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66-618: Sunset Park Material Recovery Facility is a recycling facility at the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal in the Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn , New York City , United States. Operated by Sims Municipal Recycling, it was designed by Annabelle Selldorf , and its construction involved the use of a variety of recycled materials. The campus contains several structures, including an education center and New York City's first commercial-scale wind turbine . As of January 2022, it

132-444: A ball's motion throughout its skid, hook and roll phases. The particular way in which energy is imparted to a ball—with varying proportions of that energy divided among ball speed, axis control and rev rate—determines the ball's motion. The following discussion considers delivery characteristics separately, with the understanding that ball motion is determined by a complex interaction of a variety of factors. Greater ball speeds give

198-502: A bowling ball core is symmetrical or asymmetrical. Analytically, ID is defined by the USBC as the "difference in radius of gyration between the Y (high RG) and Z (intermediate RG) axes". In practice, a higher ID indicates greater asymmetry, which causes more area to be created at the break point to cause the ball to respond more quickly to friction than symmetrical balls. Informally, a low-differential ball has been likened to one whose core

264-472: A bowling ball's core, include radius of gyration (RG), differential of RG (commonly abbreviated differential ), and intermediate differential (also called mass bias ). Analytically, the United States Bowling Congress defines RG as "the distance from the axis of rotation at which the total mass of a body might be concentrated without changing its moment of inertia ". In practice,

330-598: A dirty MRF with water, which acts to densify, separate and clean the output streams. It also hydrocrushes and dissolves biodegradable organics in solution to make them suitable for anaerobic digestion . In the United States, modern MRFs began in the 1970s. Peter Karter established Resource Recovery Systems, Inc. in Branford, Connecticut, the "first materials recovery facility (MRF)" in the US. Bowling ball A bowling ball

396-435: A fingertip grip. Finger inserts enhance the torque provided by the fingers after the thumb exits the ball. A complex interaction of a variety of factors influences ball motion and its effect on scoring results. The factors may be categorized as the bowler's delivery, the bowling ball's design, and the condition of the lane. Bowling ball motion is commonly broken down into sequential skid, hook, and roll phases. As

462-485: A higher RG indicates that a ball's mass is distributed more toward its cover—making it "cover heavy"—which tends to make the ball enter the roll phase later (further down the lane). Conversely, a lower RG indicates the ball's mass is distributed more towards its center—making it "center heavy"—which tends to make it enter the roll phase sooner. Differential of RG is the difference between maximum and minimum RGs measured with respect to different axes. Differential indicates

528-438: A jet of air shoots the plastic into the appropriate bin. MRFs might only collect and recycle a few polymers of plastic, sending the rest to landfills or incinerators. The separated materials are baled and sent to the shipping dock of the facility. A clean MRF accepts recyclable materials that have already been separated at the source from municipal solid waste generated by either residential or commercial sources. There are

594-433: A list, said to be updated weekly, of about 100 bowling ball manufacturers and their approved bowling balls. Duckpin bowling balls are regulated to be from 4.75–5.00 inches (12.1–12.7 cm) in diameter and to weigh between 3 pounds 6 ounces (1.5 kg) and 3 pounds 12 ounces (1.7 kg). They lack finger holes. Though duckpin balls are slightly larger than candlepin balls, they have less than 60%

660-621: A minimal threshold of flare exists to present a "dry" surface for successive ball revolutions. Similarly, though manufacturer literature often describes specific core shapes, differently-shaped cores can make exactly the same contribution to ball motion if they have the same overall RG characteristics. "Weak" layouts ("pin down": pin between finger and thumb holes) hook sooner but have milder backend reaction, while "strong" layouts ("pin up": pin further from thumb hole than finger holes) enable greater skid lengths and more angular backend reaction. Manufacturers commonly cite specifications relating to

726-431: A sharper hook. Another source states that strictly behind-the-ball release (0° axis rotation) causes an end-over-end rotation, with early hooking, while a release with large side rotation causes greater length before hooking. Greater degrees of initial (at-the-foul-line) axis tilt cause the ball to rotate on smaller-circumference "tracks" (rings on the ball at which it contacts the lane on each revolution), thus reducing

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792-620: A single balance hole including the thumb hole for "two-handed" bowlers ), balance, plug limitations, and exterior markings (structural and commercial), as well as requirements for dynamic performance characteristics such as radius of gyration (RG; 2.46—2.80), RG differential (≤0.06), and coefficient of friction (≤0.32). The USBC banned weight holes (balance holes) in competition, effective August 1, 2020, to prevent their changing ball dynamics. The USBC permits three ounces (85 grams) of static side weight and three ounces (85 grams) of top weight. These figures are up from one ounce (28 grams) following

858-438: A variety of clean MRFs. The most common are single stream where all recyclable material is mixed, or dual stream MRFs, where source-separated recyclables are delivered in a mixed container stream (typically glass, ferrous metal , aluminum and other non-ferrous metals, PET [No.1] and HDPE [No.2] plastics) and a mixed paper stream including corrugated cardboard boxes, newspapers, magazines, office paper and junk mail. Material

924-413: Is New York City's primary recycling facility, and processes three-quarters of its plastic, metal, and glass. As of February 2018, it processes about 20,000 tons of material monthly, up from 15,000 tons three years earlier, with a daily processing capacity of 1,000 tons. The facility's primary purpose is to sort the materials it receives before selling them to other processors. The machinery is manufactured by

990-692: Is a hard spherical ball used to knock down bowling pins in the sport of bowling . Balls used in ten-pin bowling and American nine-pin bowling traditionally have holes for two fingers and the thumb. Balls used in five-pin bowling , candlepin bowling , duckpin bowling , and European nine-pin bowling have no holes, and are small enough to be held in the palm of the hand. The USBC and World Bowling promulgate bowling ball specifications. USBC specifications include physical requirements for weight (≤16 pounds (7.3 kg)), diameter (8.500 inches (21.59 cm)—8.595 inches (21.83 cm)), surface hardness, surface roughness, hole drilling limitations (example:

1056-820: Is a spherical object (whose height and width are the same); a high-differential ball has been likened to a tall drinking glass (whose height and width are different); and a high-mass-bias ball has been likened to a tall drinking mug with a handle on the side (which has different widths in different directions). Higher-friction surfaces (lower grit numbers) cause balls to hook earlier, and lower-friction surfaces (higher grit numbers) cause balls to skid longer before reacting (hooking). Reactive cover stocks finishes include matte (aggressive reaction), shiny (longer skid distance than matte finish), pearl (greatest skid distance among reactive cover stocks), and hybrid (combination of skid distance and back end reaction). The phenomenon of lane transition occurs when balls remove oil from

1122-533: Is chemical friction—controlled by the manufacturer's proprietary coverstock formulation governing its "stickiness"—that primarily determines ball motion. Further, surface finish—modifiable by sandpaper, polish and the like—is also a material factor. Though manufacturer literature often specifies track flare —exhibited by successive tracks of oil in a "bowtie" pattern and caused by RG differential—the USBC ball motion study showed flare's influence to be small, assuming that

1188-923: Is influenced by the oil absorption characteristics and rev rates of the balls that were previously rolled, and carry down is mitigated by modern balls having substantial track flare. Lane materials with softer surfaces such as wood engage the ball with more friction and thus provide more hook potential, while harder surfaces like synthetic compositions provide less friction and thus provide less hook potential. Higher- viscosity lane oils (those with thicker consistency) engage balls with more friction and thus cause slower speeds and shorter length but provide more hook potential and reduced lane transition; conversely, lane oils of lower viscosity (thinner consistency) are more slippery and thus support greater speeds and length but offer less hook potential and allow faster lane transition. Various factors influence an oil's native viscosity, including temperature (with higher temperatures causing

1254-403: Is maximized; however, this optimum axis rotation also causes minimal length. Specifically, Freeman & Hatfield (2018) report optimal axis rotation to be arcsin   (ωr/v) where ω is rev rate (radians/sec), r is ball radius (m), and v is ball speed (m/s). Below and above optimal axis rotation, more length and less hook are encountered, with greater-than-optimal axis rotation causing

1320-467: Is recovered. Potential hazards are also removed, such as lithium batteries, propane tanks, and aerosol cans, which can create fires. Materials like plastic bags and hoses, which can entangle the recycling equipment, are also removed. From there, materials are transported via another conveyer belt to the disk screen, which separates wide and flat materials like flattened cardboard boxes from items like cans, jars, paper, and bottles. Flattened boxes ride across

1386-498: Is separated from plastics and glass first with electromagnets , which removes ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals like aluminum are then removed with eddy current separators . The glass and plastic streams are separated by further disk screens. The glass is crushed into cullet for ease of transportation. The plastics are then separated by polymer type, often using infrared technology ( optical sorting ). Infrared light reflects differently off different polymer types; once identified,

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1452-485: Is sorted to specifications, then baled, shredded, crushed, compacted, or otherwise prepared for shipment to market. A mixed-waste processing system, sometimes referred to as a dirty MRF, accepts a mixed solid waste stream and then proceeds to separate out designated recyclable materials through a combination of manual and mechanical sorting. The sorted recyclable materials may undergo further processing required to meet technical specifications established by end-markets while

1518-558: Is the largest commingled recycling facility in the United States and the primary recycling center in New York City. The Material Recovery Facility is operated by Sims Municipal Recycling, part of Sims Metal Management , a large recycling company which holds a 40-year contract with the City of New York . The 11-acre (45,000 m) property sits on the Sunset Park side of the Gowanus Bay, at

1584-469: The New York Times praised its design, calling it "understated, well proportioned and well planned – elegant, actually, and not just for a garbage site" and suggested good design principles could work to help sell the public on the idea of recycling, which is necessary in order for the facility to succeed. As of January 2022, it is the largest commingled recycling facility in the United States. The plant

1650-435: The South Brooklyn Marine Terminal . It was designed by architect Annabelle Selldorf and built on the site of a former New York Police Department impound lot. The pier was raised four feet above what the city would otherwise require to be resilient against rising water levels and harsh weather. Consistent with its purpose, it was constructed using many recycled materials. The buildings are raised another four feet above

1716-402: The "particle-enhanced" balls developed in the late 1990s, microscopic particles embedded in reactive coverstocks reach through oil lane coatings to provide even greater traction. Ball manufacturers developed closely guarded proprietary blends including ground-up material such as glass, ceramic or rubber, to enhance friction. Within the reactive category are solid reactive coverstocks (having

1782-499: The 2 lb 8 oz (1.1 kg) candlepins themselves. American nine-pin bowling uses the same ball (and pins) as in ten-pin bowling. European nine-pin bowling balls (such as those used in German kegel ) are smaller, sized between ten-pin and duckpin balls, and have no holes. The ball is 16 cm (6.3 in) in diameter and weighs approximately 2.85 kg (6.3 lb). There are also special balls for novice players, which

1848-611: The August 1, 2020 rule change. Bowling balls were made of lignum vitae (hardwood) until the 1905 introduction of rubber balls. Polyester ("plastic") balls were introduced in 1959 and, despite developing less hook-generating lane friction than rubber balls, by the 1970s plastic dominated over rubber balls. Briefly, "soaker" ball technology—involving softening coverstocks to achieve greater hook—were used, until rules for minimum hardness were implemented. The early-1980s development of polyurethane ("urethane") balls developed more friction with

1914-579: The Dutch company Bollegraaf. The material arrives in trucks, mostly hauled from barges, which reduces the total mileage sanitation trucks had to travel previously by about 240,000 miles (390,000 km). It is dumped into a pile on the main facility's floor where large items are removed manually and the rest put on conveyor belt. There are about 2 miles (3.2 km) of conveyors in the plant. Items removed manually include appliances, which can be recycled, and objects which cannot be recycled like bowling balls , which

1980-489: The East River. The campus includes a tipping building where materials arrive, the main processing building along the southern edge, storage buildings, and an administrative building. These structures take up about 140,000 square feet (13,006 m). The administrative building includes an education center for student and tour groups which includes exhibits explaining how the plant operates. An elevated pedestrian walkway connects

2046-433: The administrative building to the main processing building for public viewing. The tipping building's exterior is composed of exposed steel girders and lateral bracing ; according to architectural writer Pavel Bendov, this helped the facility "avoid its fate as another box warehouse". A 160-foot 100 kW small wind turbine sits on the north corner of the property, the first commercial-scale turbine in New York City and

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2112-400: The amount of foreign recycled material it would accept, and debates over the implementation or expansion of New York's 1983 bottle bill , which allows people to redeem certain kinds of containers for a deposit fee. Materials recovery facility In the United States, there are over 300 materials recovery facilities. The total market size is estimated at $ 6.6B as of 2019. As of 2016,

2178-436: The amount of frictional contact to provide greater length and less hook; conversely, smaller degrees of axis tilt involve larger-circumference tracks with more frictional contact per revolution, thus providing less length and more hook. Loft—the distance past the foul line at which the ball first contacts the lane—determines the effective length of the lane as experienced by the ball: greater loft distances effectively shorten

2244-478: The angle of axis rotation until it exactly matches the direction of the ball's forward motion, and rev rate (rotational speed) increases until it exactly matches the ball's forward speed: full traction is achieved and the ball enters the roll phase in which forward speed continues to decrease. Release ratio denotes the ratio of the ball's forward (translational) speed to its rev rate (rotational speed) at time of release. This ratio continually decreases throughout

2310-675: The balance of the mixed waste stream is sent to a disposal facility such as a landfill . Today, MWPFs are attracting renewed interest as a way to address low participation rates for source-separated recycling collection systems and prepare fuel products and/or feedstocks for conversion technologies. MWPFs can give communities the opportunity to recycle at much higher rates than has been demonstrated by curbside or other waste collection systems. Advances in technology make today’s MWPF different and, in many respects better, than older versions. Around 2004, new mechanical biological treatment technologies were beginning to utilise wet MRFs . These combine

2376-403: The ball less time to hook, thus reducing observed hook though imparting more kinetic energy to the pins; conversely, slower speeds allow more time for greater hook though reducing kinetic energy. Greater rev rates cause the ball to experience more frictional lane contact per revolution and thus (assuming non-zero axis rotation) greater and earlier hook (less "length"— which is the distance from

2442-506: The ball design factors that most contributed to ball motion were the microscopic "spikes" and pores on the ball's surface (considered part of chemical frictional characteristics), the respective coefficients of friction between ball and lane in the oiled and dry parts of the lane, and the ball's oil absorption rate, followed in dominance by certain characteristics of the ball's core (mainly radius of gyration, and total differential). Freeman and Hatfield (2018) explain that in most circumstances it

2508-440: The ball to enter the roll phase before reaching the pins, sacrificing power to friction that would ideally be delivered to the pins to enhance pin scatter . Ball speed and rev rate are said to be matched if the ball enters the roll phase immediately before impacting the pins, maximizing power imparted to the pins yet helping to provide an entry angle that minimizes ball deflection. Various characteristics of ball delivery affect

2574-486: The ball travels down the lane in the skid and hook phases, frictional contact with the lane causes the ball's forward ( translational ) speed to continually decrease, but to continually increase its rev rate ( rotational speed). Especially as the ball encounters greater friction in the last ≈20 feet (approximate) of the lane, the ball's axis rotation (side rotation) causes the ball to hook away from its original direction. Concurrently, lane friction continually decreases

2640-399: The ball's internal structure—especially the density, shape (symmetric vs. asymmetric), and orientation of its core (also called "weight block") relative to the ball's axis of rotation—substantially affect ball motion. A "dull" (rough) ball surface, having spikes and pores, provides greater friction in the oil-covered front end of the lane but reduced frictional contact in the dry back end of

2706-415: The ball's track flare potential, and contributes to how sharply a ball can hook . A higher differential indicates greater track flare potential—more angular motion from the break point to the pocket—and a lower differential indicates lower flare potential and a smoother arc to the hook. The lesser-used intermediate differential rating (sometimes termed mass bias rating) quantifies the degree to which

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2772-426: The ball's travel until it reaches exactly 1.0 when full traction is achieved upon entering the roll phase. A too- high release ratio, also known as a speed-dominant release, causes the ball to reach the pins while still in the hook phase, resulting in a shallow angle of entry that permits ball deflection and resultant leaves of the 10-pin, while a too- low release ratio, also called a rev-dominant release, causes

2838-427: The balls have no finger holes. Candlepin bowling balls have a weight of between 2 lb 4 oz (1.0 kg) and 2 lb 7 oz (1.1 kg), and a diameter of 4.5 in (11 cm)—much smaller than the 8.5 in (22 cm) balls in ten-pin bowling, and even smaller than the 5.0 in (13 cm) balls in duckpin bowling . Candlepin balls deflect significantly upon impact, being even lighter than

2904-542: The city's tallest as of January 2015. It produces about 4% of the facility's power. 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m) of rooftop solar panels provides another 20% of daily energy. The total cost of construction totaled $ 110 million, of which $ 60 million was subsidized by the city as part of the Bloomberg Administration's PlaNYC 2030 project. The plant opened in December 2013. At the time, Michael Kimmelman of

2970-435: The diameter of ten-pin balls, to match the smaller size of duckpins. Duckpin balls are sometimes used for scaled-down ten-pin bowling lanes installed in arcades and other amusement facilities . The basic specifications of five-pin balls are the same a duckpin balls: diameters from 4.75 to 5.0 in (12.1 to 12.7 cm), weights from 3 pounds 6 ounces (1.5 kg) to 3 pounds 12 ounces (1.7 kg);

3036-418: The disk screen to the other side, while all other materials fall below, where paper is separated from the waste stream with a blower. The stream of cardboard and paper is overseen by more human workers, who ensure no plastic, metal, or glass is present. Newer MRFs or retrofitted ones may use industrial robots instead of humans for pre-sorting and for quality control. However, complete removal of human labor from

3102-453: The facility receives about 1,200 of per year. The conveyor line first goes through a slow shredder with large gaps which opens the bags the materials arrive in. Particular materials are pulled out of the stream using specialized machines, for example using a rotating magnetic drum to extract tin cans. Another machine breaks glass small enough to fall through a disc screen to a dedicated stream below it. A drum magnet separates ferrous metals from

3168-424: The foul line to the breakpoint at which hooking is maximum); conversely, smaller rev rates cause less frictional engagement and allow the ball to hook less and later (more "length"). Analysis of the influence of axis rotation (sometimes called side rotation ) is more complex: There is a degree of axis rotation—generally 25° to 35° and varying with ball speed and rev rate—that may be considered optimal in that hook

3234-466: The glass. Optical sorters identify and separate certain types of plastic and paper, with air jets passing selected items from one line to another. An eddy current separator removes most of the remaining metals before passing through a trommel at the end of the line. Human inspectors are most involved at the end of the process to correct for any mistakes the machines made. The separated materials are then collected, compressed into blocks, and moved out of

3300-551: The greatest amount of microscopic pores), pearl reactive coverstocks (including mica additives that enhance reaction on dry lane surfaces), hybrid reactive coverstocks (combining the mid-lane reaction of solid coverstocks and the back-end reaction of pearl coverstocks), and particle coverstocks (including microscopic silica particles, favored for use on heavy oil volumes). Hook potential has increased so much that dry lane conditions or certain spare shots sometimes cause bowlers to use plastic or urethane balls, to purposely avoid

3366-400: The industry, helping with sorting. Waste enters a MRF when it is dumped onto the tipping floor by the collection trucks. The materials are then scooped up and placed onto conveyor belts, which transports it to the pre-sorting area. Here, human workers remove some items that are not recyclable, which will either be sent to a landfill or an incinerator. Between 5 and 45% of "dirty" MRF material

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3432-466: The lane and provide greater length, while smaller loft distances engage the lane earlier and cause an earlier hook. Various characteristics of ball core structure and coverstock composition affect a ball's motion throughout its skid, hook and roll phases. Such motion is largely (about 75%) governed by the lane's frictional interaction with the ball, which exhibits both chemical friction characteristics and physical friction characteristics. Also,

3498-663: The lane as they pass, and deposit some of that oil on originally dry parts of the lane. The process of oil removal, commonly called breakdown, forms dry paths that subsequently cause balls to experience increased friction and to hook sooner. Conversely, the process of oil deposition, commonly called carry down, occurs when balls form oil tracks in formerly dry areas, tracks that subsequently cause balls to experience less friction and delayed hook. Balls tend to "roll out" (hook sooner but hook less) in response to breakdown, and, conversely, tend to skid longer (and hook later) in response to carry down—both resulting in light hits. Breakdown

3564-460: The lane, and thus enables an earlier hook. In contrast, a "gloss" (smooth) ball surface tends to glide atop oil on the front end but establishes greater frictional contact in the dry back end, thus promoting a sharper hook downlane, such as in the " skid/flip " ball path. Accordingly, because different lane conditions and bowler styles favor different hook profiles, there is no single "best" surface. A 2005-2008 USBC Ball Motion Study found that

3630-450: The larger hook provided by reactive technology. See also: § Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion A ball's drilling layout refers to how and where holes are drilled, in relation to the ball's locator pin and mass bias (MB) marker. Layout is determined with reference to each bowler's positive axis point (PAP ‍ — the pocket end of the ball's initial axis of rotation). "Pin down" layouts place

3696-599: The main facility, mostly by train. The time it takes an object to be put on the initial conveyor belt to when it is bundled at the other end is between two and ten minutes. The city pays Sims to process its recycling at a rate of approximately $ 75 per ton of metal, glass, and plastic that comes from its sanitation trucks. When the value of the materials increases, the city receives a rebate. In 2019, Sims made nearly $ 25 million this way. The facility's activity and revenue are affected by politics, such as shifting policies in China reducing

3762-415: The newly developed polyurethane lane finishes of the day, sparking the evolution of coverstock technology to pursue ever-stronger hooks with correspondingly higher entry angles . The early 1990s brought development of reactive resin ("reactive") balls by introducing additives in urethane surface materials to create microscopic oil-absorbing pores that increase the "tackiness" that enhances traction. In

3828-494: The oil pattern—is popularly thought to influence entry angle , but Freeman & Hatfield (2018) discount its contribution to ball motion. Holes may be drilled for a conventional grip (fingers inserted to the second knuckle as with "house balls"), a fingertip grip (fingers inserted only to the first knuckle, enabling greater rev-generating torque), or less standard grips such as the Sarge Easter grip (ring finger inserted to

3894-433: The oil to be thinner) and humidity (variations of which can cause crowning and cupping of the lane surface). Also, high humidity increases friction that reduces skid distance so the ball tends to hook sooner. The lanes' physical topography—hills and valleys that diverge from an ideal planar surface—can substantially and unpredictably affect ball motion, even if the lane is within permissible tolerances. The USBC maintains

3960-492: The pier on recycled glass and stone left over from the development of the Second Avenue Subway project, while the structures themselves are largely built with recycled steel. The ropes used along the pier are selected to cultivate mussels , and three artificial reefs were installed at the end to help cultivate a habitat to attract marine life and birds. It has its own storm water management system to avoid runoff into

4026-448: The pin between the finger holes and the thumb hole, while "pin up" layouts place the pin further from the thumb hole than the finger holes (see photos). Bowling ball motion is influenced by how far the pin and the mass bias (MB) are from the PAP, the distances determining track flare . Track flare—the sequence of oil rings showing migration of the ball's axis on successive revolutions through

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4092-401: The second knuckle but middle finger inserted only to the first knuckle). Many bowlers using the so-called "two-handed delivery" (which is still a one -handed release ) do not insert their thumbs, thus allowing their fingers to impart even more torque than the fingertip grip. Finger inserts and thumb slugs are custom-fit urethane tubes inserted into the drilled holes, generally for balls with

4158-434: The sortation process is unlikely for the foreseeable future, as one needs to replicate the dexterity of the human hand and nervous system for removing every type of contaminant within a material stream. The technical limitations of this involve advanced concepts in mechatronics and computer science, where a robot hand would need to be designed, and a highly flexible algorithm that creates another precise movement algorithm within

4224-485: The time constraints of the system (say, the highly approximate estimate of 30,000 lines of code to do this on a modern processor would trigger too long of a delay to be effective on a sortation line). In other words, one would need to search an encyclopedia of said robotic hand motions for every configuration of waste for every pick, and this may be computationally insurmountable, even with quantum computing, as every conditional would need to be checked every iteration. Metal

4290-547: The ton included 28% mixed paper and 24% old corrugated containers (OCC). Prices for OCC declined into 2019. Three paper mill companies have announced initiatives to use more recycled fiber. Glass recycling is expensive for these facilities, but a study estimated that costs could be cut significantly by investments in improved glass processing. In Texas, Austin and Houston have facilities which have invested glass recycling, built and operated by Balcones Recycling and FCC Environment , respectively. Robots have spread across

4356-505: The top 75 were headed by Sims Municipal Recycling out of Brooklyn, New York. Waste Management operated 95 MRF facilities total, with 26 in the top 75. ReCommunity operated 6 in the top 75. Republic Services operated 6 in the top 75. Waste Connections operated 4 in the top 75. In 2018, a survey in the Northeast United States found that the processing cost per ton was $ 82, versus a value of around $ 45 per ton. Composition of

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