Misplaced Pages

#264735

103-560: During a general survey of the southern part of Sur Baher, ancient stone cut olive presses, wine presses, cisterns and a limekiln were found. A cave, with remains dating to the Iron Age I (12-11th centuries B.C.E.) were excavated at Khirbat Za‛kuka, south of Sur Baher. A burial cave, dating to the end of the first century BCE and the first century CE have also been excavated. The cave contained remains of several ossuaries , in addition to arcosolia and benches. Pottery vessels that dated to

206-650: A 74 km (46 mi) fence between the Wadi Ara region and Latrun . Not until 14 April 2002, the Cabinet of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon decided to implement the plan and establish a permanent barrier in the Seam Area . On 23 June 2002, the Ariel Sharon Government definitely approved the plan in principle and work at the barrier began. At the end of 2002, due to government inaction, several localities who suffered

309-683: A barrier separating Israelis and Palestinians. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak , prior to the Camp David 2000 Summit with Yasser Arafat , vowed to build a separation barrier, stating that it is "essential to the Palestinian nation in order to foster its national identity and independence without being dependent on the State of Israel". In November 2000, during Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations in Washington , Prime Minister Ehud Barak approved financing of

412-510: A checkpoint is not only for workers but also for those communities that were cut in two by the presence of the separation wall. West Bank Palestinians who live on the Jerusalem side in areas like Nabi Samuel are forbidden to go to the Jerusalem site outside their homes and must cross a checkpoint to attend schools or go to work or to the hospital. In 2013, the World Bank cited estimates of costs to

515-403: A dipper (this practice comes from before piped water was common). Many bathrooms even in modern houses are constructed with a small cistern to hold water for bathing by this method. The modern toilet utilises a cistern to reserve and hold the correct amount of water required to flush the toilet bowl. In earlier toilets, the cistern was located high above the toilet bowl and connected to it by

618-401: A long pipe. It was necessary to pull a hanging chain connected to a release valve located inside the cistern in order to flush the toilet. Modern toilets may be close coupled , with the cistern mounted directly on the toilet bowl and no intermediate pipe. In this arrangement, the flush mechanism (lever or push button) is usually mounted on the cistern. Concealed cistern toilets, where the cistern

721-538: A multi-layered fence system, with three fences with pyramid-shaped stacks of barbed wire on the two outer fences and a lighter-weight fence with intrusion detection equipment in the middle; an anti-vehicle ditch; patrol roads on both sides; and a smooth strip of sand for "intrusion tracking". Where the multi-layered fence system is employed, it contains an exclusion area of 60-metre (200 ft) in width on average, with some sections having an exclusion area that reaches up to 100 metres (330 ft). The concrete wall has

824-536: A number of restrictions east of the barrier have been lifted as a result of it, including a reduction in checkpoints from 71 to 47 and roadblocks from 197 to 111. The Jerusalem Post reports that, for some Palestinians who are Israeli citizens living in the Israeli Arab town of Umm el-Fahm (population 42,000) near Jenin, the barrier has "significantly improved their lives" because, on one hand, it prevents would-be thieves or terrorists from coming to their town and, on

927-818: A short commute into an hours-long, humiliating journey. Workers leave their homes in the very early morning, some as early as 2am, and spend hours commuting, not returning to their homes until the late evening. The military checkpoints they need to cross are usually overcrowded, in poor conditions and characterized by long processing times. They are herded through congested steel cages and metal turnstiles and go through invasive security checks. They are not allowed to take their own tools, food and drinks with them, adding an additional financial burden. Several human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, have reported human rights abuses inside checkpoints, including arbitrary arrests and unlawful shootings. The daily struggle and humiliation of going through

1030-487: A temporary security measure at a time of heightened tensions, it has since been associated with a future political border between Israel and the State of Palestine . The barrier has drawn criticism from Palestinians, human rights groups, and members of the international community, who have all argued that it serves as evidence of Israel's intent to annex Palestinian land under the guise of security. It has also been alleged that

1133-445: A total of 12,983 akçe . 15/24 of the revenues went to a waqf . In 1838, Edward Robinson noted Sur Bahil N 13° E from Tuqu' . It was further noted as a Muslim village. French explorer Victor Guérin visited the place in 1863, and described Sur Baher as having about 400 inhabitants. An Ottoman village list of about 1870 found 46 houses and a population of 154, though the population count only included men. It further noted that it

SECTION 10

#1732891022265

1236-409: A total storage capacity of over 11 million U.S. gallons (42 million liters) of water. These cisterns are easily spotted at street level with manholes labeled CISTERN S.F.F.D surrounded by red brick circles or rectangles. The cisterns are completely separate from the rest of the city’s water supply, ensuring that in the event of an earthquake, additional backup is available regardless of the condition of

1339-663: A truce among Palestinian militant groups in the Palestinian Territories. Haaretz reported, "[t]he security fence is no longer mentioned as the major factor in preventing suicide bombings, mainly because the terrorists have found ways to bypass it." Former Israeli Secretary of Defence Moshe Arens says that the reduction in Palestinian violence is largely due to the IDF's entry into the West Bank in 2002. The barrier has many effects on Palestinians including reduced freedoms, reduction of

1442-520: A width of 3 metres (9.8 ft), and the wall is 9 metres (30 ft) high. The barrier runs partly along or near the 1949 Jordanian–Israeli armistice line ( "Green Line" ) and partly through the Israeli-occupied West Bank diverging eastward from the armistice line by up to 20 km (12 mi) to include on the western side several of the areas with concentrations of highly populated Israeli settlements , such as East Jerusalem ,

1545-557: Is an inadequate water supply . The city of San Francisco , notably, maintains fire cisterns under its streets in case the primary water supply is disrupted. In many flat areas, the use of cisterns is encouraged to absorb excess rainwater which otherwise can overload sewage or drainage systems by heavy rains (certainly in urban areas where a lot of ground is surfaced and doesn't let the ground absorb water). In some southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia showers are traditionally taken by pouring water over one's body with

1648-403: Is built into the wall behind the toilet, are also available. A flushing trough is a type of cistern used to serve more than one WC pan at one time. These cisterns are becoming less common, however. The cistern was the genesis of the modern bidet . At the beginning of the flush cycle, as the water level in the toilet cistern tank drops, the flush valve flapper falls back to the bottom, stopping

1751-615: Is found in San Francisco , which has historically been subject to devastating fires . As a precautionary measure, in 1850, funds were allocated to construct over 100 cisterns across the city to be utilized in case of fire. The city's firefighting network, the Auxiliary Water Supply System (AWSS) maintains a network of 177 independent underground water cisterns, with sizes varying from 75,000 US gallons (280,000 L) to over 200,000 US gallons (760,000 L) depending on location with

1854-457: Is only legal to build the barrier inside Israel. The barrier route has been challenged in court and changed several times. Argument presented to the court has reiterated that the cease-fire line of 1949 was negotiated "without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines" (Art. VI.9). In 1992, the idea of creating a physical barrier between the Israeli and Palestinian populations

1957-506: The 1948 Arab–Israeli War , Sur Baher was occupied and later annexed by Jordan . In the 1961 Jordanian census, the population of Sur Baher was 2,335. Sur Baher's population together with Umm Tuba and Arab el Subeira amounted to 4,012 in the same census. Since the 1967 Six-Day War , Sur Baher came under Israeli occupation . The 1967 Israeli census showed there were 4,710 inhabitants in Sur Baher and Umm Tuba , an increase with 17.4% from

2060-507: The BBC 's style guide uses the terms "barrier" (sometimes "separation barrier" or " West Bank barrier ") as do The Economist , PBS and The New York Times . The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses the phrase "security fence" in English. The International Court of Justice has used the term "wall", explaining that "the other expressions sometimes employed are no more accurate if understood in

2163-576: The British Mandate authorities , Sur Baher had an all Muslim population of 993 persons. In the 1931 census the population of Sur Bahir was a total of 1529, still all Muslim, in 308 inhabited houses. In the 1945 statistics the population of Sur Baher, together with Umm Tuba , was 2,450, all Muslims, who owned 8,915 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. 911 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 3,927 used for cereals, while 56 dunams were built-up (urban) land. During

SECTION 20

#1732891022265

2266-505: The Green Line and inside parts of the West Bank . Israel describes the wall as a necessary security barrier against Palestinian political violence ; whereas Palestinians describe it as an element of racial segregation and a representation of Israeli apartheid , who often call it " Wall of Apartheid ". At a total length of 708 kilometres (440 mi) upon completion, the route traced by

2369-572: The Green Line were demolished by the IDF during construction of the wall in the village of Nazlat Issa . In August 2003, an additional 115 shops and stalls (an important source of income for several communities) and five to seven homes there were also demolished. According to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), 15 communities were to be directly affected, numbering about 138,593 Palestinians, including 13,450 refugee families, or 67,250 people. In addition to loss of land, in

2472-439: The Iron Age , underground water systems were constructed in royal centers and settlements throughout ancient Israel , marking some of the earliest instances of engineering activity in urban planning . The Ancient Roman impluvium , a standard feature of the domus house, generally had a cistern underneath. The impluvium and associated structures collected, filtered, cooled, and stored the water, and also cooled and ventilated

2575-575: The Second Intifada , which began in September 2000 and ended in February 2005. The Israeli government cites a decreased number of suicide bombings carried out from the West Bank as evidence of its efficacy, after such attacks fell from 73 between 2000 and July 2003 (the completion of the first continuous segment) to 12 between August 2003 and the end of 2006. While the barrier was initially presented as

2678-466: The 1961 census. Parts of the village have differing status, some is within the East Jerusalem boundary and some within the West Bank and a part is outside the boundary but still on the Israeli controlled side of the barrier wall . Israel has divided Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba in two main parts: the western part, called "J1", (about 6,476 dunums (78.5% of the towns’ total area)) is under the control of

2781-562: The 2004 International Court ruling, instead instituting a restrictive permit regime for Palestinians. However, it has changed the route to allow settlements to annex parcels of land. The existing barrier cuts off access to the Jordan River for Palestinian farmers in the West Bank. Israeli settlement councils already have de facto control of 86 percent of the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea as

2884-512: The 45 km stretch of barrier enclosing Gush Etzion, no progress had been made on it, and Israel reopened the debate. The fence is scheduled to go through the national park, the Nahal Rafaim valley, and the Palestinian village of Battir . The Israeli land appropriated in Gva'ot would be on the Palestinian side of the barrier. On 21 September 2014, the government voted to not reauthorize the barrier in

2987-558: The Ariel Bloc ( Ariel , Karnei Shomron , Kedumim , Immanuel etc.), Gush Etzion , Givat Ze'ev , Oranit , and Maale Adumim . The barrier nearly encircles some Palestinian towns, about 20% follows the armistice line , and a projected 77,000 ha (191,000 acres) or about 13.5% of the West Bank area is on the west side of the wall. According to a study of the April 2006 route by the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem , 8.5% of

3090-563: The Barrier's exact route and crossing points through it are often not fully revealed until days before construction commences. This has led to considerable anxiety amongst Palestinians about how their future lives will be impacted. ... The land between the Barrier and the Green Line constitutes some of the most fertile in the West Bank. It is currently the home for 49,400 West Bank Palestinians living in 38 villages and towns. An often-quoted example of

3193-616: The Court. In a 2004 advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice , "Israel cannot rely on a right of self-defence or on a state of necessity in order to preclude the wrongfulness of the construction of the wall". The Court asserted that "the construction of the wall, and its associated régime, are contrary to international law." So in the July 9, 2004 advisory opinion the ICJ advised that

Sur Baher - Misplaced Pages Continue

3296-472: The Fourth Geneva Convention. On request of the ICJ, Palestine submitted a copious statement. The UN Fact Finding Mission and several UN Rapporteurs subsequently said that in the movement and access policy there has been a violation of the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of race or national origin. Israeli supporters of the barrier stood in the plaza near the courthouse, holding

3399-516: The Gush Etzion area. In 2022, 45 km (28.0 mi) of the barrier that had been built as a multi-layered fence were replaced by new sections of the 9-meter high concrete wall. Suicide bombings have decreased since the construction of the barrier. Israeli officials (including the head of the Shin Bet ) quoted in the newspaper Maariv have said that in the areas where the barrier was complete,

3502-410: The Israeli authorities to forcibly displace Palestinians in the occupied territories; such actions amount to war crimes." OCHA provided background information on the situation in Sur Baher where the Barrier has been routed around Sur Bahir so that parts of Area A, B and C fall on the Jerusalem side but have not been incorporated within the municipal boundary, although they are now physically separated from

3605-483: The Jerusalem Municipality. The eastern part (1,769 dunums (21.5% of the towns’ total area)), called "J2", is divided into: Part of "J2" is inside the wall , part of it is outside. According to ARIJ , Israel has confiscated land from Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba in order to construct two Israeli settlements: 1,343 dunams for East Talpiot , and 354 dunams for Har Homa . In 1970, Israel expropriated land around

3708-425: The Jerusalem area will leave Beit Iksa on the Palestinian side; and Jaba on the Israeli side, but with a crossing to the Palestinian side at Tzurif . Further changes were made to the route around Eshkolot and Metzadot Yehuda , and the route from Metzadot to Har Choled was approved. In 2012, 440 km (273.4 mi) (62%) of the barrier had been completed. In September 2014, eight years after approving

3811-504: The Jerusalem municipality, in cooperation with the Israel Defense Forces , cleared a Jordanian minefield in Sur Baher. The work, carried out by an Israeli company, was completed by October 2005. In May 2007, the municipality built two schools on the cleared land: a girls school attended by 800 students, and Ibn Rushd, a boys school attended by 700 students. Since 2013, even non-Israeli Palestinian residents of Sur Baher are entitled to

3914-608: The Late Roman and Byzantine periods were excavated from an ancient quarry at Sur Baher. One mile straight to the east of Sur Baher tombs from the Byzantine era have been found. They were probably connected with the Georgian monastery at Umm Leisun . In the Crusader era it was known as Casale Sorbael . In 1179 the village was mentioned as being among the villages whose revenue were given to

4017-634: The Mt. Zion Abbey by Pope Alexander III . Sur Baher, like the rest of Palestine , was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the tax registers of 1596 "Sur Bahir" appeared as being in the Nahiya of Quds in the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 29 households, all Muslim . They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat barley, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and beehives;

4120-541: The Trans-Israel Highway. The city is accessible through a military checkpoint on the main road from the east, and a tunnel built in September 2004 on the south side connects Qalqilyah with the adjacent village of Habla . In 2005, the Israeli Supreme Court ordered the government to change the route of the barrier in this area to ease movement of Palestinians between Qalqilyah and five surrounding villages. In

4223-610: The U.S. Virgin Islands, have strict laws requiring that rainwater harvesting systems be built alongside any new construction, and cisterns can be used in these cases. In Bermuda, for example, its familiar white-stepped roofs seen on houses are part of the rainwater collection system, where water is channeled by roof gutters to below-ground cisterns. Other countries, such as Japan, Germany, and Spain, also offer financial incentives or tax credit for installing cisterns. Cisterns may also be used to store water for firefighting in areas where there

Sur Baher - Misplaced Pages Continue

4326-534: The UN Charter. It also explained that necessity may constitute a circumstance precluding wrongfulness under certain very limited circumstances, but that Article 25 of the International Law Commission's Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) bars a defense of necessity if the State has contributed to the situation of necessity. The Court cited illegal interference by

4429-410: The West Bank area will be on the Israeli side of the barrier after completion, and 3.4% partly or completely surrounded on the eastern side. Some 27,520 to 31,000 Palestinians will be captured on the Israeli side. Another 124,000, on the other hand, will effectively be controlled and isolated. Some 230,000 Palestinians in Jerusalem will be placed on the West Bank side. Most of the barrier was built at

4532-568: The West Bank economy attributable to "barriers" combined with "checkpoints and movement permits" of USD $ 185m and $ 229m. Foreign Affairs contributor David Makovsky estimated the number of West Bank Palestinians who lived on the Israeli side in 2004 as "fewer than one percent" but noted that a larger number living in enclaves like Qalqiliya adjacent to the fence were also adversely affected. The Israeli human rights organisation B'Tselem says that "thousands of Palestinians have difficulty going to their fields and marketing their produce in other areas of

4635-451: The West Bank have to obtain special permits to enter the area. In June 2004, The Washington Times reported that the reduced Israeli military incursions in Jenin have prompted efforts to rebuild damaged streets and buildings and a gradual return to a semblance of normality, and in a letter dated October 25, 2004, from the Israeli mission to Kofi Annan , Israel's government pointed out that

4738-439: The West Bank. Farming is a primary source of income in the Palestinian communities situated along the Barrier's route, an area that constitutes one of the most fertile areas in the West Bank. The harm to the farming sector is liable to have drastic economic effects on the residents – whose economic situation is already very difficult – and drive many families into poverty." In October 2003, a United Nations resolution to declare

4841-649: The barrier "harms West Bank health". Upon completion of the construction, the organizations predict, the barrier would prevent over 130,000 Palestinian children from being immunised, and deny more than 100,000 pregnant women (out of which 17,640 are high risk pregnancies) access to healthcare in Israel. In addition, almost a third of West Bank villages will suffer from lack of access to healthcare. After completion, many residents may lose complete access to emergency care at night. In towns near Jerusalem ( Abu Dis and al-Eizariya ), for example, average time for an ambulance to travel to

4944-484: The barrier are built on land seized from Palestinians, or between Palestinians and their lands. In a 2009 report, the UN said that the most recent barrier route allocates more segments to be built on the Green Line itself compared to previous draft routes of the barrier. However, in its current route the barrier annexes 9.5% of the total area of the West Bank to the Israeli side of the barrier. In early 2003, 63 shops straddling

5047-620: The barrier illegal where it deviates from the Green Line and should be torn down was vetoed by the US in the United Nations Security Council . On May 19, 2004, the UN passed Security Council Resolution 1544 reiterating the obligation of Israel, the occupying Power, to abide scrupulously by its legal obligations and responsibilities under the Fourth Geneva Convention , and called on Israel to address its security needs within

5150-405: The barrier is a violation of international law, that it should be removed, that Arab residents should be compensated for any damage done, and that other states take action to obtain Israel's compliance with the Fourth Geneva Convention. The ICJ said that an occupying power cannot claim that the lawful inhabitants of the occupied territory constitute a "foreign" threat for the purposes of Article 51 of

5253-535: The barrier is more than double the length of the Green Line, with 15% of its length running along the Green Line or inside Israel, and the remaining 85% running as much as 18 kilometres (11 mi) inside the West Bank, effectively isolating about 9% of the land and approximately 25,000 Palestinians from the rest of the Palestinian territory . The barrier was built by Israel following a wave of Palestinian political violence and incidents of terrorism inside Israel during

SECTION 50

#1732891022265

5356-485: The barrier qualifies as a violation of international law . In 2003, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that charged Israel's building of the barrier to be a violation of international law and demanded its removal by a vote of 144–4 with 12 abstentions. The walled sections of the barrier have become a canvas for graffiti art , with its Palestinian side illustrating opposition to

5459-534: The barrier, Palestinian resistance, their right to return, as well as human rights in general. In Hebrew , descriptions include: "separation fence" ( גדר ההפרדה , Geder HaHafrada ); "separation wall" (Hebrew: חומת ההפרדה , Ḥomat HaHafrada ) and "security fence" ( גדר הביטחון , Geder HaBitaḥon ). In Arabic , it is called "wall of apartheid"/"racial segregation wall" جدار الفصل العنصري , jidār al-faṣl al-‘unṣuriyy , indicating an allegation of Israeli apartheid . In English,

5562-579: The boundaries of international law. In a special emergency session of the General Assembly , the United Nations asked the International Court of Justice [ICJ] to evaluate the legal status of the barrier. Israel chose not to accept ICJ jurisdiction nor make oral statements, and instead submitted a 246-page written statement containing the views of the Government of Israel on Jurisdiction and Propriety to

5665-472: The building of the barrier. The Court described the history of violence against Israeli citizens since the breakout of the Second Intifada and the loss of life that ensued on the Israeli side. The court ruling also cited the attempts Israel had made to defend its citizens, including "military operations" carried out against "terrorist acts", and stated that these actions "did not provide a sufficient answer to

5768-461: The city of Qalqilyah one-third of the city's water wells lie on the other side of the barrier. The Israeli Supreme Court says the Israeli government's rejection of accusations of a de facto annexation of these wells, stating that "the construction of the fence does not affect the implementation of the water agreements determined in the (interim) agreement". The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) estimates that in

5871-407: The city's mainline water system. Some cisterns sit on the top of houses or on the ground higher than the house, and supply the running water needs for the house. They are often supplied by wells with electric pumps , or are filled manually or by truck delivery, rather than by rainwater collection. Very common throughout Brazil, for example, they were traditionally made of concrete walls (much like

5974-503: The construction of the wall aims to undermine the Israeli–Palestinian peace process by unilaterally establishing new de facto borders. Key points of dispute are that it substantially deviates eastward from the Green Line, severely restricts the travel of many Palestinians, and impairs their ability to commute to work within the West Bank or to Israel. The International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion finding that

6077-476: The east of the settlement Ariel to be completed before the finish of the withdrawal from the Gaza Strip . Despite the ICJ ruling that the wall beyond the Green Line is illegal, Ariel Sharon reiterated on September 8, 2004, that the large settlement blocs of Ariel, Ma'aleh Adumim and Gush Etzion will be on the Israeli side of the Barrier. He also decided that the Barrier would run east of Ariel, but its connection with

6180-453: The effects of the barrier is the Palestinian town of Qalqilyah, a city of around 45,000, which is surrounded almost on all sides by the barrier. One 8 meter-high concrete section of this wall follows the Green Line between the city and the nearby Trans-Israel Highway. According to the BBC, this section, referred to as an "anti-sniper wall", is intended to prevent gun attacks against Israeli motorists on

6283-550: The exact route of the barrier had not been determined, and it had been alleged by opponents that the barrier route would encircle the Samarian highlands of the West Bank, separating them from the Jordan valley . In June 2004, in exchange for Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's support Israel's planned withdrawal from Gaza, Prime Minister Sharon pledged to build an extension of the barrier to

SECTION 60

#1732891022265

6386-611: The existence of the barrier "replaced the need for closures: movement within the northern West Bank, for example, is less restrictive where the Barrier has been constructed. Physical obstacles have also been removed in Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate and Jerusalem Governorate where the Barrier is under construction." The report says that more freedom of movement in rural areas may ease Palestinian access to hospitals and schools, but also says that restrictions on movement between urban population centers have not significantly changed. Parts of

6489-439: The government introduced another program named "One Land, Two Water Program" (Uma Terra, Duas Águas, P1 + 2), which provides a farmer with another slab cistern to support agricultural production. [REDACTED] Media related to Cisterns at Wikimedia Commons Israeli West Bank barrier The West Bank barrier , West Bank wall or the West Bank separation barrier , is a separation barrier built by Israel along

6592-490: The government of Israel with the Palestinian's national right to self-determination ; and land confiscations, house demolitions, the creation of enclaves, and restrictions on movement and access to water, food, education, health care, work, and an adequate standard of living in violation of Israel's obligations under international law. The Court also said that Israeli settlements had been established and that Palestinians had been displaced in violation of Article 49, paragraph 6, of

6695-451: The ground source. City water has up to 1ppm (parts per million) chlorine added to the water to keep it clean. If there is any question about the water supply at any point (source to tap), then the cistern water should not be used for drinking or cooking. If it is of acceptable quality and consistency, then it can be used for (1) toilets , and housecleaning; (2) showers and handwashing; (3) washing dishes, with proper sanitation methods, and for

6798-507: The highest quality, (4) cooking and drinking. Water of non-acceptable quality for the aforementioned uses may still be used for irrigation. If it is free of particulates but not low enough in bacteria , then boiling may also be an effective method to prepare the water for drinking. Many greenhouses rely on a cistern to help meet their water needs, particularly in the United States. Some countries or regions, such as Flanders , Bermuda and

6901-642: The house. In the Middle Ages, cisterns were often constructed in hill castles in Europe, especially where wells could not be dug deeply enough. There were two types: the tank cistern and the filter cistern. Such a filter cistern was built at the Riegersburg in Austrian Styria , where a cistern was hewn out of the lava rock. Rain water passed through a sand filter and collected in the cistern. The filter cleaned

7004-466: The houses themselves), with a similar concrete top (about 5 cm/2 inches thick), with a piece that can be removed for water filling and then reinserted to keep out debris and insects. Modern cisterns are manufactured out of plastic (in Brazil with a characteristic bright blue color, round, in capacities of about 10,000 and 50,000 liters (2641 and 13,208 gallons)). These cisterns differ from water tanks in

7107-494: The immediate need to stop the severe acts of terrorism. ... Despite all these measures, the terror did not come to an end. The attacks did not cease. Innocent people paid with both life and limb. This is the background behind the decision to construct the separation fence (Id., at p. 815)." In 2006, 362 km (224.9 mi) of the barrier had been completed, 88 km (54.7 mi) was under construction and 253 km (157.2 mi) had not yet been started. On April 30, 2006,

7210-473: The interior of the cistern is often lined with hydraulic plaster. Cisterns are distinguished from wells by their waterproof linings. Modern cisterns range in capacity from a few litres to thousands of cubic meters, effectively forming covered reservoirs . Waterproof lime plaster cisterns in the floors of houses are features of Neolithic village sites of the Levant at, for instance, Ramad and Lebwe, and by

7313-529: The late fourth millennium BC, as at Jawa in northeastern Lebanon, cisterns are essential elements of emerging water management techniques in dry-land farming communities. Early examples of ancient cisterns, found in Israel , include a significant discovery at Tel Hazor , where a large cistern was carved into bedrock beneath a palace dating to the Late Bronze Age . Similar systems were uncovered at Ta'anakh . In

7416-572: The length of the Green Line) and would leave about 10% of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and nearly 50,000 Palestinians on the Israeli side. It also put the large settlement Maale Adumim and the Gush Etzion bloc on the Israeli side of the barrier, effectively annexing them. The final route, when realized, closes the Wall separating East Jerusalem, including Maale Adumim, from the West Bank. Before,

7519-452: The lines, whoever wants to swallow 1.8 million Arabs will just bring greater support for Hamas ." Following an attack on HaSharon Junction , near the city of Netanya , Rabin made his goals more specific: "This path must lead to a separation, though not according to the borders prior to 1967. We want to reach a separation between us and them. We do not want a majority of the Jewish residents of

7622-409: The main fence be postponed. Israel appropriated Palestinian private land to build the fence upon and started preparations for constructing the wall to the farthest point ever inside the West Bank, 22 km (14 mi) beyond the Green Line , 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long, and 100 m (330 ft) wide. In 2005, the Israeli Supreme Court made reference to the conditions and history that led to

7725-977: The main flow to the flush tube. Because the tank water level has yet to reach the fill line, water continues to flow from the tank and bowl fill tubes. When the water again reaches the fill line, the float will release the fill valve shaft and water flow will stop. In Northeastern Brazil , the One Million Cisterns Program ( Programa 1 Milhão de Cisternas or P1MC ) has assisted local people with water management. The Brazilian government adopted this new policy of rainwater harvesting in 2013. The Semi-Arid Articulation (ASA) has been providing managerial and technological support to establish cement-layered containers, called cisterns, to harvest and store rainwater for small farm-holders in 34 territories of nine states where ASA operates ( Minas Gerais , Bahia , Sergipe , Alagoas , Pernambuco , Paraíba , Rio Grande do Norte , Ceará and Piauí ). The rainwater falling on

7828-464: The most from lack of a border barrier had already started to build the barrier using their own funds directly on the green-line. By 2003, 180 km (112 mi) had been completed and in 2004, Israel started the southern part of the barrier. In February 2004, the Israeli government said it would review the route of the barrier in response to US and Palestinian concerns. In particular, Israeli cabinet members said modifications would be made to reduce

7931-409: The nearest hospital has increased from 10 minutes to over 110 minutes. A report from Physicians for Human Rights-Israel states that the barrier imposes "almost-total separation" on the hospitals from the population they are supposed to serve. The report also said that patients from the West Bank visiting Jerusalem's Palestinian clinics declined by half from 2002 to 2003. The wall significantly impacts

8034-573: The north of the West Bank about 80 per cent of Palestinians who own land on the other side of the barrier have not received permits from the Israeli authorities, and hence cannot cultivate their fields. Israel has built a barrier in the Jordan Valley near the Jordanian border. A plan to build another barrier between the West Bank and the Jordan valley was abandoned because of international condemnation after

8137-504: The northern and western edges of the West Bank, mostly beyond the Green Line and created 9 enclaves , which enclosed 15,783 ha (39,000 acres). An additional barrier, circa 10 km long, run south of Ramallah. Israel states that the topography does not permit putting the barrier along the Green Line in some places because hills or tall buildings on the Palestinian side would make the barrier ineffective against terrorism. The International Court of Justice states that in such cases it

8240-477: The northern section of the West Bank (Stage 1) and the Green Line a closed military area for an indefinite period. New directives stated that every Palestinian over the age of twelve living in the enclaves created in the closed area have to obtain a "permanent resident permit" from the Civil Administration to enable them to continue to live in their homes, approximately 27,250 people in all. Other residents of

8343-559: The number of Israel Defense Forces checkpoints and road closures, loss of land, increased difficulty in accessing medical and educational services in Israel, restricted access to water sources, and economic effects. In a 2005 report, the United Nations stated that: ... it is difficult to overstate the humanitarian impact of the Barrier. The route inside the West Bank severs communities, people's access to services, livelihoods and religious and cultural amenities. In addition, plans for

8446-456: The number of checkpoints Palestinians had to cross, and especially to reduce Palestinian hardship in areas such as the city of Qalqilyah which the barrier completely surrounds. On February 20, 2005, the Israeli cabinet approved the barrier's route on the same day it approved the execution of the Gaza disengagement plan . The length of the route was increased to 670 km (416 mi) (about twice

8549-469: The number of hostile infiltrations has decreased to almost zero. Maariv also stated that Palestinian militants, including a senior member of Islamic Jihad , had confirmed that the barrier made it much harder to conduct attacks inside Israel. Since the completion of the fence in the area of Tulkarm and Qalqilyah in June 2003, there have been no successful attacks from those areas. All attacks were intercepted or

8652-533: The other hand, has increased the flow of customers from other parts of Israel who would normally have patronised Palestinian business in the West Bank, resulting in an economic boom. The report states that the downsides are that the barrier has divided families in half and "damaged Israeli Arabs' solidarity with the Palestinians living on the other side of the Green Line". A UN report released in August 2005 observed that

8755-498: The physical sense." It is also referred to as the "Apartheid Wall" or "Apartheid Fence" in a derogatory manner. " Seam zone " (Hebrew: מרחב התפר ) refers to the land between the 1949 Armistice Agreement Line and the fence. The barrier is described by the Israeli Defense Forces as a "multi-layered composite obstacle", parts of it consisting of a 9 metres (30 ft) high concrete wall, while other stretches consist of

8858-577: The portraits of 927 terror victims. The organization Christians for Israel helped bring the No. 19 bus, on which eleven civilians were killed, to the Hague. In April 2003, B'Tselem stated that "Israel has made cynical use of security claims to justify grave human rights violations in the Occupied Territories...Among other things the determination of the route of the barrier was based on political considerations,

8961-462: The rain water and enriched it with minerals. Cisterns are commonly prevalent in areas where water is scarce, either because it is rare or has been depleted due to heavy use. Historically, the water was used for many purposes including cooking, irrigation , and washing. Present-day cisterns are often used only for irrigation due to concerns over water quality. Cisterns today can also be outfitted with filters or other water purification methods when

9064-402: The remainder of the West Bank. Cistern A cistern (from Middle English cisterne ; from Latin cisterna , from cista  'box'; from Ancient Greek κίστη ( kístē )  'basket' ) is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. Cisterns are often built to catch and store rainwater . To prevent leakage,

9167-469: The requirements of every stage" of the intifada. Other factors are also cited as causes for the decline. According to Haaretz , a 2006 report by the Shin Beit concluded that "[t]he fence does make it harder for them [terrorists]" but that attacks in 2005 decreased due to increased pursuing of Palestinian militants by the Israeli army and intelligence organizations, Hamas's increased political activity, and

9270-471: The rights, freedom and mobility of Palestinian workers especially. It represents for Palestinians a complex system of control, surveillance and oppression. According to the Washington Post, about 70000 Palestinians cross checkpoints daily to work in Israel, mainly in construction sites. Security forces at checkpoints have the authority to turn back Palestinians without reason or, as often is the case, turn

9373-489: The rooftops is directed through pipelines or gutters and stored in the cistern. The cistern is covered with a lid to avoid evaporation. Each cistern has a capacity of 16,000 liters. Water collected in it during 3–4 months of the rainy season can sustain the requirement for drinking, cooking, and other basic sanitation purposes for rest of the dry periods. By 2016, 1.2 million rainwater harvesting cisterns were implemented for human consumption alone. After positive results of P1MC,

9476-510: The route was revised by a cabinet decision, following a suicide bombing in Tel Aviv . In the Ariel area, the new route corrects an anomaly of the previous route that would have left thousands of Palestinians on the Israeli side. The Alfei Menashe settlement bloc was reduced in size, and the new plan leaves three groups of Palestinian houses on the Palestinian side of the fence. The barrier's route in

9579-480: The same ruling, the court rejected the arguments that the fence must be built only on the Green Line. The ruling cited the topography of the terrain, security considerations, and sections 43 and 52 of The Hague Regulations 1907 and Article 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention as reasons for this rejection. In early October 2003, the IDF OC Central Command declared the area between the separation barrier in

9682-461: The sense that they are not entirely enclosed and sealed with one form, rather they have a lid made of the same material as the cistern, which is removable by the user. To keep a clean water supply, the cistern must be kept clean. It is important to inspect them regularly, keep them well enclosed, and to occasionally empty and clean them with a proper dilution of chlorine and to rinse them well. Well water must be inspected for contaminants coming from

9785-481: The services of Bituah Leumi (the Israeli National Insurance Institute) and the associated state health care. In response to the demolition on July 22, 2019, of up to 16 residential buildings in the neighbourhood of Wadi al-Hummus in the village of Sur Baher, Amnesty condemned the action stating: "These demolitions are a flagrant violation of international law and part of a systematic pattern by

9888-596: The settler population steadily grows there. In 2013, Ehud Barak , Israeli Defense Minister at the time, proposed that Israel should consider unilateral disengagement from the West Bank and the dismantling of settlements beyond the separation barrier, but maintain a military presence in the Jordan Valley along the West Bank-Jordan border. Médecins du Monde , the Palestinian Red Crescent Society and Physicians for Human Rights-Israel have stated that

9991-463: The state of Israel, 98% of whom live within the borders of sovereign Israel, including a united Jerusalem, to be subject to terrorism." In 1994, the first section of a barrier (slabs of concrete contiguous for miles) was constructed. The section follows the border between Bat Hefer and Tulkarm communities. In 1995, the Shahal commission was established by Yitzhak Rabin to discuss how to implement

10094-470: The suicide bombers detonated prematurely. In a March 23, 2008 interview, Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader Ramadan Shalah complained to the Qatari newspaper Al-Sharq that the separation barrier "limits the ability of the resistance to arrive deep within [Israeli territory] to carry out suicide bombing attacks, but the resistance has not surrendered or become helpless, and is looking for other ways to cope with

10197-469: The village used for livestock grazing and harvesting olive and citrus groves from its owners. Most of that land was utilized in the building of the Jerusalem Jewish only neighborhood/settlement of East Talpiot . According to Isabel Kershner , a fifth of Sur Baher's land was expropriated for East Talpiot, available land in the village became insufficient to meet the growing needs of the population, and it

10300-441: The water is intended for consumption. It is not uncommon for a cistern to be open in some manner in order to catch rain or to include more elaborate rainwater harvesting systems. It is important in these cases to have a system that does not leave the water open to algae or to mosquitoes , which are attracted to the water and then potentially carry disease to nearby humans. One particularly unique modern utilization of cisterns

10403-490: Was an old, well-built and nice-looking village. In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund 's Survey of Western Palestine described Sur Bahir as "a stone village of moderate size, on a bare hill. On the north is a well in the valley, and there are rock-cut tombs above it to the west." In 1896 the population of Sur Bahir was estimated to be about 300 persons. In the 1922 census of Palestine , conducted by

10506-515: Was difficult for Sur Baher residents to obtain building permits from the Jerusalem Municipality . Residents constructed homes on the remaining land in the Wadi al-Ain and Wadi al-Humus valleys across what is designated by Israel as the municipal border. In 2000, the Israeli government and Jerusalem municipality approved building plans for two new high schools and a youth center. In September 2005,

10609-562: Was proposed by then-prime minister Yitzhak Rabin , following the murder of an Israeli teenage girl in Jerusalem . Rabin said that Israel must "take Gaza out of Tel Aviv " in order to minimize friction between the peoples. Following an outbreak of violent incidents in Gaza in October 1994, Rabin said: "We have to decide on separation as a philosophy. There has to be a clear border. Without demarcating

#264735