatora was the third son of Suwa Tadaharu and was noted for his scholarship at an early age. Shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna personally acted as his tutor. He became daimyō on the death of his father in 1695. However, his tenure

4601-784: The applicants. Hachisuka Iemasa at first were hesitant, until his son convinced him to not accept Hideyori invitation to rebels against the Shogunate. Meanwhile, Shimazu Tadatsune straightly reject his invitation as Tadatsune stated the Shimazu clan still recovering from the Sekigahara war and has no intention to stand up against Ieyasu. Tadatsune also returned a sword gift from Hideyori. An envoy of Toyotomi clan dispatched to convince Ikeda Tadakatsu, lord of Sumoto in Awaji Island and son of Ikeda Terumasa , also failed, as The Ikeda clan instead arrested

4708-520: The area. Muneshige correctly predicted the movements of the general of Toyotomi, Ono Harufusa's troops and guided Hidetada's troops. Toyotomi forces sustained heavy losses and Ban Danemon was killed. On 2 June (Keichō 20, 6th day of 5th month), the Battle of Dōmyōji took place. Toyotomi forces tried to stop the enemy approaching from Yamato Province along the Yamato-gawa river. Two Toyotomi generals, Gotō Matabei and Susukida Kanesuke , were killed in

4815-406: The besieged, Ieyasu began an incessant bombardment that had a mainly psychological effect to diminish the morale of the defenders. The stone bases of Japanese castles were invulnerable to the artillery of the era and the structure of the castle remained virtually undamaged. Realizing that the defenses were extremely strong, Ieyasu tried to convince Sanada Yukimura to change sides. Yukimura, who felt

4922-453: The blaze. Hideyori's son Toyotomi Kunimatsu , aged eight, was captured by the Tokugawa forces and beheaded in Kyoto . According to legend, before his beheading, little Kunimatsu bravely blamed Ieyasu for his betrayal and brutality against the Toyotomi clan. Nāhime, daughter of Hideyori, was not sentenced to death. Ohatsu and Senhime were able to save Nāhime's life and adopted her; she later became

5029-542: The castle was in flames. Ōno Harunaga sent Hideyori's wife, Senhime, with his father Hidetada to be forgiven, and to plead for the life of her husband and mother-in-law. Without waiting for answers, Toyotomi Hideyori and Yodo-dono committed seppuku in the flames of Osaka castle, thus ending the Toyotomi dynasty. When the death of the clan leaders was announced, Lady Okurakyo , Lady Aeba , Ono Harunaga, Ono Harufusa and other loyal retainers committed suicide shortly thereafter. The final major uprising against Tokugawa rule

5136-411: The castle would not fall easily and after consulting with his top advisers, ordered a limited bombing which began on January 8, 1615. For three consecutive days, his forces bombarded the fortress at 10 o'clock at night and at dawn. Meanwhile, miners were making tunnels under the walls and arrows were thrown inwards with messages requesting the surrender of the occupants. By January 15, with no response from

5243-416: The castle, that the war councils rarely ended in anything conclusive and that Yodo-dono generally intervened in all matters. Later, he went to Nijō Castle , where he arrived on May 17 and met there on the 21 or 22 with Hidetada, who arrived with the troops ready to go to Osaka. In April 1615, Ieyasu received word that Toyotomi Hideyori was gathering even more troops than in the previous November, and that he

5350-562: The characters) the final level in the Samurai Warriors series, also serving as the climax of Hattori Hanzō 's, Ieyasu's and Yukimura's stories. Called the "Osaka Campaign", it compiles all the battles of the Winter and Summer Campaigns. In the computer game Shadow Tactics: Blades of the Shogun , the siege of Osaka castle is the setting of the first (and demo ) mission. The siege of Osaka also

5457-401: The child's body, thereby turning him into a living god . After being consecrated, the Ōhōri visited the various shrines of the Upper Shrine complex. In another shrine in the Maemiya area, the Uchi-no-mitama-den (内御霊殿), wherein was kept the sacred treasures of the Upper Shrine (a bell, a mirror , a bit and a saddle ) that were supposedly brought to the region by Suwa Daimyōjin himself,

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5564-527: The clan has also been claimed to descend from the Seiwa Genji via Minamoto no Mitsuyasu (one of the sons of Minamoto no Tsunemoto ). In antiquity, the Suwa clan produced the Upper Shrine (上社 Kamisha ) of Suwa's high priest known as the Ōhōri (大祝 'great priest', old orthography : おほはふり Ohohafuri ; also rendered as Ōhafuri ), who was worshiped as the living avatar of the shrine's deity during his period in office. The Ōhōri , who traditionally assumed

5671-532: The component shrines of Suwa Grand Shrine , traditionally regarded themselves to be the descendants of the shrine's deity , Takeminakata (also known as Suwa Daimyōjin ), the clan's actual historical origins are shrouded in mystery. In the Kojiki and the Sendai Kuji Hongi , Takeminakata is portrayed as a son of the god Ōkuninushi who fled to Suwa after his defeat at the hands of the god Takemikazuchi , who

5778-428: The day of the ceremony itself, the Jinchōkan led the candidate by the hand before a sacred tree west of the Gōdono (神殿), the Ōhōri 's residence during his term located west of the Maemiya , under which was a flat rock known as the kanameishi (要石 'keystone'). During the ceremony, this rock is surrounded a makeshift enclosure or hut and a mat of reeds was placed over it for the boy to sit on. Inside this enclosure,

5885-547: The death of his father in 1657. At that time, he gave 1000 koku of his domains to each of his two younger brothers, reducing the kokudaka of Suwa Domain from 32,000 to 30,000 koku . In terms of domain politics, he conducted a through survey of his territories. he was also an artist in the Kano school and noted for his literary efforts. He held a number of minor positions within the Shogunal administration. He ruled to his death in 1695 at

5992-739: The defeat of the Southern Imperial Court (which the clan supported) during the Nanboku-chō period . During the Muromachi period , the Suwa were involved both in a feud with the Kanasashi clan of the Shimosha which supported the Northern Court , and interclan strife between the head family (惣領家 sōryō-ke ) and the ōhōri-ke (大祝家), a branch of the clan that had come to assume the priestly duties. With

6099-407: The defeat of the Kanasashi and the head family's reattainment of the position of ōhori , the clan became a regional power , clashing with the Takeda clan - originally their allies - during the Sengoku period . The clan again suffered a setback with Suwa Yorishige 's defeat in the hands of Takeda Shingen (who was, ironically, a staunch devotee of Suwa-myōjin) in 1542 and with his suicide in 1544,

6206-401: The domain administration. Tadakatsu was forced into retirement in 1781, and several members of the pro-reform faction were forced to commit seppuku the following year. Tadaatsu died in 1812 at the age of 67. He was married to a daughter of Abe Masayoshi of Fukuyama Domain . Suwa Tadakata ( 諏訪忠粛 , May 19, 1768 – August 14, 1822) was the 7th daimyō of Suwa and hereditary chieftain of

6313-467: The domain to the Meiji restoration . During the Boshin War , the domain supported the imperial side, and participated in the Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma , Battle of Hokuetsu and Battle of Aizu . In July 1871, with the abolition of the han system , Suwa Domain briefly became Takashima Prefecture, and was merged into the newly created Nagano Prefecture . Under the new Meiji government , Suwa Tadamasa ,

6420-537: The domain's administration to his retainers. He retired in 1763 and died in 1770 at the age of 68. Suwa Tadaatsu ( 諏訪忠厚 , November 12, 1746 – July 25, 1812) was the 6th daimyō of Suwa and hereditary chieftain of the Suwa clan. Tadaatsu was the fourth son of Suwa Tadatoki , and became daimyō on Tadatoki's retirement in 1763. He attempted to reform the domain's finances, but only succeeded in splitting his senior retainers into pro-reform and anti-reform factions. This resulted in an O-Ie Sōdō which further paralyzed

6527-525: The emperor, so that he would declare Ieyasu to be a rebel against the Imperial throne. Following the rumors of what the Toyotomi army planned, the population of Kyoto began to flee from the city, and even a commander of the shogunate, Furuta Shigenari , was sentenced to death, suspected of being part of a plot to burn down Kyoto and apprehend the emperor. Through his agent, Gotō Shōzaburō, who infiltrated Osaka to gather information on March 12, Ieyasu learned that

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6634-451: The envoys. Furthermore, The Toyotomi clan also failed to convince the Mōri clan under the lead of Mōri Terumoto to join their side. Terumoto instead rather supporting the Tokugawa shogunate, as on November 3, Terumoto ordered his vassals Mōri Motochikazu and Motoyuki Sugimori, who were in charge of Mori Hidemoto's absence, to send half of the troops east if Hidemoto asked them to march out to aid

6741-518: The extinction of the main family; his cousin Yoritada (諏訪頼忠, 1536-1606), who succeeded Yorishige's younger brother Yoritaka (諏訪頼高, 1528-1542) as ōhōri , was spared. After the Takeda was destroyed by an alliance of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu , Yoritada allied himself with the latter, who eventually reinstated Yoritada in his family domain in 1601. Yoritada's eldest son, Yorimizu (頼水, 1571-1641) became

6848-543: The fifteenth since Yorihiro, died in 2002 with no heirs. Siege of Osaka Tokugawa shogunate and its loyalist banners: Toyotomi clan and its loyalist banners: The siege of Osaka ( 大坂の役 , Ōsaka no Eki , or, more commonly, 大坂の陣 Ōsaka no Jin ) was a series of battles undertaken by the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate against the Toyotomi clan , and ending in that clan's destruction. Divided into two stages,

6955-422: The fighting. Toyotomi forces commander Sanada Yukimura engaged in a battle with Date Masamune forces, but soon retreated towards Osaka Castle. Tokugawa forces did not pursue Sanada. The same day Chōsokabe Morichika and Tōdō Takatora battled at Yao . Another battle took place at Wakae around the same time, between Kimura Shigenari and Ii Naotaka . Chōsokabe's forces achieved victory, but Kimura Shigenari

7062-477: The first daimyō to rule Suwa Domain , with the office of ōhōri passing down to his fourth son, Yorihiro (頼広). With this, the clan effectively split into two branches: the daimyō line and the ōhōri line. To distinguish themselves from the daimyō line, the priestly line altered one of the Chinese characters of their surname (from 諏 訪 to 諏 方 ). All in all, ten generations served as daimyō of Suwa Domain until

7169-685: The heir. In 1614, the Toyotomi clan rebuilt Osaka Castle . At the same time, the head of the clan sponsored the rebuilding of Hōkō-ji （ Great Buddha of Kyoto ） in Kyoto. These temple renovations included the casting of a great bronze bell, with inscriptions that read "May the state be peaceful and prosperous" (国家安康 kokka ankō ), and "May noble lord and servants be rich and cheerful" (君臣豊楽 kunshin hōraku ). The shogunate interpreted " kokka ankō " (国家安康) as shattering Ieyasu's name (家康) to curse him, and also interpreted " kunshin hōraku " (君臣豊楽) to mean "Toyotomi's force (豊臣) will rise again," which meant treachery against

7276-437: The influence of Yodo-dono, remained an obstacle to that goal. In 1611, Hideyori finally left Osaka, meeting with Ieyasu for two hours at Nijō Castle . Ieyasu was surprised by Hideyori's behavior, contrary to popular belief that the boy was just "useless". This belief had been spread by Katagiri Katsumoto , Hideyori's personal guardian assigned by Ieyasu since 1599, and who had the intention of dissuading any aggression against

7383-408: The lot of his peasants, Yorimizu also had a rougher side. When a criminal took refuge in the Suwa clan temple of Himei-ji, the monks refused to surrender him to secular authorities, citing the special privileges of the clergy. An enraged Yorimizu ordered that the temple be burned down and cut off the heads of the criminal and the offending monks. He built Raigaku-ji as a new clan temple in 1631 in what

7490-398: The next-to-last daimyō of Suwa Domain was given the kazoku peerage title of shishaku ( viscount ). As with most domains in the han system , Suwa Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka , based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. Suwa Yorimizu ( 諏訪頼水 , January 18, 1571 – February 23, 1642)

7597-431: The night of the 16th, Ban Naotsugu, in charge of the defenses of one of the west side doors, carried out a night attack on the troops of Hachisuka Yoshishige , killing several enemies before retreating. The bombing continued the next day, on the mournful anniversary of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death. Ieyasu thought that on that day Hideyori would be in the temple dedicated to his father, so he ordered that his forces fire towards

7704-472: The place. The projectile almost hit Hideyori's head, hitting one of the pillars of Yodo-dono's quarters. She became terrified and pressed to reach an arrangement with the shogunate. On January 17, Ieyasu sent Honda Masazumi , accompanied by Lady Acha , to meet with Kyōgoku Tadataka , son of Ohatsu , younger sister of Yodo-dono. During the meeting, Lady Acha assured Ohatsu that Ieyasu had no ill will to Hideyori and that he wished to forgive him, but Hidetada

7811-494: The position at a young age (ideally between the ages of eight to fifteen), was assisted by five priests headed by the Jinchōkan (神長官) of the Moriya clan, who oversaw the Upper Shrine's religious rituals, many of which are centered around the worship of agricultural and fertility god(s) called Mishaguji . The Jinchōkan was believed to have the prerogative to summon the Mishaguji onto individuals and objects whenever its presence

7918-525: The problem of rōnin mercenaries roaming in Osaka. Hideyori was troubled that the ever-increasing number of rōnins, prompting a temporary solution by providing them with gold and silver to stop them from running wild, although at the expense of the Toyotomi clan financially. Meanwhile, Ono Harunaga voiced his disagreement with financing the Rōnin as now they had a peace treaty with the Shogunate. Nevertheless, Hideyori decided to allocate most of their trading profits from

8025-412: The retirement of his father in 1640, and continued his father's policies of developing new rice lands. He ruled to his death in 1657. He was married to a daughter of Inaba Norimichi of Usuki Domain . Suwa Tadaharu ( 諏訪忠晴 , September 18, 1639 – April 14, 1695) was the 3rd daimyō of Suwa and hereditary chieftain of the Suwa clan. Tadaharu was the eldest son of Suwa Tadatsune and became daimyō on

8132-477: The rōnin threaten that if he did that, they will keep fighting Ieyasu even without Hideyori and commit suicide, forcing Hideyori to gave up his decision and agreed with their decision to fight the Shogunate once more. Ieyasu left Shizuoka on May 3 to Nagoya , where his ninth son married on the 11th of the same month in the castle of that city. The next day he met a traitor from the Toyotomi camp, Oda Yuraku , who informed him that there were several factions within

8239-489: The service of the Tokugawa clan. Consequently, any possibility of reaching an agreement with the shogunate was dissolved. This last incident led to the beginning of the siege of Osaka. As preparations, Hideyori sent many letters to most daimyo lords in Japan who he predicted would sympathize with the Toyotomi clan. However, his efforts were largely fruitless as his letters which delivered by his couriers were rejected by many of

8346-489: The service of the Tokugawa. Following the Siege of Odawara (1590) , he was elevated to the status of daimyō with Sōja Domain, a 10,000 koku holding in Kōzuke Province . This was subsequently raised to 27,000 koku . In the meanwhile, Toyotomi Hideyoshi assigned the former Suwa territories in Shinano Province to Hineno Takayoshi . Hineno Takayoshi built Takashima Castle ; however, in 1601, his son Hineno Yoshiaki,

8453-567: The shogunate forces claimed another victory. Several more small forts and villages were attacked before the siege of Osaka Castle itself began on 4 December. The Sanada-maru was an earthwork barbican defended by Sanada Yukimura and 7,000 men, on behalf of the Toyotomi. The Shōgun's armies were repeatedly repelled, and Sanada and his men launched a number of attacks against the siege lines, breaking through three times. Ieyasu then resorted to artillery (including 17 imported European cannons and 300 domestic wrought iron cannons) and men digging under

8560-532: The shogunate fought the Toyotomi, while the remaining half, including Sugimori, Motoyoshi Nishi, and Shichirobei Misawa, were to stay in Chofu as caretakers, and to retreat to Hagi if something happened that would make it impossible to maintain Chofu. Meanwhile, the shogunate also prepared their war efforts by stockpiling their ammunitions. In May, a company of British merchants tried to sell lead in Hirado , but failed to find

8667-554: The shogunate. Tensions began to grow between the Tokugawa and the Toyotomi clans and only increased when Toyotomi began to gather a force of rōnin and enemies of the shogunate in Osaka. Ieyasu, despite having passed the title of shōgun to his son in 1605, nevertheless maintained significant influence. After the Hoko-ji Temple Bell Incident, Yodo-dono sent Lady Okurakyo , Lady Aeba and Katagiri Katsumoto to Sunpu to see Tokugawa Ieyasu. In this meeting, Ieyasu hatched

8774-456: The shrine until a new candidate was chosen. Originally, the deceased priest was buried wearing hunting attire (such as that supposedly worn by Suwa Daimyōjin) and with hair and beard kept unshaven. However, in 1465, with the death of then Ōhōri Yorinaga (頼長), the local priesthood began to adopt the Buddhist custom of cremation . By the early 17th century, the Ōhōri 's residence was moved from

8881-477: The troops of Shimazu Tadatsune , an ally of the Toyotomi cause who nevertheless did not send troops to Osaka. The siege began on 19 November, when Ieyasu led 3,000 men across the Kizu River , destroying the fort there. A week later, he attacked the village of Imafuku with 1,500 men , against a defending force of 600. With the aid of a squad wielding arquebuses (a weapon widely used by Japanese forces at this time),

8988-495: The walls were not necessary. During the process of reconciliation, Oda Nagamasu , one of attendant of Osaka castle since before the war, leave the castle and sent his child to the Tokugawa shogunate as a hostage and worked hard to reconcile the Toyotomi side with the shogunate. It was argued that even from the start of war, Nagamasa was working for in Ieyasu's favor to seek peace between the two factions. According to Sunpu-ki record,

9095-492: The walls. During this siege, the Tokugawa forces also deployed irregular auxiliaries such as Ninja clans from Iga province under the lead of Ii Naotaka , the head of Ii clan . Aside from Naotaka's ninja troops, there were also other Iga ikki warriors under Hattori Hanzō , and Yamaoka Kagetsuge. Aside from the ninja forces, other irregular elements from Iga province such as Tōdō Takatora's Musokunin" (part time samurai) also fought in this battle. Ieyasu, realizing that

9202-492: The winter campaign and the summer campaign, it lasted from 1614 to 1615. The siege put an end to the last major armed opposition to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. The end of the conflict is sometimes called the Genna Armistice ( 元和偃武 , Genna Enbu ) , because the era name was changed from Keichō to Genna immediately following the siege. When Toyotomi Hideyoshi died in 1598, Japan came to be governed by

9309-413: The work of destruction of the defenses, arriving in Edo on March 13. By then, news reached the capital that the Toyotomi camp was once again seeking to enlist rōnin into its service. This information led Ieyasu to order Hideyori to relinquish and abandon the Osaka fief. Even from the moment when peace was being signed, the Toyotomi command proposed to launch a night attack on the Tokugawa camp, although it

9416-539: The workers that this had not been part of the arrangement, but the response he received was that they only followed Ieyasu's orders. Honda Masazumi blamed the workers for having misunderstood their instructions because they were already filling the interior moat as well. Although the work stopped momentarily, soon the soldiers of the shogunate continued, so Yodo-dono sent one of her bridesmaids and Ōno to Kyoto . Several days later Ieyasu gave an elusive official response, where he assured that since he had signed an eternal peace,

9523-568: The youngest brother, Tamesada (為貞), who would turn out to successfully pass down the priesthood to his progeny. By the Kamakura period , the clan - now renowned as being both a priestly and a warrior clan - rose to national prominence as vassals ( gokenin ) of the shogunate and later, flourished greatly under the patronage of the Hōjō clan . The clan's fortunes waned with the fall of the Kamakura shogunate and

9630-642: Was an early Edo period daimyō and hereditary chieftain of the Suwa clan . In 1577, at the age of six, he succeeded his father as head kannushi of the Suwa Shrine . In 1590, his father fought in the retinue of Tokugawa Ieyasu during the Siege of Odawara and when Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered Tokugawa Ieyasu to exchange his domains for new territories in the Kantō region he was forced to abandon his ancestral lands in Shinano Province and accompany his liege to Musashi . He

9737-420: Was beset by disasters, including crop failures and the loss of the clan's Edo residence due to fire. In 1824, the domain had the only peasant uprising in its history. He retired in 1840 and died in 1851 at the age of 52. He was married to a daughter of Matsudaira Sadanobu of Shirakawa Domain . Suwa Tadamasa ( 諏訪忠誠 , June 7, 1821 – February 19, 1898) was the 9th daimyō of Suwa and hereditary chieftain of

9844-480: Was called for. Though officially the Upper Shrine's chief priest and as incarnate deity, an object of worship, the Suwa Ōhōri had little, if any, actual power over the shrine's affairs, which rested in the hands of the Moriya Jinchōkan , with his unique relationship to the Mishaguji and his knowledge of closely guarded secret traditions passed down via word of mouth only to the heir to the office. In fact, it

9951-408: Was deflected by the left wing of Ii Naotaka's army. The main Tokugawa forces moved to assist Todo Takatora after Shigenari's death, and Chōsokabe withdrew for the time being. After another series of Tokugawa victories on the outskirts of Osaka , the summer campaign came to a head at the battle of Tennōji . Hideyori planned a hammer-and-anvil operation in which 55,000 men would attack the center of

10058-537: Was demoted to Mibu Domain in Shimotsuke Province as his grandfather, Hineno Hironari had defected to the Osaka forces. The same year, Suwa Yoritada's son, Suwa Yorimizu , was allowed to reclaim his clan's ancestral lands as daimyō of Suwa Domain. His son, Suwa Tadatsune , was granted a 5000 koku increase for services during the Siege of Osaka , but his son, Suwa Tadaharu, gave 2000 koku away to his two younger brothers. The Suwa clan remained in control of

10165-427: Was due to the Jinchōkan summoning the Mishaguji onto the Ōhōri during the investiture ceremony that the latter became a living deity. The full rite of investiture into the office of Ōhōri as practiced in the late medieval period involved the candidate first undergoing a twenty-two day period of strict ritual purification in the Maemiya (前宮 'old shrine'), one of the Upper Shrine's two component shrines. During

10272-400: Was finally decided not to do so. Shortly after Hideyori began to receive reports of the true intentions of Ieyasu, so they began the work of digging out the moats and recruiting troops. Hideyori and his main generals agreed that unlike the first campaign, this time it would be appropriate to take the offensive. Also, it was arranged to secure the areas surrounding Osaka and take Kyoto to control

10379-401: Was in the castle, so he sent Ii Naotaka to save her. Senhime managed to escape with her son Toyotomi Kunimatsu (Hideyori's son) accompanied by other women. Kaihime fled with Hideyori's concubine, Oiwa no Kata, and Hideyori's daughter Nāhime. While they retreated, Kaihime personally defended Nāhime from Tokugawa troops. Hideyori and Yodo-dono took refuge in a fireproof warehouse, as much of

10486-489: Was killed by Nishio Munetsugu , destroying the morale of the Toyotomi Army. The smaller force led directly by Hideyori sallied forth from Osaka Castle too late, and was chased right back into the castle by the advancing enemies; there was no time to set up a proper defense of the castle, and it was soon ablaze and pummeled by artillery fire. The people who were in the castle began to escape. Hidetada knew that his daughter

10593-472: Was led by his son, the Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada , and numbered around 155,000. They moved in four parallel lines, prepared to make flanking maneuvers of their own. Mistakes on both sides almost altered the outcome of the battle, as Hideyori's rōnin split off from the main group, and Hidetada's reserve force moved up without orders from the main force. In the end, Hideyori's commander Sanada Yukimura

10700-450: Was marred by the destruction of the clan's Edo residence in the 1703 Genroku earthquake , the rebuilding of which plunged they domain into debt. He died in 1731 at the age of 69. He was married to a daughter of Matsudaira Masakatsu of the short-lived Matsuoka Domain in Echigo. Suwa Tadatoki ( 諏訪忠林 , September 22, 1703 – June 20, 1770) was the 5th daimyō of Suwa and hereditary chieftain of

10807-510: Was originally a family of priests who served at the Upper Shrine of Suwa located on the southwestern side of the lake. By the Kamakura period , it thrived as a prominent samurai clan with close ties to the shogunate . Surviving the fall of both the Kamakura shogunate and the Southern Imperial Court which it supported, its feud with local rival clans, and frequent clashes with its neighbor in Kai ,

10914-496: Was put to an end, leaving the shogunate unchallenged for approximately 250 years. According to an account by an employee of the Dutch East India Company in Hirado , several daimyō set the castle on fire and attempted to defect to Ieyasu. Hideyori executed them by throwing them off the castle wall but could not extinguish the fire, which then led his suicide. The account also stated that about 10,000 people perished in

11021-403: Was sent by the gods of heaven to claim the land held by his father in the name of the goddess Amaterasu . Other myths (mostly of medieval provenance), however, portray the Suwa deity in a different light. In one story, Suwa Daimyōjin is an interloper who wrested control of Suwa from the indigenous god Moriya , the mythical ancestor of the Moriya (守矢氏) clan, one of the priestly families of

11128-439: Was stubborn about taking the castle, so he had thousands of miners working in tunnels under the pits. On the other hand Honda assured that Ieyasu would allow Hideyori to keep Osaka as his fief, but in case he wanted to leave he would give him another one with higher income, besides that all his captains and soldiers would be given free transit when leaving or they could stay inside if they wanted to, but he would need some hostages as

11235-513: Was subsequently raised to the status of daimyō of Sōja Domain in Kōzuke Province (10,000 koku ). Yorimizu succeeded his father as daimyō in 1601. However, later that year Ieyasu permitted him to return to the ancestral Suwa lands in Shinano with an increase in kokudaka to 27,000 koku . The marked the creation of Suwa Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. and he participated in the second Siege of Ueda with Tokugawa Hidetada . In 1614, during

11342-443: Was then disbanded. After the fall of the castle, the shogunate announced laws including ikkoku ichijō ( 一国一城 ) (one province can contain only one castle) and Bukeshohatto (or called Law of Buke, which limits each daimyō to own only one castle and obey the castle restrictions). The shogunate's permission had to be obtained prior to any castle construction or repair from then on. Many castles were also forced to be destroyed as

11449-535: Was trying to stop the filling of the moat. Toyotomi forces began to attack contingents of the Tokugawa forces near Osaka. On 26 May ( Keichō 20, 29th day of 4th month) at the Battle of Kashii , Toyotomi forces under the command of Ono Harufusa and Ban Danemon engaged with forces of Asano Nagaakira , an ally of the Shōgun. Tachibana Muneshige , who now served as military advisor of the second shogun, Tokugawa Hidetada , as his military strategist and in charge of guarding

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