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74-561: Superfish was an advertising company that developed various advertising-supported software products based on a visual search engine . The company was based in Palo Alto, California . It was founded in Israel in 2006 and has been regarded as part of the country's " Download Valley " cluster of adware companies. Superfish's software is malware and adware . The software was bundled with various applications as early as 2010, and Lenovo began to bundle

148-473: A web of trust , the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures drew attention to certificate authorities as a potential weak point allowing man-in-the-middle attacks . An important property in this context is forward secrecy , which ensures that encrypted communications recorded in the past cannot be retrieved and decrypted should long-term secret keys or passwords be compromised in the future. Not all web servers provide forward secrecy. For HTTPS to be effective,

222-544: A camera) allows users to search for items on Alibaba's E-commercial platform by taking a photo of the query object. The Pailitao application uses a deep CNN model with branches for joint detection and feature learning to discover the detection mask and exact discriminative feature without background disturbance. GoogLeNet V1 is employed as the base model for category prediction and feature learning. Pinterest acquired startup company VisualGraph in 2014 and introduced visual search on its platform. In 2015, Pinterest published

296-694: A correctly configured web server, eavesdroppers can infer the IP address and port number of the web server, and sometimes even the domain name (e.g. www.example.org, but not the rest of the URL) that a user is communicating with, along with the amount of data transferred and the duration of the communication, though not the content of the communication. Web browsers know how to trust HTTPS websites based on certificate authorities that come pre-installed in their software. Certificate authorities are in this way being trusted by web browser creators to provide valid certificates. Therefore,

370-650: A former programmer for Israel's IDF Intelligence Core. Komodia code is also present in other applications, among them, parental-control software; and experts have said "the Komodia tool could imperil any company or program using the same code" as that found within Superfish. In fact, Komodia itself refers to its HTTPS -decrypting and interception software as an "SSL hijacker", and has been doing so since at least January 2011. Its use by more than 100 corporate clients may jeopardize "the sensitive data of not just Lenovo customers but also

444-411: A higher computational complexity , but is more efficient and reliable than search by metadata. There are image searchers that combine both search techniques. For example, the first search is done by entering a text. The images obtained are then used to refine the search. A video search engine is a search engine designed to search video on the net. Some video searchers process the search directly in

518-444: A much larger base of PC users". Komodia was closed in 2018. Superfish's first product, WindowShopper, was developed as a browser add-on for desktop and mobile devices, directing users who hover over browser images to shopping Web sites to purchase similar products. As of 2014, WindowShopper had approximately 100 million monthly users, and according to Xconomy , "a high conversion to sale rate for soft goods". Superfish's business model

592-433: A new class of applications that use the camera phone to initiate search queries about objects in visual proximity to the user (Figure 1). Such applications can be used, e.g., for identifying products, comparison shopping, finding information about movies, compact disks (CDs), real estate, print media, or artworks. Typically, this type of search engine uses techniques of query by example or Image query by example , which use

666-690: A number of types, including Extended Validation Certificates . Let's Encrypt , launched in April 2016, provides free and automated service that delivers basic SSL/TLS certificates to websites. According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation , Let's Encrypt will make switching from HTTP to HTTPS "as easy as issuing one command, or clicking one button." The majority of web hosts and cloud providers now leverage Let's Encrypt, providing free certificates to their customers. The system can also be used for client authentication in order to limit access to

740-534: A paper at the ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining conference and disclosed the architecture of the system. The pipeline uses Apache Hadoop , the open-source Caffe convolutional neural network framework, Cascading for batch processing, PinLater for messaging, and Apache HBase for storage. Image characteristics, including local features, deep features, salient color signatures and salient pixels are extracted from user uploads. The system

814-549: A particular address and port combination. In the past, this meant that it was not feasible to use name-based virtual hosting with HTTPS. A solution called Server Name Indication (SNI) exists, which sends the hostname to the server before encrypting the connection, although many old browsers do not support this extension. Support for SNI is available since Firefox 2, Opera 8, Apple Safari 2.1, Google Chrome 6, and Internet Explorer 7 on Windows Vista . A sophisticated type of man-in-the-middle attack called SSL stripping

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888-461: A site must be completely hosted over HTTPS. If some of the site's contents are loaded over HTTP (scripts or images, for example), or if only a certain page that contains sensitive information, such as a log-in page, is loaded over HTTPS while the rest of the site is loaded over plain HTTP, the user will be vulnerable to attacks and surveillance. Additionally, cookies on a site served through HTTPS must have

962-514: A team of "a dozen or so PhDs" primarily to develop algorithms for the comparison and matching of images. It released its first product, WindowShopper, in 2011. WindowShopper immediately prompted a large number of complaints on Internet message boards, from users who did not know how the software had been installed on their machines. Superfish initially received funding from Draper Fisher Jurvetson , and to date has raised over $ 20 million, mostly from DFJ and Vintage Investment Partners. Forbes listed

1036-712: A user should trust an HTTPS connection to a website if and only if all of the following are true: HTTPS is especially important over insecure networks and networks that may be subject to tampering. Insecure networks, such as public Wi-Fi access points, allow anyone on the same local network to packet-sniff and discover sensitive information not protected by HTTPS. Additionally, some free-to-use and paid WLAN networks have been observed tampering with webpages by engaging in packet injection in order to serve their own ads on other websites. This practice can be exploited maliciously in many ways, such as by injecting malware onto webpages and stealing users' private information. HTTPS

1110-764: A warning across the entire window. Newer browsers also prominently display the site's security information in the address bar . Extended validation certificates show the legal entity on the certificate information. Most browsers also display a warning to the user when visiting a site that contains a mixture of encrypted and unencrypted content. Additionally, many web filters return a security warning when visiting prohibited websites. The Electronic Frontier Foundation , opining that "In an ideal world, every web request could be defaulted to HTTPS", has provided an add-on called HTTPS Everywhere for Mozilla Firefox , Google Chrome , Chromium , and Android , which enables HTTPS by default for hundreds of frequently used websites. Forcing

1184-470: A web browser to load only HTTPS content has been supported in Firefox starting in version 83. Starting in version 94, Google Chrome is able to "always use secure connections" if toggled in the browser's settings. The security of HTTPS is that of the underlying TLS, which typically uses long-term public and private keys to generate a short-term session key , which is then used to encrypt the data flow between

1258-604: A web server to accept HTTPS connections, the administrator must create a public key certificate for the web server. This certificate must be signed by a trusted certificate authority for the web browser to accept it without warning. The authority certifies that the certificate holder is the operator of the web server that presents it. Web browsers are generally distributed with a list of signing certificates of major certificate authorities so that they can verify certificates signed by them. A number of commercial certificate authorities exist, offering paid-for SSL/TLS certificates of

1332-422: A web server to authorized users. To do this, the site administrator typically creates a certificate for each user, which the user loads into their browser. Normally, the certificate contains the name and e-mail address of the authorized user and is automatically checked by the server on each connection to verify the user's identity, potentially without even requiring a password. An important property in this context

1406-1055: Is perfect forward secrecy (PFS). Possessing one of the long-term asymmetric secret keys used to establish an HTTPS session should not make it easier to derive the short-term session key to then decrypt the conversation, even at a later time. Diffie–Hellman key exchange (DHE) and Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman key exchange (ECDHE) are in 2013 the only schemes known to have that property. In 2013, only 30% of Firefox, Opera, and Chromium Browser sessions used it, and nearly 0% of Apple's Safari and Microsoft Internet Explorer sessions. TLS 1.3, published in August 2018, dropped support for ciphers without forward secrecy. As of February 2019 , 96.6% of web servers surveyed support some form of forward secrecy, and 52.1% will use forward secrecy with most browsers. As of July 2023 , 99.6% of web servers surveyed support some form of forward secrecy, and 75.2% will use forward secrecy with most browsers. A certificate may be revoked before it expires, for example because

1480-662: Is a search engine designed to search for information on the World Wide Web through a reverse image search. Information may consist of web pages , locations, other images and other types of documents. This type of search engines is mostly used to search on the mobile Internet through an image of an unknown object (unknown search query). Examples are buildings in a foreign city. These search engines often use techniques for Content Based Image Retrieval . A visual search engine searches images, patterns based on an algorithm which it could recognize and gives relative information based on

1554-517: Is a graduate of Tel Aviv University . In 1999, he co-founded Vigilant Technology , which "invented digital video recording for the surveillance market", according to his LinkedIn profile. Before that, he worked at Verint , an intelligence company that analyzed telephone signals and had allegedly tapped Verizon communication lines. Chertok is a graduate of Technion and Bar-Ilan University with 10 years of experience in "large scale real-time data mining systems". Since its founding, Superfish has used

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1628-499: Is able to perform duplicate search on 2 billion images with 10 servers but with the trade-off of not detecting near duplicates. In 2007, the Puzzle library is released under the ISC license . Puzzle is designed to offer reverse image search visually similar images, even after the images have been resized, re-compressed, recolored and/or slightly modified. The image-match open-source project

1702-639: Is also important for connections over the Tor network , as malicious Tor nodes could otherwise damage or alter the contents passing through them in an insecure fashion and inject malware into the connection. This is one reason why the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Tor Project started the development of HTTPS Everywhere , which is included in Tor Browser. As more information is revealed about global mass surveillance and criminals stealing personal information,

1776-573: Is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It uses encryption for secure communication over a computer network , and is widely used on the Internet . In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or, formerly, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). The protocol is therefore also referred to as HTTP over TLS , or HTTP over SSL . The principal motivations for HTTPS are authentication of

1850-418: Is based on receiving affiliate fees on each sale. The core technology, Superfish VisualDiscovery, is installed as a man-in-the-middle proxy on some Lenovo laptops. It injects advertising into results from Internet search engines; it also intercepts encrypted (SSL/TLS) connections. In 2014, Superfish released new apps based on its image search technology. Visual search engine A visual search engine

1924-418: Is called audiovisual indexing. Search by example: In this technique, also called reverse image search , the search results are obtained through the comparison between images using content-based image retrieval computer vision techniques. During the search the content of the image is examined, such as color, shape, texture or any visual information that can be extracted from the image. This system requires

1998-537: Is designed to withstand such attacks and is considered secure against them (with the exception of HTTPS implementations that use deprecated versions of SSL). HTTP operates at the highest layer of the TCP/IP model —the application layer ; as does the TLS security protocol (operating as a lower sublayer of the same layer), which encrypts an HTTP message prior to transmission and decrypts a message upon arrival. Strictly speaking, HTTPS

2072-476: Is not a separate protocol, but refers to the use of ordinary HTTP over an encrypted SSL/TLS connection. HTTPS encrypts all message contents, including the HTTP headers and the request/response data. With the exception of the possible CCA cryptographic attack described in the limitations section below, an attacker should at most be able to discover that a connection is taking place between two parties, along with their domain names and IP addresses. To prepare

2146-456: Is only performed by the server. The mutual version requires the user to install a personal client certificate in the web browser for user authentication. In either case, the level of protection depends on the correctness of the implementation of the software and the cryptographic algorithms in use. SSL/TLS does not prevent the indexing of the site by a web crawler , and in some cases the URI of

2220-439: Is operated by Amazon EC2 , and only requires a cluster of 5 GPU instances to handle daily image uploads onto Pinterest. By using reverse image search, Pinterest is able to extract visual features from fashion objects (e.g. shoes, dress, glasses, bag, watch, pants, shorts, bikini, earrings) and offer product recommendations that look similar. JD.com disclosed the design and implementation of its real time visual search system at

2294-483: Is recommended to use HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) with HTTPS to protect users from man-in-the-middle attacks, especially SSL stripping . HTTPS should not be confused with the seldom-used Secure HTTP (S-HTTP) specified in RFC 2660. As of April 2018 , 33.2% of Alexa top 1,000,000 websites use HTTPS as default and 70% of page loads (measured by Firefox Telemetry) use HTTPS. As of December 2022 , 58.4% of

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2368-630: Is the strategic image monitoring service for the Flickr platform and users. eBay ShopBot uses reverse image search to find products by a user uploaded photo. eBay uses a ResNet-50 network for category recognition, image hashes are stored in Google Bigtable ; Apache Spark jobs are operated by Google Cloud Dataproc for image hash extraction; and the image ranking service is deployed by Kubernetes . SK Planet uses reverse image search to find related fashion items on its e-commerce website. It developed

2442-487: The Middleware '18 conference . The peer reviewed paper focuses on the algorithms used by JD's distributed hierarchical image feature extraction, indexing and retrieval system, which has 300 million daily active users. The system was able to sustain 80 million updates to its database per hour when it was deployed in production in 2018. Microsoft Bing published the architecture of their reverse image searching of system at

2516-569: The secure attribute enabled. On a site that has sensitive information on it, the user and the session will get exposed every time that site is accessed with HTTP instead of HTTPS. HTTPS URLs begin with "https://" and use port 443 by default, whereas, HTTP URLs begin with "http://" and use port 80 by default. HTTP is not encrypted and thus is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle and eavesdropping attacks , which can let attackers gain access to website accounts and sensitive information, and modify webpages to inject malware or advertisements. HTTPS

2590-452: The "Lenovo incident" and were not limited to the Lenovo user community: as early as 2010, users of computers from other manufacturers had expressed concerns in online support and discussion forums that Superfish software had been installed on their computers without their knowledge, by being bundled with other software. CEO Pinhas, in a statement prompted by the Lenovo disclosures, maintained that

2664-514: The Internet's 135,422 most popular websites have a secure implementation of HTTPS, However, despite TLS 1.3's release in 2018, adoption has been slow, with many still remaining on the older TLS 1.2 protocol. Most browsers display a warning if they receive an invalid certificate. Older browsers, when connecting to a site with an invalid certificate, would present the user with a dialog box asking whether they wanted to continue. Newer browsers display

2738-413: The Internet, while others shelter the videos from which the search is done. Some searchers also enable to use as search parameters the format or the length of the video. Usually the results come with a miniature capture of the video. Currently, almost all video searchers are based on keywords (search by metadata) to perform searches. These keywords can be found in the title of the video, text accompanying

2812-460: The KDD'18 conference. The paper states that a variety of features from a query image submitted by a user are used to describe its content, including using deep neural network encoders, category recognition features, face recognition features, color features and duplicate detection features. Amazon.com disclosed the architecture of a visual search engine for fashion and home products named Amazon Shop

2886-852: The Look in a paper published at the KDD'22 conference. The paper describes the lessons learned by Amazon when deployed in production environment, including image synthesis-based data augmentation for retrieval performance optimization and accuracy improvement. Microsoft Research Asia's Beijing Lab published a paper in the Proceedings of the IEEE on the Arista-SS (Similar Search) and the Arista-DS (Duplicate Search) systems. Arista-DS only performs duplicate search algorithms such as principal component analysis on global image features to lower computational and memory costs. Arista-DS

2960-445: The accessed website and protection of the privacy and integrity of the exchanged data while it is in transit. It protects against man-in-the-middle attacks , and the bidirectional block cipher encryption of communications between a client and server protects the communications against eavesdropping and tampering . The authentication aspect of HTTPS requires a trusted third party to sign server-side digital certificates . This

3034-639: The authority responds, telling the browser whether the certificate is still valid or not. The CA may also issue a CRL to tell people that these certificates are revoked. CRLs are no longer required by the CA/Browser forum, nevertheless, they are still widely used by the CAs. Most revocation statuses on the Internet disappear soon after the expiration of the certificates. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) encryption can be configured in two modes: simple and mutual . In simple mode, authentication

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3108-413: The authors of the indexed material, or Internet users, have contributed these tags or keywords. Because it is not always effective, it has recently been investigated in the implementation of search engines that combine the search using text with the search compared to 2D drawings, 3D drawings and 3D models. Princeton University has developed a search engine that combines all these parameters to perform

3182-581: The certificate authority allows a man-in-the-middle attack to introduce ads even on encrypted pages. The digital certificate had the same private key across laptops; this allowed third-party eavesdroppers to intercept or modify HTTPS secure communications without triggering browser warnings by either extracting the private key or using a self-signed certificate. On February 20, 2015, Microsoft released an update for Windows Defender which removes Superfish. In an article in Slate tech writer David Auerbach compares

3256-412: The client and the server. X.509 certificates are used to authenticate the server (and sometimes the client as well). As a consequence, certificate authorities and public key certificates are necessary to verify the relation between the certificate and its owner, as well as to generate, sign, and administer the validity of certificates. While this can be more beneficial than verifying the identities via

3330-444: The client. This prompted the development of a countermeasure in HTTP called HTTP Strict Transport Security . HTTPS has been shown to be vulnerable to a range of traffic analysis attacks. Traffic analysis attacks are a type of side-channel attack that relies on variations in the timing and size of traffic in order to infer properties about the encrypted traffic itself. Traffic analysis is possible because SSL/TLS encryption changes

3404-406: The communication is authenticated . This is the case with HTTP transactions over the Internet, where typically only the server is authenticated (by the client examining the server's certificate ). HTTPS creates a secure channel over an insecure network. This ensures reasonable protection from eavesdroppers and man-in-the-middle attacks , provided that adequate cipher suites are used and that

3478-401: The company as number 64 on their list of America's most promising companies. Pinhas in 2014 stated that "Visual search is not here to replace the keyboard ... visual search is for the cases in which I have no words to describe what I see." As of 2014, Superfish products had over 80 million users. In May 2015, following the Lenovo security incident (see below) and to distance itself from

3552-450: The content, shape, texture and color of the image to compare them in a database and then deliver the approximate results from the query. The process used in these searches in the mobile phones is as follows: First, the image is sent to the server application. Already on the server, the image will be analyzed by different analytical teams, as each one is specialized in different fields that make up an image. Then, each team will decide if

3626-472: The contents of traffic, but has minimal impact on the size and timing of traffic. In May 2010, a research paper by researchers from Microsoft Research and Indiana University discovered that detailed sensitive user data can be inferred from side channels such as packet sizes. The researchers found that, despite HTTPS protection in several high-profile, top-of-the-line web applications in healthcare, taxation, investment, and web search, an eavesdropper could infer

3700-477: The encrypted resource can be inferred by knowing only the intercepted request/response size. This allows an attacker to have access to the plaintext (the publicly available static content), and the encrypted text (the encrypted version of the static content), permitting a cryptographic attack . Because TLS operates at a protocol level below that of HTTP and has no knowledge of the higher-level protocols, TLS servers can only strictly present one certificate for

3774-502: The fallout, the team behind Superfish changed its name and moved its activities to JustVisual.com. Users had expressed concerns about scans of SSL-encrypted web traffic by Superfish Visual Search software pre-installed on Lenovo machines since at least early December 2014. This became a major public issue, however, only in February 2015. The installation included a universal self-signed digital certificate issued by certificate authority ;

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3848-401: The gap between online and offline media, enabling you to link your customers to digital content . Mobile phones have evolved into powerful image and video processing devices equipped with high-resolution cameras, color displays, and hardware-accelerated graphics. They are also increasingly equipped with a global positioning system and connected to broadband wireless networks. All this enables

3922-575: The illnesses/medications/surgeries of the user, his/her family income, and investment secrets. The fact that most modern websites, including Google, Yahoo!, and Amazon, use HTTPS causes problems for many users trying to access public Wi-Fi hot spots, because a captive portal Wi-Fi hot spot login page fails to load if the user tries to open an HTTPS resource. Several websites, such as NeverSSL, guarantee that they will always remain accessible by HTTP. Netscape Communications created HTTPS in 1994 for its Netscape Navigator web browser. Originally, HTTPS

3996-457: The image URL. Google accomplishes this by analyzing the submitted picture and constructing a mathematical model of it. It is then compared with other images in Google's databases before returning matching and similar results. When available, Google also uses metadata about the image such as description. In 2022 the feature was replaced by Google Lens as the default visual search method on Google, and

4070-518: The incident to the Sony DRM rootkit scandal and says of Lenovo's actions, "installing Superfish is one of the most irresponsible mistakes an established tech company has ever made." On February 24, 2015, Heise Security published an article revealing that the certificate in question would also be spread by a number of applications from other companies including SAY Media and Lavasoft 's Ad-Aware Web Companion. Criticisms of Superfish software predated

4144-475: The old Search by Image function remains available within Google Lens. TinEye is a search engine specialized for reverse image search. Upon submitting an image, TinEye creates a "unique and compact digital signature or fingerprint" of said image and matches it with other indexed images. This procedure is able to match even very edited versions of the submitted image, but will not usually return similar images in

4218-486: The original, non-secure HTTP, primarily to protect page authenticity on all types of websites, secure accounts, and keep user communications, identity, and web browsing private. The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) scheme HTTPS has identical usage syntax to the HTTP scheme. However, HTTPS signals the browser to use an added encryption layer of SSL/TLS to protect the traffic. SSL/TLS is especially suited for HTTP, since it can provide some protection even if only one side of

4292-496: The results. Pixsy reverse image search technology detects image matches on the public internet for images uploaded to the Pixsy platform. New matches are automatically detected and alerts sent to the user. For unauthorized use, Pixsy offers a compensation recovery service for commercial use of the image owners work. Pixsy partners with over 25 law firms and attorneys around the world to bring resolution for copyright infringement. Pixsy

4366-463: The search technique which the browser uses. Two techniques currently used in image search: Search by metadata: Image search is based on comparison of metadata associated with the image as keywords, text, etc. and it is obtained by employing a set of images sorted by relevance. The metadata associated with each image can reference the title of the image, format, color, etc. and can be generated manually or automatically. This metadata generation process

4440-596: The search, thus increasing the efficiency of search. Also, 3DfindIT.com portal provides 3D models search engine based on sketch, drawings, text, etc. https://www.3dfindit.com/ A mobile image searcher is a type of search engine designed exclusively for mobile phones, through which you can find any information on Internet , through an image made with the own mobile phone or using certain words ( keywords ). Mobile Visual Search solutions enable you to integrate image recognition software capabilities into your own branded mobile applications. Mobile Visual Search (MVS) bridges

4514-477: The secrecy of the private key has been compromised. Newer versions of popular browsers such as Firefox , Opera , and Internet Explorer on Windows Vista implement the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) to verify that this is not the case. The browser sends the certificate's serial number to the certificate authority or its delegate via OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) and

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4588-425: The security flaw introduced by Superfish software was not, directly, attributable to its own code; rather, "it appears [a] third-party add-on introduced a potential vulnerability that we did not know about" into the product. He identified the source of the problem as code authored by the tech company Komodia , which deals with, among other things, website security certificates. Komodia was founded by Barak Weichselbaum,

4662-408: The selective or apply pattern match technique. Reverse image search may be used to: Commonly used reverse image search algorithms include: An image search engine is a search engine that is designed to find an image. The search can be based on keywords, a picture, or a web link to a picture. The results depend on the search criterion, such as metadata , distribution of color, shape, etc., and

4736-490: The server certificate is verified and trusted. Because HTTPS piggybacks HTTP entirely on top of TLS, the entirety of the underlying HTTP protocol can be encrypted. This includes the request's URL , query parameters, headers, and cookies (which often contain identifying information about the user). However, because website addresses and port numbers are necessarily part of the underlying TCP/IP protocols, HTTPS cannot protect their disclosure. In practice this means that even on

4810-549: The software with some of its computers in September 2014. On February 20, 2015, the United States Department of Homeland Security advised uninstalling it and its associated root certificate , because they make computers vulnerable to serious cyberattacks , including interception of passwords and sensitive data being transmitted through browsers . Superfish was founded in 2006 by Adi Pinhas and Michael Chertok. Pinhas

4884-568: The submitted image contains the fields of their speciality or not. Once this whole procedure is done, a central computer will analyze the data and create a page of the results sorted with the efficiency of each team, to eventually be sent to the mobile phone . Yandex Images offers a global reverse image and photo search. The site uses standard Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) technology used by many other sites, but additionally uses artificial intelligence-based technology to locate further results based on query. Users can drag and drop images to

4958-425: The system was made available freely on GitHub . The processing demands for performing reverse video search would be astoundingly high. There is no simple tool to just upload the video to find the matching results. At present there is no technology that can successfully perform a reverse video search. HTTP Secure This is an accepted version of this page Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure ( HTTPS )

5032-427: The toolbar for the site to complete a search on the internet for similar looking images. The Yandex images searches some obscure social media sites in addition to more common ones offering content owners means of tracking plagiarism of image or photo intellectual property. Google's Search by Image is a feature that uses reverse image search and allows users to search for related images by uploading an image or copying

5106-520: The use of HTTPS security on all websites is becoming increasingly important regardless of the type of Internet connection being used. Even though metadata about individual pages that a user visits might not be considered sensitive, when aggregated it can reveal a lot about the user and compromise the user's privacy. Deploying HTTPS also allows the use of HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 (and their predecessors SPDY and QUIC ), which are new HTTP versions designed to reduce page load times, size, and latency. It

5180-484: The video or can be defined by the author. An example of this type of search is YouTube . A searcher of 3D models aims to find the file of a 3D modeling object from a database or network. At first glance the implementation of this type of searchers may seem unnecessary, but due to the continuous documentary inflation of the Internet, every day it becomes more necessary indexing information. These have been used with traditional text-based searchers (keywords / tags), where

5254-585: The vision encoder network based on the TensorFlow inception-v3 , with speed of convergence and generalization for production usage. A recurrent neural network is used for multi-class classification, and fashion-product region-of interest detection is based on Faster R-CNN . SK Planet's reverse image search system is built in less than 100 man-months. Alibaba released the Pailitao application in 2014. Pailitao ( Chinese : 拍立淘 , literally means shopping through

5328-425: Was historically an expensive operation, which meant fully authenticated HTTPS connections were usually found only on secured payment transaction services and other secured corporate information systems on the World Wide Web . In 2016, a campaign by the Electronic Frontier Foundation with the support of web browser developers led to the protocol becoming more prevalent. HTTPS is now used more often by web users than

5402-456: Was presented at the 2009 Blackhat Conference . This type of attack defeats the security provided by HTTPS by changing the https: link into an http: link, taking advantage of the fact that few Internet users actually type "https" into their browser interface: they get to a secure site by clicking on a link, and thus are fooled into thinking that they are using HTTPS when in fact they are using HTTP. The attacker then communicates in clear with

5476-707: Was released in 2016. The project, licensed under the Apache License , implements a reverse image search engine written in Python . Both the Puzzle library and the image-match projects use algorithms published at an IEEE ICIP conference. In 2019, a book published by O'Reilly documents how a simple reverse image search system can be built in a few hours. The book covers image feature extraction and similarity search, together with more advanced topics including scalability using GPUs and search accuracy improvement tuning. The code for

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