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94-561: "SI is a program that works. Since SI is an enrichment program designed to target high risk courses, it takes the emphasis off the individual student's projected performance. A high risk course, as defined repeatedly in the literature, is any course (usually entry-level) in which unsuccessful enrollment (percentages of D's and F's as final grades and rates of withdrawal from the course and/or institution) exceeds 30%." Supplemental Instruction differs from other types of student support, such as tutoring: "Typical learning center programs operate on

188-509: A background understanding of psychological trauma and its effects. TRiM was developed in the UK by military mental health professionals including Professor Neil Greenberg . There have been numerous scientific publications on the use of TRiM which have demonstrated it to be an acceptable and effective method of peer support. Similar to TRiM, the sustaining resilience at work (StRaW) peer support could increase recognition among coworkers and managers about

282-511: A balance between excellence and equity according to Carol Ann Tomlinson . It is argued that without such balance the output of the educational system will be compromised through a resource emphasis on excellence since this implies lower resources for issues grounded in social justice. In this context, the tension between the excellence and equity implies a compromise between aiming for conventional notions of excellence and creating maximum opportunities for social justice and inclusion. Some reject

376-414: A basic education and even attending universities, a dramatic divide is present and many people are still being left behind. As increased immigration causes problems in educational equity for some countries, poor social cohesion in other countries is also a major issue. In countries where continued migration causes an issue, the ever-changing social structure of different races makes it difficult to propose

470-428: A cheap and effective means to reduce attrition and thereby improve equity in higher-education graduation rates. Smith and MacGregor see Supplemental Instruction (PASS or SI-PASS) as a cooperative learning approach. Although the founders of Supplemental Instruction were influenced by Piaget and Karplus, as SI spread across the world, the founders encouraged adaptation to local circumstances and change when needed. In

564-767: A drop-in basis, offering services primarily designed to address the needs of high-risk students. Staff devote a high percentage of time to one-on-one tutorial instruction, with basic skills courses and workshops complementing individual services." Unlike tutoring, SI is attached to the course and not the student: "This approach focused not on 'at risk students,' but rather on 'at risk classes,' entry-level classes in health sciences, and later in general arts and sciences classes." According to Martin and Arendale, Supplemental Instruction "provides regularly scheduled, out-of-class, peer-facilitated sessions that offer students an opportunity to discuss and process course information." An SI program organizes peer support through an "SI leader," who

658-873: A fundamental part of victim assistance programs for survivors of war-related violence. A 1984 study on the impact of peer support and support groups for victims of domestic violence showed that 146 battered women found women's peer support groups the most helpful source of a range of available treatments. The women in these groups appeared to give direct advice and to act as role models. A 1986 study on 70 adolescent mothers considered to be at risk for domestic violence showed that peer support improved cognitive problem-solving skills, self-reinforcement, and parenting competence. Pandora's Aquarium, an online support group operating as part of Pandora's Project , offers peer support to survivors of rape and sexual abuse and their friends and family. Caregivers and family members of children who have complex medical needs are often under

752-461: A great deal of pressure and balance meeting the child's physical and mental needs while also caring for other family members. Interventions to support these family members in the form of peer support aim to provide social support. Peer support may be given directly through peer-to-peer mentoring or in groups such a support group with a peer or facilitator leading the group. The effectiveness of peer-support programs has not been well studied. There

846-563: A higher SES can afford things like better tutors, rigorous SAT / ACT prep classes, impressive summer programs, and so on. Parents generally feel more comfortable intervening on behalf of their children to acquire better grades or more qualified teachers (Levitsky). Parents of a higher SES are more willing to donate large sums of money to a certain institution to better improve their child's chances of acceptance, along with other extravagant measures. This creates an unfair advantage and distinct class barrier. A broad range of factors contributes to

940-456: A historical context. History can shape outcomes in education systems. Equity is equality of outcome for all subgroups in society. Equity proponents believe that some are at a larger disadvantage than others and aims to compensate for this to ensure that everyone can attain the same lifestyle. Examples of this are: "When libraries offer literacy programs, when schools offer courses in English as

1034-466: A lecture that is adapted to the student may have at least as good outcomes as Video Supplementary Instruction; in the study, one adaptation was longer lecture times in the professor's class that matched the time spent in VSI; the authors conceded that VSI has at least one advantage: "Although experienced lecturers might be still preferable to VSI, these results may have positive implications for distance learning in

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1128-665: A long-term solution to educational equity. On the other hand, many countries with consistent levels of diversity experience long-standing issues of integrating minorities . Challenges for minorities and migrants are often exacerbated as these groups statistically struggle more in terms of lower academic performance and lower socio-economic status . The notion of equity in education is poorly defined and ambiguous. Definitions are often so broad as to be meaningless, and often conflict in meaning. For example; "Educational equity means that each child receives what they need to develop to their full academic and social potential", "Equity in education

1222-436: A sample of education literature from four academic journals, spanning ten years, sought to determine how much these status groups were integrated. The study found little integration. The study then provided a research example on cooperative learning to illustrate how attention to only one status group oversimplifies the analysis of student behavior in school. From findings of studies integrating race and class, and race and gender,

1316-434: A second language, and when foundations target scholarships to students from poor families, they operationalize a belief in equity of access as fairness and as justice". Equity recognizes this uneven playing field and aims to take extra measures by giving those in need more than those who are not. Equity aims to achieve equal outcomes for groups, also called substantive equality . Equity aims to ensure that everyone's lifestyle

1410-630: A significant reduction in symptoms, provides formal services to those who have not yet made significant steps in recovery from his or her condition. The peer support for recovery model focuses on improvement in overall health and wellness, and has long been successful in the treatment of SMI (serious mental illness) but is relatively new for PTSD. A further review of existing literature found that carefully recruited, trained, supervised, and supported paraprofessionals can deliver mental health interventions effectively, and may be valuable in communities with fewer resources for mental healthcare. Researchers at

1504-443: A single school, courses are instructed at different levels, which is a less rigid kind of tracking that allows for more mobility. The organization of the tracking systems themselves is also important for its effect on educational equity. For both differentiation systems, a higher number of tracks and a smaller number of students per track is granting more educational equity. In addition, the effects of tracking are less rigid and have

1598-474: A smaller impact on equity if the students are located in tracks when they are older. The earlier the students undergo educational selection, the less mobile they are to develop their abilities and the less they can benefit from peer effects. Income has always played an important role in shaping academic success. Those who come from a family of a higher socioeconomic status (SES) are privileged with more opportunities than those of lower SES. Those who come from

1692-509: A survey report Race equality in education in November 2005. This report is based on visits by Her Majesty.s Inspectors (HMIs) and additional inspectors to 12 LEAs and 50 schools in England between summer term 2003 to spring term 2005. This report illustrates good practice on race equality in education in a sample of schools and local education authorities (LEAs) surveyed between the summer of 2003 and

1786-495: A then-doctoral student in reading education, in 1972 to work on a $ 7,000 grant from the Greater Kansas City Association of Trusts and Foundation to solve the attrition problem among minority professional school students in medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry.” Also from the start, Martin's SI programs were driven by practical results: A successful SI program will show statistically-significant drops in attrition in

1880-531: A traumatic event as a means of connecting those people to mental health services. Paraprofessional peers are defined as having a shared background as the target population and work closely with and supplement the services of the mental healthcare team. These peers are trained in certain interventions (such as Psychological First Aid ) and are closely supervised by professional mental healthcare personnel. Peer support for recovery from PTSD refers to programs in which someone with lived experience of PTSD, who experienced

1974-511: A vital role in preparing students for the employment market and active citizenship both nationally and internationally. By embedding race equality in teaching and learning, institutions can ensure that they acknowledge the experiences and values of all students, including minority ethnic and international students. Universities Scotland first published the Race Equality Toolkit: learning and teaching in 2006 in response to strong demand from

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2068-590: Is a means of handling incidents of bullying by bringing the victim and the bully together under mediation by one of their peers. A peer helper in sports works with young adults in sports such as football , soccer , track , volleyball , baseball , cheerleading , swimming , and basketball . They may provide help with game tactics (e.g. keeping your eye on the ball), emotional support, training support, and social support. Peer support can occur within, outside or around traditional mental health services and programs, between two people or in groups. Peer support

2162-511: Is a measure of equity in education. Educational equity depends on two main factors. The first is distributive justice , which implies that factors specific to one's personal conditions should not interfere with the potential of academic success. The second factor is inclusion , which refers to a comprehensive standard that applies to everyone in a certain education system. These two factors are closely related and depend on each other for an educational system's success. Education equity can include

2256-766: Is also FacingDisability for Families Facing Spinal Cord Injuries [1] , which has a peer counseling program in addition to 1,000 videos drawn from interviews of people with spinal cord injuries , their families, caregivers and experts. Several programs exist that provide peer support for military veterans in the US and Canada. In 2010 the Military Women to Women Peer Support Group was established in Helena, Montana . The Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors (TAPS) provides peer support, crisis care, casualty casework assistance, and grief and trauma resources for families of members of

2350-687: Is also a Regional Center for SI in northern South Africa at North West University. SI may also be called PASS (peer assisted study sessions) and PAL (peer assisted learning). Each national center is responsible for supervision and training interested institutions in their region in the SI model. Every two years, the International Center for SI hosts a conference where administrators, educators, SI leaders, and students gather to share new research and ideas that pertain to SI. The name "Supplemental Instruction" has been changed to better fit into other variations of

2444-407: Is also used to refer to initiatives where colleagues, members of self-help organizations and others meet, in person or online, as equals to give each other connection and support on a reciprocal basis. Peer support is distinct from other forms of social support in that the source of support is a peer , a person who is similar in fundamental ways to the recipient of the support; their relationship

2538-548: Is believed to derive from a variety of psychosocial processes first described by Mark Salzer and colleagues in 2002: social support, experiential knowledge, social learning theory, social comparison theory, the helper-therapy principle, and self-determination theory. Peer mentoring takes place in learning environments such as schools, usually between an older more experienced student and a new student. Peer mentors appear mainly in secondary schools where students moving up from primary schools may need assistance in settling into

2632-438: Is considerable variety in the ways that peer support is defined and conceptualized as it relates to mental health services. In some cases, clinicians, psychiatrists, and other staff who do not necessarily have their own experiences of receiving psychiatric treatment are being trained, often by psychiatric survivors , in peer support as an approach to building relationships that are genuine, mutual, and non-coercive. In Canada ,

2726-506: Is equal, even if that requires unequal distribution of access and goods. Social justice leaders in education strive to ensure equitable outcomes for their students. Equality of opportunity in education occurs when the chances only depend on meritocracy and do not depend on characteristics such as sex , ethnicity, race , caste , relatives or friends , religion . The American Library Association defines equality as "access to channels of communication and sources of information that

2820-510: Is funded through grants in support of new treatment approaches to serve veterans in rural, traditionally underserved areas. Leadership for the program comes from the Menlo Park division of the Palo Alto VA system. The peer support program has been operational since 2012 with over 268 unique veterans seen between 2012 and 2015. The two peer support providers involved in the program are veterans of

2914-442: Is increasingly being offered through digital health like text messaging and smartphone apps. Peer support is a key concept in the recovery approach and in consumer-operated services programs. Consumers/clients of mental health programs have also formed non-profit self-help organizations, and serve to support each other and to challenge associated stigma and discrimination. The role of peer workers in mental health services

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3008-458: Is integral to the services provided by the National Center for Trauma-Informed Care . Other programs have been designed for female survivors of domestic violence and for women in prison. Survivor Corps defines peer support for trauma survivors as "Encouragement and assistance provided by a colleague who has overcome similar difficulties to engender self-confidence and autonomy and to enable

3102-616: Is made available on even terms to all". On this definition, no one has an unfair advantage. Everyone has equal opportunities and accessibility and is then free to do what they please. This is not to say that everyone is then inherently equal. Some people may choose to seize opportunities while others let them pass. Tracking systems are selective measures to find students at different educational levels. They are created to increase education's efficiency . They allow more or less homogeneous groups of students to receive education that suits their skills. Tracking can affect educational equity if

3196-431: Is no evidence of harm and in general, parents and caregivers (carers) feel that the support programs they used were valuable. There is no strong evidence from trials of benefit and more research is needed to determine how effective this peer support is and what format is the most effective. Twelve-step programs for overcoming substance misuse and other addiction recovery groups are often based on peer support. Since

3290-407: Is not scheduled often enough, nor does it have sufficient structure, breadth, or depth to meet the needs of this population. On other campuses, these students would typically be tracked into developmental courses which, for UMKC, has never been an option." Thus, the population of students taking SI is stratified with some being unsuccessful in SI; "a more intense and sustained experience was needed for

3384-1080: Is one of equality. A peer is in a position to offer support by virtue of relevant experience: he or she has "been there, done that" and can relate to others who are now in a similar situation. Trained peer support workers such as peer support specialists and peer counselors receive special training and are required to obtain Continuing Education Units, like clinical staff. Some other trained peer support workers may also be law-enforcement personnel and firefighters as well as emergency medical responders The social peer support also offers an online system of distributed expertise, interactivity, social distance and control, which may promote disclosure of personal problems (Paterson, Brewer, & Leeseberg, 2013). Peer support has been shown to be effective in substance use and related behaviour, treatment engagement, and ameliorating risk behaviours associated with HIV and hepatitis C, and empowering people with mental illness and improving their quality of life. Its effectiveness

3478-528: Is part of the history of education in this country and is tied up with the economic, political, social history of the peoples who are part of it. From the beginning of this nation, there were many barriers to the schooling and education of girls and racial, national origin, and language groups not from the dominant culture. Approaches and resources for achieving equality and equity in the public schooling of girls and ethnic, racial, and language minority groups are still evolving. The local authorities in England gave

3572-430: Is presented as a 'student of the subject.'" The use of trained SI leaders rather than professors, lecturers, PhDs, MDs or other credentialed experts allows the service to scale up quickly to large numbers of students and for a large variety of courses at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional-school levels. The SI model evolved during the 1970s and 1980s from its beginnings at a single "Student Learning Center" at

3666-457: Is the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of one of such groups named Peer for Progress. Peer support has also been provided for people with cancer and HIV . The Breast Cancer Network of Strength trains peer counselors to work with breast cancer survivors. Peer support is considered to be a key component of the independent living movement and has been widely used by organizations that work with people with disabilities, including

3760-541: Is typically a student who succeeded in the particular academic course (e.g., Organic Chemistry, Economics 101, Algebra II). SI leaders "attend the course lectures where they take notes and complete assigned readings. The specialists also schedule and conduct three or four, fifty-minute SI sessions each week at times convenient to the majority of students in the course. Student attendance is voluntary. Individual attendance by participants ranges widely from one to twenty-five hours, and averages 6.5 hours per semester. The leader

3854-534: Is when every student receives the resources needed to acquire the basic work skills of reading, writing, and simple arithmetic. It measures educational success in society by its outcome, not the resources poured into it" and "Equity means offering individualized support to students that addresses possible barriers, like poverty or limited transportation". If equity is taken as non-banal, its usage most consistently refers to apportioning resources to students according to social and developmental need in order to alleviate

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3948-635: Is work and there are many people who willingly choose it as a job/career. While sex trafficking does exist, not everyone who does sex work is doing so under duress. Social stigma is a major hurdle sex workers encounter, with many people trying to 'save' them. Peer support workers and peer educators are seen as best practices by the Sex Industry Network (SIN) when engaging with community members because peers can understand that someone could willingly choose to do sex work. Educational equity Educational equity , also known as equity in education ,

4042-671: The Centre d’Encadrement et de Développement des Anciens Combattants in Burundi with support from the Center for International Stabilization and Recovery and Action on Armed Violence has assisted survivors of war-related violence, including women with disabilities, and female ex-combatants since 2010. A similar program in Rwanda works with survivors of the Rwandan genocide . Peer support has been recommended as

4136-605: The Amputee Coalition of America (ACA) and Survivor Corps . Since 1998 the ACA has operated a National Peer Network for survivors of limb loss . The Blinded Veterans Association has recently launched Operation Peer Support (OPS) , a program designed to support men and women returning to the US blinded or experiencing significant visual impairment in connection with their military service. Peer support has also benefited survivors of traumatic brain injury and their families. There

4230-519: The "VSI method has been used with salutary effect by two dozen different medical schools and health-care institutions, preparing people to perform well on medical boards." For many learner, however, VSI offers advantages that SI lacks: "The foregoing should not be interpreted to suggest that SI is a one-size-fits-all solution to academic problems. Data suggest that the SI experience can move a student’s performance from below average to average, from average to above average, from above average to excellent. In

4324-419: The 1930s Alcoholics Anonymous has promoted peer support between new members and their sponsors: "The process of sponsorship is this: an alcoholic who has made some progress in the recovery program shares that experience on a continuous, individual basis with another alcoholic who is attempting to attain or maintain sobriety through AA." Other addiction recovery programs rely on peer support without following

4418-521: The Center for Academic Development. The International Center for SI hosts and conducts regular trainings on the SI model and has trained individuals representing more than 1,500 institutions in 30 different countries. There are national centers for SI at the University of Wollongong , Australia , the University of Guelph , Canada , Nelson Mandela University , South Africa , Lund University , Sweden . There

4512-625: The English Language. For example, "the University of Manchester engages students as partners in two established Peer Support programs: Peer Mentoring and Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS)," which is "Based on the Supplemental Instruction model." There has been criticism and debate concerning self-selection bias when measuring SI outcomes in non-experimental settings: A. R. Paloyo of the University of Wollongong noted that "we expect

4606-626: The LEAF (Living Effectively with Anxiety and Fear) Program is a peer-led support group for cognitive-behavioral therapy of persons with mild to moderate panic disorders . In a 2011 meta-analysis of seven randomized trials that compared a peer support intervention to group cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients with depression , peer support interventions were found to improve depression symptoms more than usual care alone and results may be comparable to those of group cognitive behavioral therapy . These findings suggest that peer support interventions have

4700-621: The Palo Alto VA National Center for PTSD also conducted focus groups at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System Trauma Recovery Programs, a PTSD Residential Rehabilitation Program, and a Women's Trauma Recovery Program to determine veteran and staff perceptions of informal peer support interventions already in place. Four themes were identified, including "peer support contributing to a feeling of social connectedness", "positive role modeling by

4794-450: The SI leader to play back a lecture at a rate tailored to the particular group of students. "In VSI courses, instructors record their lectures on video tape and enroll students in a video section of the same course that they teach live on campus. For students in the VSI section, a trained facilitator [VSI leader] uses the taped lectures to regulate the flow of information to the learner. The lectures are stopped and started as needed, allowing

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4888-594: The UK educational system. Racial equity in education means the assignment of students to public schools and within schools without regard to their race. This includes providing students with a full opportunity for participation in all educational programs regardless of their race. The educational system and its response to racial concerns in education vary from country to country. Below are some examples of countries that have to deal with racial discrimination in education . The struggle for equality of access to formal education and equality of excellent educational outcomes

4982-494: The UN's gender-inequality target, many parts of Africa are lagging behind. While progress is being made in sub-Saharan Africa in primary education, gender inequality is in fact widening among older children. The ratio of girls enrolled in primary school rose from 85 to 93 per 100 boys between 1999 and 2010, whereas it fell from 83 to 82 and from 67 to 63 at the secondary and tertiary levels." Excellence and equity in education should aim for

5076-766: The US military. Operation Peer Support (OPS) is a program for US military veterans who were blinded or have significant visual impairment. In January 2013 Senator Patty Murray , Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs , sponsored an amendment of the National Defense Authorization Act (S.3254) that would require peer counseling as part of a comprehensive suicide prevention program for US veterans. Peer support outreach for those exposed to traumatic events refers to programs that seek to identify and reach out to those with or at risk for mental health problems following

5170-611: The University of Missouri-Kansas City. Supplemental Instruction expanded globally in the 1990s: Higher-education institutions around the world have adopted some variant of the UMKC Supplementary Instruction model. Some attribute this widespread diffusion to the SI model and to its founders. "Early on, SI’s founders decided that the SI model should be modified by its users rather than its creators. Martin and Blanc ... argue that SI should be 'fluid rather than rigid, dynamic rather than static.'" Hundreds of institutions around

5264-481: The Vietnam and Iraq wars, respectively, and after having recovered from their own mental health disorders utilize their experiences to help their fellow veterans. The two providers have been responsible for leading between 5 and 7 groups each week as well as conducting telephone outreach and one-on-one engagement visits. These services have successfully helped to augment the often overburdened mental health treatment teams at

5358-403: The ability to excel past their original placement. The type of tracking has impact on the level of educational equity, which is especially determined by the degree in which the system is differentiated . Less differentiated systems, such as standardized comprehensive schools, reach higher levels of equity in comparison to more differentiated, or tracked, systems. Within the tracked systems,

5452-510: The absence of enough experienced lecturing or teaching staff ' especially in rural areas." Peer support Peer support occurs when people provide knowledge, experience, emotional, social or practical help to each other. It commonly refers to an initiative consisting of trained supporters (although it can be provided by peers without training), and can take a number of forms such as peer mentoring , reflective listening (reflecting content and/or feelings), or counseling . Peer support

5546-444: The bottom quarter of incomes even enroll in a four-year school and among that group, fewer than half graduate. From a scientific point of view, humanity is a single species. Nevertheless, the term racial group is enshrined in legislation, and phrases such as race equality and race relations are in widespread official use. A report by Association of Teachers and Lecturers discussed the racial, religious or cultural terminology used in

5640-662: The central valley outpatient VA clinics. The peer support program has been described in several publications. A personal story of success was featured in Stanford Medicine magazine and the collaborative nature of the program was described in the book, Partnerships for Mental Health . Trauma risk management (TRiM) is a work-place based peer support for use in helping to protect the mental health of employees who have been exposed to traumatic stress. The TRiM process enables non-healthcare staff to monitor and manage colleagues. TRiM peer support training provides TRiM Practitioners with

5734-410: The classes that have SI services. Supplemental Instruction was also supposed to be cheap: What Martin and her collaborators sought was "an academic support service that would be both cost-effective and successful in reducing the high rates of student attrition." To be cost effective: Typically, "student SI leaders can be assigned to the program from the work study program. Thus, SI was founded to be

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5828-552: The early 1990s, the U.S. Department of Education validated three specific claims about the effectiveness of SI: A more recent review of all published SI research between 2001 and 2010 found studies in support of all three of these claims, and no studies contradicting them. The International Center for SI is located at the University of Missouri-Kansas City in Kansas City , Missouri within Academic Support and Mentoring, formerly

5922-439: The emergence of socioeconomic achievement gaps. The interaction of different aspects of socialization is outlined in the model of mediating mechanisms between social background and learning outcomes. The model describes a multi-step mediation process. Socially privileged families have more economic, personal, and social resources available than socially disadvantaged families. Differences in family resources result in differences in

6016-446: The facilitator to verify that students have comprehended one idea before moving on to the next." In contrast to non-video Supplemental Instruction in which one lecture is always matched with one class, VSI starts with a video-recorded lecture that SI leaders then use to lead discussions in one or more SI classes, as was done for teaching basic sciences for medical board certification exams: Martin and Arendale subsequently reported that

6110-514: The institution of education. Girls in many underdeveloped countries are denied secondary education, countries such as Sudan , Somalia , Thailand and Afghanistan face the highest of inequity when it comes to gender bias. Single-sex education results in segregation between genders. Gender-based inequity in education occurs in developed countries. Gender equity in education refers to both male and female concerns. In OECD women are overrepresented among university degree holders, for ages 25–34

6204-565: The key recommendations of the OECD publication Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools (2012a), which maps out policy levers that can help build high quality and equitable education systems, with a particular focus on North American and Asia-Pacific countries. The long-term social and economic consequences of having little education are more tangible now than ever before. Those without

6298-516: The kind of differentiation matters as well for educational equity. Differentiation of schools could be organized externally or internally. External differentiation means that tracks are separated in different schools. Certain schools follow a certain track, which prepares students for academic or professional education, or for career or vocational education. This form is less beneficial for educational equity than internal differentiation or course-by-course tracking. Internal tracking means that, within

6392-496: The learning environments experienced by children. Children with various social backgrounds experience different home learning environments, attend different early childhood facilities, schools, school-related facilities, and recreational facilities, and have different peer groups. Due to these differences in learning environments, children with various social backgrounds carry out different learning activities and develop different learning prerequisites. The extraordinarily high cost of

6486-459: The least academically prepared students," namely, VSI. From its inception, the goal of SI has been equity in higher education :  “Supplemental Instruction (SI) was created at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) in 1973 as a response to a need at the institution created by a dramatic change in the demographics of the student body and a sudden rise in student attrition ... Gary Widmar, Chief Student Affairs Officer, hired Deanna Martin,

6580-402: The lower ranges of performance, it appears that participation in SI can elevate a student’s grade from sub-marginal to below average. At UMKC as at other Universities, however, practitioners have found that there are students for whom SI offers insufficient support. Typically, these students fall at or near the bottom of the fourth quartile in terms of entry level scores and/or high school rank. SI

6674-742: The many prestigious high schools and universities in the United States makes an attempt at a "level playing field" for all students not so level. High-achieving low-income students do not have the means to attend selective schools that better prepare a student for later success. Because of this, low-income students do not even attempt to apply to the top-tier schools for which they are more than qualified. In addition, neighborhoods generally segregated by class leave lower-income students in lower-quality schools. For higher-quality schooling, students in low-income areas would have to take public transport which they cannot pay for. Fewer than 30 percent of students in

6768-841: The need to balance excellence and equity. Excellence and equity is sometimes used to invoke the notion of equity in education. The report is by the OECD Education Directorate with support from the Asia Society as a background report for the first Asia Society Global Cities Network Symposium, Hong Kong, May 10–12, 2012. Asia Society organized the Global Cities Education Network, a network of urban school systems in North America and Asia to focus on challenges and opportunities for improvement common to them, and to virtually all city education systems. This report presents

6862-440: The otherwise differential educational outcomes which occur as a consequence of such need. However, the notion is not underpinned by valid scholarly research. For example, differential outcomes between groups and individuals often occur as a function of biology/psychology and not social background; appropriate 'equitable' resource apportionment would therefore appear to require a clear distinction between where differential performance

6956-424: The overrepresentation is around 20%. The college gender gap is worsening. VSO , an independent international development organization that works towards eliminating poverty, published a paper that categorizes the obstacles (or causes) into: Education is universally acknowledged as an essential human right because it highly impacts the socio-economic and cultural aspects of a country. Equity in education increases

7050-622: The peer support provider", "peer support augmenting care offered by professional providers", and "peer supporter acting as a 'culture broker' and orienting recipients to mental health treatment." These findings have been put into practice through a peer support program for veterans in the Sonora, Stockton, and Modesto VA outpatient clinics. The clinics are part of the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Healthcare System that extend to more rural parts of northern California. The program

7144-427: The possibilities of trafficking and exploitation of women. UNESCO also refers gender equity as a major factor that allows for sustainable development . "Looking at recently-published UN statistics on gender inequality in education, one observes that the overall picture has improved dramatically over the last decade, but progress has not been even (see chart). Although the developing world on average looks likely to hit

7238-404: The potential to be effective components of depression care, and they support the inclusion of peer support in recovery-oriented mental health treatment. Several studies have shown that peer support reduces fear during stressful situations such as combat and domestic violence and may mitigate post-traumatic stress disorder . The 1982 Vietnam-Era Veterans Adjustment Survey showed that PTSD

7332-486: The selection process is biased and children with certain backgrounds are structurally put on lower tracks. Students can be viewed and treated differently depending on their track, generating unequal achievement levels and restricting access to higher tracks and higher education. The quality of teaching and curricula vary between tracks and those on lower tracks may be disadvantaged with inferior resources, teachers, etc. In many cases, tracking stunts students who may develop

7426-601: The selection-bias term to be nonzero, implying that the observed difference in, say, final marks is not equal to the effect of SI because it is contaminated by self-selection. Good final marks can be expected from motivated students, but motivation is also positively correlated with participation in SI." Based on their study of students enrolled in a Mathematics course at the Ethembeni Community College in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, Koch and Snyders concluded that

7520-500: The significance of supporting fellow workers in applying their recently acquired knowledge and abilities on the job .. StRaW was developed by March on Stress Ltd and early research again shows it to be a credible and effective way of supporting staff at work. Several peer-based organizations exist for sex workers . The aim of these organizations is to support the health, rights, and well-being of sex workers and advocate on their behalf for law reform in order to make work safer. Sex work

7614-564: The skills to participate socially and economically in society generate higher costs of healthcare , income support , child welfare and social security . While both basic education and higher education have both been improved and expanded in the past 50 years, this has not translated to a more equal society in terms of academics. While the feminist movement has made great strides for women, other groups have not been as fortunate. Generally, social mobility has not increased, while economic inequality has. So, while more students are getting

7708-486: The spring of 2005. The survey focused on schools and LEAs that were involved effectively in race equality in education. Four areas were examined by inspectors: improving standards and achievement amongst groups of pupils, with reference to the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 (RRAA); the incorporation of race equality concepts into the curriculum in schools; the handling and reporting of race-related incidents in schools;

7802-460: The study argues that attending only to race, in this example, oversimplifies behavior analysis and may help perpetuate gender and class biases. To determine to what extent race, social class, and gender are integrated in the education literature, the study examined a sample of literature published over a ten-year period and 30 articles focused primarily on race, or on school issues related directly to race, such as desegregation. Higher education plays

7896-468: The study of excellence and equity. Educational equity's growing importance is based on the premise that a person's level of education directly correlates with their quality of life and that an academic system that practices educational equity is thus a strong foundation for a fair and thriving society. But inequity in education is hard to avoid because of inequities in socioeconomic standing, race, gender, and disability. Educational equity also operates in

7990-458: The survivor to make his or her own decisions and implement them." Peer support is a fundamental strategy in the rehabilitation of landmine survivors in Afghanistan , Bosnia , El Salvador and Vietnam . A study of 470 amputee survivors of war-related violence in six countries showed that nearly one hundred percent said they had benefited from peer support. A peer support program operated by

8084-461: The time they reach secondary schools with stated reasons including harassment, limitations to freedom, and less opportunities compared to boys. Right to education is a human right . It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important development benefits." The '4A' framework on the Right to Education encompasses availability, accessibility, acceptability and adaptability as fundamental to

8178-406: The twelve-step model. Peer support has been beneficial for many people living with diabetes . Diabetes encompasses all aspects of people's lives, often for decades. Support from peers can offer emotional, social, and practical assistance that helps people do the things they need to do to stay healthy. Peer support groups for diabetics complement and enhance other health care services. J.F. Caro

8272-638: The universities in Scotland for guidance on meeting their statutory obligations. Gender discrimination in education has been very evident and underlying problem in many countries, especially in developing countries where cultural and societal stigma continue to hinder growth and prosperity for women. Global Campaign for Education followed a survey called "Gender Discrimination in Violation of Rights of Women and Girls" states that one tenth of girls in primary school are 'unhappy' and this number increases to one fifth by

8366-659: The whole new schedule and lifestyle of secondary school life. Peer mentoring is also used in the workplace as a means of orienting new employees. New employees who are paired with a peer mentor are twice as likely to remain in their job than those who do not receive mentorship. This form of peer support is widely used within schools. Peer supporters are trained, normally from within schools or universities, or sometimes by outside organizations, such as Childline 's CHIPS (Childline In Partnership With Schools) program, to be " active listeners ". Within schools, peer supporters are normally available at break or lunch times. Peer mediation

8460-482: The work force of the nation, therefore increasing national income , economic productivity , and [gross domestic product]. It reduces fertility and infant mortality , improves child health, increases life expectancy and increases standards of living. These are factors that allow economic stability and growth in the future. Above all, female education can increase output levels and allow countries to attain sustainable development. Equity in education of women also reduces

8554-588: The work of schools and LEAs in improving links with local minority ethnic communities. Carol D. Lee described the rationale for a special theme issue, "Reconceptualizing Race and Ethnicity in Educational Research." The rationale includes the historical and contemporary ways that cultural differences have been positioned in educational research and the need for more nuanced and complex analyses of ethnicity and race. Education literature tends to treat race, social class, and gender as separate issues. A review of

8648-521: The world implement some variant of SI, PASS or SI-PASS. Hundreds of scholarly articles have studied and extended the Supplemental Instruction model since the 1970's. Supplemental Instruction programs are frequently in the news. With the widespread use of consumer video products in 1980s, Deanna Martin, Robert Blanc, and their colleagues applied video to Supplemental Instruction sessions for students who hadn't previously benefited from SI, such as student athletes. Video Supplemental Instruction (VSI) allows

8742-631: Was highest in those men and women who lacked positive social support from family, friends, and society in general. Peer support programs have also been implemented to address stress and psychological trauma among law-enforcement personnel and firefighters as well as emergency medical responders. Peer support is an important component of the critical incident stress management program used to alleviate stress and trauma among disaster first responders . Peer support has been used to help survivors of trauma, such as refugees , cope with stress and deal with difficult living conditions. Peer support

8836-793: Was the subject of a conference in London in April 2012, jointly organized by the Centre for Mental Health and the NHS Confederation. Research has shown that peer-run self-help groups yield improvement in psychiatric symptoms resulting in decreased hospitalization, larger social support networks and enhanced self-esteem and social functioning. A review found that peer support could aid recovery, symptoms of depression, and self-belief. It found that service users valued peer support workers, and that peer support workers themselves had improved wellness and recovery. There

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