An expendable launch system (or expendable launch vehicle/ELV ) is a launch vehicle that can be launched only once, after which its components are destroyed during reentry or impact with Earth, or discarded in space. ELVs typically consist of several rocket stages that are discarded sequentially as their fuel is exhausted and the vehicle gains altitude and speed. As of 2024, fewer and fewer satellites and human spacecraft are launched on ELVs in favor of reusable launch vehicles . However, there are many instances where a ELV may still have a compelling use case over a reusable vehicle. ELVs are simpler in design than reusable launch systems and therefore may have a lower production cost. Furthermore, an ELV can use its entire fuel supply to accelerate its payload, offering greater payloads. ELVs are proven technology in widespread use for many decades.
33-517: SPARK , or Spaceborne Payload Assist Rocket - Kauai , also known as Super Strypi , is an American expendable launch system developed by the University of Hawaii , Sandia and Aerojet Rocketdyne . Designed to place miniaturized satellites into low Earth and Sun-synchronous orbits , it is a derivative of the Strypi rocket which was developed in the 1960s in support of nuclear weapons testing . SPARK
66-484: A low Earth orbit . The Shavit launcher is developed by Malam factory, one of four factories in the IAI Electronics Group. The factory is very experienced in development, assembling, testing and operating system for use in space. Ohsumi (satellite) The Ohsumi ( or Ōsumi , おおすみ) satellite, Japan’s first artificial satellite, was launched on February 11, 1970, at 04:25 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) by
99-529: A medium -to- heavy-lift rocket. Arianespace is a subsidiary of ArianeGroup , a joint venture between Airbus and Safran . European space launches are carried out as a collaborative effort between private companies and government agencies. The role of Arianespace is to market Ariane 6 launch services, prepare missions, and manage customer relations. At the Guiana Space Centre (CSG) in French Guiana ,
132-588: A staged combustion cycle was adopted for the first stage engine, the LE-7 . The combination of the liquid hydrogen two-stage combustion cycle first stage engine and solid rocket boosters was carried over to its successor, the H-IIA and H-IIB and became the basic configuration of Japan's liquid fuel launch vehicles for 30 years, from 1994 to 2024. In 2003, JAXA was formed by merging Japan's three space agencies to streamline Japan's space program, and JAXA took over operations of
165-519: A lengthened up-rated Shahab-3C . According to the technical documentation presented in the annual meeting of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs , it is a two-stage rocket with all liquid propellant engines. The first stage is capable of carrying the payload to the maximum altitude of 68 kilometres. The Israel Space Agency is one of only seven countries that both build their own satellites and launch their own launchers. The Shavit
198-542: Is a space launch vehicle capable of sending payload into low Earth orbit . The Shavit launcher has been used to send every Ofeq satellite to date. The development of the Shavit began in 1983 and its operational capabilities were proven on three successful launches of the Ofek satellites on September 19, 1988; April 3, 1990; and April 5, 1995. The Shavit launchers allows low-cost and high-reliability launch of micro/mini satellites to
231-670: Is being developed under the Low Earth Orbiting Nanosatellite Integrated Defense Autonomous System (LEONIDAS) program, funded by the Operationally Responsive Space Office of the United States Department of Defense . SPARK is designed as a three-stage all- solid carrier rocket, with a spin-stabilized first stage known as LEO-46 and an active attitude control system on the second and third stages. It
264-471: Is launched using a new rail-guided system. It is expected to have a payload capacity of 250 kilograms (550 lb) to a Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi). Launches will be conducted from the Pacific Missile Range Facility at Barking Sands . Aerojet Rocketdyne will produce the motors for all three stages and Sandia is the prime contractor for
297-670: The H-IIA liquid-fueled launch vehicle, the M-V solid-fuel launch vehicle, and several observation rockets from each agency. The H-IIA is a launch vehicle that improved reliability while reducing costs by making significant improvements to the H-II, and the M-V was the world's largest solid-fuel launch vehicle at the time. In November 2003, JAXA's first launch after its inauguration, H-IIA No. 6, failed, but all other H-IIA launches were successful, and as of February 2024,
330-716: The Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science ( ISAS ) from the Kagoshima Space Center , which is located on the Ohsumi peninsula in Japan .This location was chosen for its strategic position in coordinating eastward launches, optimizing the rocket's trajectory. The launch vehicle was the Lambda 4S-5, a rocket developed by the ISAS of the University of Tokyo . Such an achievement marks Japan as
363-563: The International Space Station . To be able to launch smaller mission on JAXA developed a new solid-fueled rocket, the Epsilon as a replacement to the retired M-V . The maiden flight successfully happened in 2013. So far, the rocket has flown six times with one launch failure. In January 2017, JAXA attempted and failed to put a miniature satellite into orbit atop one of its SS520 series rockets. A second attempt on 2 February 2018
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#1733093561656396-589: The 1960s–1970s, the country India started with a sounding rocket in the 1960s and 1970s and advanced its research to deliver the Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 and the more advanced Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), complete with operational supporting infrastructure by the 1990s. Japan launched its first satellite, Ohsumi , in 1970, using ISAS' L-4S rocket. Prior to the merger, ISAS used small Mu rocket family of solid-fueled launch vehicles, while NASDA developed larger liquid-fueled launchers. In
429-588: The H-IIA had successfully launched 47 of its 48 launches. JAXA plans to end H-IIA operations with H-IIA Flight No. 50 and retire it by March 2025. JAXA operated the H-IIB , an upgraded version of the H-IIA, from September 2009 to May 2020 and successfully launched the H-II Transfer Vehicle six times. This cargo spacecraft was responsible for resupplying the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module on
462-522: The Ohsumi satellite was to lead Japan’s testing of satellite launch technologies, with the goal of launching a rocket to deploy a satellite into orbit around the Earth. The primary launch scheme developed during the launch trials was the “ gravity turn maneuver ,” which played a significant role in the final success of the mission .Two and a half hours after launch on February 11, 1970, the team at Uchinoura received
495-574: The Soviet Union, the United States, and France. The satellite achieved an elliptical orbit with an apogee of approximately 5,150 km and a perigee of 335 km, allowing it to transmit data back to Earth. Despite earlier failures with the Lambda 4S series , the success of this launch highlighted Japan’s growing capabilities in space exploration and set the stage for future advancements. The main mission of
528-575: The United States purchase ELV launches. NASA is a major customer with the Commercial Resupply Services and Commercial Crew Development programs, also launching scientific spacecraft. The vast majority of launch vehicles for its missions, from the Redstone missile to the Delta , Atlas , Titan and Saturn rocket families, have been expendable. As its flagship crewed exploration replacement for
561-535: The University of Tokyo, conducted an experiment to launch the 23 cm-long Pencil rocket , marking the origin of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science . This attracted government support and in the 1960s, these rockets reached 700km in altitude. Japan began to participate in the International Geophysical Year events and carried out observations of the upper atmosphere and cosmic rays through
594-431: The atmosphere on August 2, 2003. The mission's success laid the foundation for Japan’s later achievements in space exploration, including scientific missions such as Hakucho and Hayabusa . The satellite was developed by a group of researchers at the University of Tokyo formerly led by Hideo Itokawa , who had experimented with small rockets starting in the 1950s. In April 1955, the Institute of Industrial Science at
627-455: The beginning, NASDA used licensed American models. The first model of liquid-fueled launch vehicle developed domestically in Japan was the H-II , introduced in 1994. NASDA developed the H-II with two goals in mind: to be able to launch satellites using only its own technology, such as the ISAS, and to dramatically improve its launch capability over previous licensed models. To achieve these two goals,
660-786: The company oversees the team responsible for integrating and preparing launch vehicles. The rockets themselves are designed and manufactured by other companies: ArianeGroup for the Ariane 6 and Avio for the Vega. The launch infrastructure at the CSG is owned by the European Space Agency , while the land itself belongs to and is managed by CNES , the French national space agency. During the 1960s and 1970s, India initiated its own launch vehicle program in alignment with its geopolitical and economic considerations. In
693-471: The craft reentered the Earth’s atmosphere and melted over North Africa. The success of Ohsumi led to an era of space exploration for Japan and provided scientists with data used in assessing risks of later satellite launches and developments such as Hakucho , an x-ray satellite, and Hayabusa , the first spacecraft to collect asteroid samples . Additionally, Ohsumi's successful gravity turn maneuver led to
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#1733093561656726-490: The expendable Vulcan Centaur and partially reusable Falcon 9 , to provide assured access to space. Iran has developed an expendable satellite launch vehicle named Safir SLV . Measuring 22 m in height with a core diameter of 1.25 m, with two liquid propellant stages, a single thrust chambered first stage and a two-thrust chambered, step-throttled second stage, the SLV has a lift off mass exceeding 26 tons. The first stage consists of
759-412: The first return signal beam from Ohsumi to confirm a completed revolution around the world. The satellite craft was equipped with onboard tools to take measurements of the ionosphere, gathering data such as solar emission, temperature, and density while in orbit. The live operation ended during the satellite’s seventh revolution on February 12, when onboard power loss led to radio signal failures. With
792-410: The fourth nation to independently place a satellite into orbit. The satellite achieved an elliptical orbit with an apogee of approximately 5,150 km and a perigee of 335 km, conducting experiments to gather data on the ionosphere and testing satellite launch technologies. Although its operational life ended within hours due to power loss, Ohsumi remained in orbit for over 33 years before re-entering
825-725: The partially reusable Space Shuttle , NASA's newest ELV, the Space Launch System flew successfully in November 2022 after delays of more than six years. It is planned to serve in a major role on crewed exploration programs going forward. The United States Air Force is also an ELV customer, having designed the Titan, Atlas, and Delta families. The Atlas V from the 1994 Evolved ELV (EELV) program remains in active service, operated by United Launch Alliance . The National Security Space Launch (NSSL) competition has selected two EELV successors,
858-476: The rocket tumbling soon after liftoff, and the U.S. Air Force released a statement, saying that the "experimental Super Strypi launch vehicle failed in mid-flight shortly after liftoff". Expendable launch system Arianespace SA is a French company founded in March 1980 as the world's first commercial launch service provider . It operates two launch vehicles : Vega C , a small-lift rocket , and Ariane 6 ,
891-464: The rocket's systems. The United States Air Force has provided launch support. The first launch of SPARK, named ORS-4, took place on November 3, 2015 and was carrying HiakaSat (formerly called HawaiiSat-1) and several secondary payloads, including the Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks . The mission was supposed to test the rocket at its full payload capacity. However, telemetry showed
924-475: The satellite body with an average power consumption of 10.3 W. Ohsumi was also equipped with a longitudinal precise accelerometer , longitudinal accelerometer, strain guage-type thermometer, telemetry transmitter , beacon transmitter, pilot transmitter, and installed silver oxide-zinc battery with capacity 5AH as power supply. The design code of Ohsumi is 1970-011A, which is a designation code used in satellite tracking and cataloging. The Ohsumi satellite
957-486: The successful launch of Ohsumi, Japan became the fourth country after the Soviet Union, United States, and France to independently launch a satellite into space. An elliptical orbital path was achieved, straying from the original 500-km circular intended path .The Ohsumi lost power approximately 14-15 hours after launch, attributed to high temperatures experienced while in orbit. However, the satellite continued to remain in orbit until 33 years later on August 2, 2003, when
990-408: The use of K-6-type rockets that used solid propellant. This paved the way for the establishment of the Kagoshima Space Center and the opening of a full-scale launch site in 1962 . In the same year, Japan set a goal of launching a 30 kg satellite within five years. In 1962, Japan began experiments with the Lambda rocket, later iterations of which ultimately launched Ohsumi. The Ohsumi satellite
1023-417: Was a regular 26-sided polygonal prism with a circumscribed radius of 75 cm., length of 1,000 mm, and maximum diameter of 480 mm. Launched with a Lambda 4S-5 rocket , the satellite weight 24 kg (after combustion of the fourth motor). It was also equipped with two hook-type antennas and four beryllium-copper whip-type antennas ( circular polarization ). The batteries were powered by 5,184 solar cells mounted on
SPARK (rocket) - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-476: Was launched on February 11, 1970, at 04:25 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) from the Kagoshima Space Center , located on the Ohsumi Peninsula in Japan. The launch vehicle used was called the Lambda 4S-5 rocket, which was developed by the ISAS of the University of Tokyo. The mission marked Japan's first successful feat in launching an independent satellite into orbit, making it the fourth nation to do so after
1089-655: Was successful, putting a four kilogram CubeSat into Earth orbit. The rocket, known as the SS-520-5, is the world's smallest orbital launcher. Roscosmos uses a family of several launch rockets, the most famous of them being the R-7 , commonly known as the Soyuz rocket that is capable of launching about 7.5 tons into low Earth orbit (LEO). The Proton rocket (or UR-500K) has a lift capacity of over 20 tons to LEO. Smaller rockets include Rokot and other Stations. Several governmental agencies of
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