40-548: The Sunbeam CG waffle iron evolved from the Sunbeam Model W-1 and Model W-2 waffle irons of the 1940s. Introduced in 1955, the CG maintained the inner workings of the W-2, but had sleek modern styling. The CG features removable plates, allowing the waffle plate to be removed so it can be replaced by a sandwich grilling plate. The sandwich grilling plates also allow the CG to be used as
80-407: A griddle or hot plate , in effect having three appliances in one. This article about kitchenware or a tool used in preparation or serving of food is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Waffle iron A waffle iron or waffle maker is a kitchen utensil used to cook waffles between two hinged metal plates. Both plates have gridded indentations to shape the waffle from
120-420: A stove . Most modern waffle irons are self-contained tabletop household appliances using electric heating elements controlled by internal thermostats . Electric irons can come with either removable or non-removable plates. Professional waffle irons are usually made of uncoated cast iron, whereas domestic models, particularly cast aluminum ones, are often Teflon coated. Many have a light that goes off when
160-444: A "CO/ALR" coding. Another way to forestall the heating problem is to crimp the short " pigtail " of copper wire. A properly done high-pressure crimp by the proper tool is tight enough to reduce any thermal expansion of the aluminium. Today, new alloys, designs, and methods are used for aluminium wiring in combination with aluminium terminations. Wrought and cast aluminium alloys use different identification systems. Wrought aluminium
200-551: A number system ( ANSI ) or by names indicating their main alloying constituents ( DIN and ISO ). Selecting the right alloy for a given application entails considerations of its tensile strength , density , ductility , formability, workability, weldability , and corrosion resistance, to name a few. A brief historical overview of alloys and manufacturing technologies is given in Ref. Aluminium alloys are used extensively in aircraft due to their high strength-to-weight ratio . Pure aluminium
240-420: A one to three digit number, e.g. 6061-T6. The definitions for the tempers are: -F : As fabricated -H : Strain hardened (cold worked) with or without thermal treatment -O : Full soft (annealed) -T : Heat treated to produce stable tempers -W : Solution heat treated only Note: -W is a relatively soft intermediary designation that applies after heat treat and before aging
280-415: A regeneratively cooled aluminium design for some parts of the nozzle, including the thermally critical throat region; in fact the extremely high thermal conductivity of aluminium prevented the throat from reaching the melting point even under massive heat flux, resulting in a reliable, lightweight component. Because of its high conductivity and relatively low price compared with copper in the 1960s, aluminium
320-470: A steel part of identical size and shape. With completely new metal products, the design choices are often governed by the choice of manufacturing technology. Extrusions are particularly important in this regard, owing to the ease with which aluminium alloys, particularly the Al-Mg-Si series, can be extruded to form complex profiles. In general, stiffer and lighter designs can be achieved with aluminium alloy than
360-452: A wet environment, galvanic corrosion can occur when an aluminium alloy is placed in electrical contact with other metals with more positive corrosion potentials than aluminium, and an electrolyte is present that allows ion exchange. Also referred to as dissimilar-metal corrosion, this process can occur as exfoliation or as intergranular corrosion. Aluminium alloys can be improperly heat treated, causing internal element separation which corrodes
400-468: Is a major concern. Such crossover aluminium alloys can be hardened via precipitation of a chemical complex phase known as T-phase in which the radiation resistance has been proved to be superior than other hardening phases of conventional aluminium alloys. The following aluminium alloys are commonly used in aircraft and other aerospace structures: Note that the term aircraft aluminium or aerospace aluminium usually refers to 7075. 4047 aluminium
440-407: Is a unique alloy used in both the aerospace and automotive applications as a cladding alloy or filler material. As filler, aluminium alloy 4047 strips can be combined to intricate applications to bond two metals. 6951 is a heat treatable alloy providing additional strength to the fins while increasing sag resistance; this allows the manufacturer to reduce the gauge of the sheet and therefore reducing
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#1732884351095480-407: Is completed. The -W condition can be extended at extremely low temperatures but not indefinitely and depending on the material will typically last no longer than 15 minutes at ambient temperatures. The International Alloy Designation System is the most widely accepted naming scheme for wrought alloys. Each alloy is given a four-digit number, where the first digit indicates the major alloying elements,
520-569: Is evidence of primitive waffle irons in Sweden and Norway in Viking Age women's burials. Waffle irons were originally constructed of two hinged iron plates connected to two long, wooden handles . The plates were often made to imprint elaborate patterns on the waffle, including coats of arms , landscapes , or religious symbols . Waffles would be held at a distance and baked over the hearth fire. In 1869, American Cornelius Swartwout patented
560-522: Is feasible with steels. For instance, consider the bending of a thin-walled tube: the second moment of area is inversely related to the stress in the tube wall, i.e. stresses are lower for larger values. The second moment of area is proportional to the cube of the radius times the wall thickness, thus increasing the radius (and weight) by 26% will lead to a halving of the wall stress. For this reason, bicycle frames made of aluminium alloys make use of larger tube diameters than steel or titanium in order to yield
600-414: Is identified with a four digit number which identifies the alloying elements. Cast aluminium alloys use a four to five digit number with a decimal point. The digit in the hundreds place indicates the alloying elements, while the digit after the decimal point indicates the form (cast shape or ingot). The temper designation follows the cast or wrought designation number with a dash, a letter, and potentially
640-813: Is in aluminium–scandium alloys for minor aerospace industry components. These alloys contain between 0.1% and 0.5% (by weight) of scandium. They were used in the Russian military aircraft MiG-21 and MiG-29 . Some items of sports equipment, which rely on high performance materials, have been made with scandium–aluminium alloys, including baseball bats , lacrosse sticks, as well as bicycle frames and components, and tent poles. U.S. gunmaker Smith & Wesson produces revolvers with frames composed of scandium alloy and cylinders of titanium. Due to its light-weight and high strength, aluminium alloys are desired materials to be applied in spacecraft, satellites and other components to be deployed in space. However, this application
680-475: Is limited by the energetic particle irradiation emitted by the Sun . The impact and deposition of solar energetic particles within the microstructure of conventional aluminium alloys can induce the dissolution of most common hardening phases, leading to softening. The recently introduced crossover aluminium alloys are being tested as a surrogate to 6xxx and 7xxx series in environments where energetic particle irradiation
720-419: Is much too soft for such uses, and it does not have the high tensile strength that is needed for building airplanes and helicopters . Aluminium alloys typically have an elastic modulus of about 70 GPa , which is about one-third of the elastic modulus of steel alloys . Therefore, for a given load, a component or unit made of an aluminium alloy will experience a greater deformation in the elastic regime than
760-562: Is not seen in current aluminium cylinder heads. An important structural limitation of aluminium alloys is their lower fatigue strength compared to steel. In controlled laboratory conditions, steels display a fatigue limit , which is the stress amplitude below which no failures occur – the metal does not continue to weaken with extended stress cycles. Aluminium alloys do not have this lower fatigue limit and will continue to weaken with continued stress cycles. Aluminium alloys are therefore sparsely used in parts that require high fatigue strength in
800-481: Is required. Alloys composed mostly of aluminium have been very important in aerospace manufacturing since the introduction of metal-skinned aircraft. Aluminium–magnesium alloys are both lighter than other aluminium alloys and much less flammable than other alloys that contain a very high percentage of magnesium. Aluminium alloy surfaces will develop a white, protective layer of aluminium oxide if left unprotected by anodizing and/or correct painting procedures. In
840-583: The batter or dough placed between them. The plates are heated and the iron is closed while the waffle bakes. Waffles are a quick bread with a light and sweet flavor, similar to pancakes . Their appearance is much harder to achieve than a pancake's without a waffle iron. Similar technology is employed to bake wafers , and several other snacks including kue gapit , a waffle-shaped but crunchy Indonesian snack which can be made with both sweet and savoury flavours. Waffle irons were common in France as early as
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#1732884351095880-550: The 12th or 13th century, and became widespread in the Netherlands and the rest of Europe from the 14th century. Secular waffle irons developed alongside host presses , a similar but religious tool used to produce sacramental bread . The earliest waffle irons had shallow indentations suited to baking unleavened wafers , and might better be described as wafer irons or wafer presses . Waffle irons gained deeper indentations as leavening agents were introduced into recipes. There
920-554: The Mansion House Hotel. Kliembach sold waffles for a penny each or ten cents for a dozen. This was popular at the Chicago World's Fair . In 1911, General Electric produced a prototype electric waffle iron, and production began around 1918. Later, as the waffle iron became more prevalent, its appearance was improved. Traditional waffle irons are attached to tongs with wooden handles and held over an open flame, or set on
960-461: The US, the most common criteria for "Belgian waffles" are their thickness and pocket size, although they are also distinguished by using a base that typically includes yeasted batter and pearl sugar . Stroopwafels are thin, round waffle cookie made from two layers of sweet baked dough held together by caramel filling. These delicious snacks consist of two thin waffles with a layer of caramel syrup in
1000-582: The categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. About 85% of aluminium is used for wrought products, for example rolled plate, foils and extrusions . Cast aluminium alloys yield cost-effective products due to the low melting point, although they generally have lower tensile strengths than wrought alloys. The most important cast aluminium alloy system is Al–Si , where the high levels of silicon (4–13%) contribute to give good casting characteristics. Aluminium alloys are widely used in engineering structures and components where light weight or corrosion resistance
1040-436: The desired stiffness and strength. In automotive engineering, cars made of aluminium alloys employ space frames made of extruded profiles to ensure rigidity. This represents a radical change from the common approach for current steel car design, which depend on the body shells for stiffness, known as unibody design. Aluminium alloys are widely used in automotive engines, particularly in engine blocks and crankcases due to
1080-401: The high cycle regime (more than 10 stress cycles). Often, the metal's sensitivity to heat must also be considered. Even a relatively routine workshop procedure involving heating is complicated by the fact that aluminium, unlike steel, will melt without first glowing red. Forming operations where a blow torch is used can reverse or remove the effects of heat treatment. No visual signs reveal how
1120-452: The highest strength of non-heat-treated alloys. Most 5000 series alloys include manganese as well. 6000 series are alloyed with magnesium and silicon. They are easy to machine, are weldable , and can be precipitation hardened, but not to the high strengths that 2000 and 7000 can reach. 6061 alloy is one of the most commonly used general-purpose aluminium alloys. 7000 series are alloyed with zinc, and can be precipitation hardened to
1160-454: The highest strengths of any aluminium alloy. Most 7000 series alloys include magnesium and copper as well. 8000 series are alloyed with other elements which are not covered by other series. Aluminium–lithium alloys are an example. The Aluminum Association (AA) has adopted a nomenclature similar to that of wrought alloys. British Standard and DIN have different designations. In the AA system,
1200-400: The iron reaches a set temperature. Some waffle makers produce a very thin waffle, and can be used for making waffle cones or Pizzelle . While there is no set standard for waffle shapes or thicknesses, models that produce the most common shapes and thicknesses are often labeled as "traditional" or "classic". Models that make thicker and larger pocketed waffles are often labeled as "Belgian". In
1240-596: The material is internally damaged. Much like welding heat treated, high strength link chain, all strength is now lost by heat of the torch. The chain is dangerous and must be discarded. Aluminium is subject to internal stresses and strains. Sometimes years later, improperly welded aluminium bicycle frames may gradually twist out of alignment from the stresses of the welding process. Thus, the aerospace industry avoids heat altogether by joining parts with rivets of like metal composition, other fasteners, or adhesives. Stresses in overheated aluminium can be relieved by heat-treating
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1280-512: The metal from the inside out. Aluminium alloy compositions are registered with The Aluminum Association . Many organizations publish more specific standards for the manufacture of aluminium alloy, including the SAE International standards organization, specifically its aerospace standards subgroups, and ASTM International . Aluminium alloys with a wide range of properties are used in engineering structures. Alloy systems are classified by
1320-627: The middle. They are a well-known Dutch treat , popular throughout the Netherlands and the former Dutch Empire , and exported abroad. Aluminium alloy#Cast alloys An aluminium alloy ( UK / IUPAC ) or aluminum alloy ( NA ; see spelling differences ) is an alloy in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper , magnesium , manganese , silicon , tin , nickel and zinc . There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into
1360-542: The most common aerospace alloys, but were susceptible to stress corrosion cracking and are increasingly replaced by 7000 series in new designs. 3000 series are alloyed with manganese , and can be work hardened . 4000 series are alloyed with silicon. Variations of aluminium–silicon alloys intended for casting (and therefore not included in 4000 series) are also known as silumin . 5000 series are alloyed with magnesium, and offer superb corrosion resistance, making them suitable for marine applications. 5083 alloy has
1400-639: The parts in an oven and gradually cooling it—in effect annealing the stresses. Yet these parts may still become distorted, so that heat-treating of welded bicycle frames, for instance, can result in a significant fraction becoming misaligned. If the misalignment is not too severe, the cooled parts may be bent into alignment. If the frame is properly designed for rigidity (see above), that bending will require enormous force. Aluminium's intolerance to high temperatures has not precluded its use in rocketry; even for use in constructing combustion chambers where gases can reach 3500 K. The RM-81 Agena upper stage engine used
1440-442: The second two digits reveal the minimum percentage of aluminium, e.g. 150.x correspond to a minimum of 99.50% aluminium. The digit after the decimal point takes a value of 0 or 1, denoting casting and ingot respectively. The main alloying elements in the AA system are as follows: Titanium alloys , which are stronger but heavier than Al-Sc alloys, are still much more widely used. The main application of metallic scandium by weight
1480-668: The second — if different from 0 — indicates a variation of the alloy, and the third and fourth digits identify the specific alloy in the series. For example, in alloy 3105, the number 3 indicates the alloy is in the manganese series, 1 indicates the first modification of alloy 3005, and finally 05 identifies it in the 3000 series. 1000 series are essentially pure aluminium with a minimum 99% aluminium content by weight and can be work hardened . Not an International Alloy Designation System name 2000 series are alloyed with copper, can be precipitation hardened to strengths comparable to steel. Formerly referred to as duralumin , they were once
1520-480: The stove-top waffle iron. While waffle irons of sorts may have existed since the 1400s, Swarthout intended to perfect the design by adding a handle and a hinge that swiveled in a cast-iron collar, allowing the waffle-maker to flip the iron without danger of slippage or burns. In 1891 John Kliembach, a German immigrant living in Shamokin , Pennsylvania , became a traveling salesman of waffles after fashioning an iron for
1560-496: The weight savings that are possible. Since aluminium alloys are susceptible to warping at elevated temperatures, the cooling system of such engines is critical. Manufacturing techniques and metallurgical advancements have also been instrumental for the successful application in automotive engines. In the 1960s, the aluminium cylinder heads of the Chevrolet Corvair earned a reputation for failure and stripping of threads , which
1600-635: Was introduced at that time for household electrical wiring in North America, even though many fixtures had not been designed to accept aluminium wire. But the new use brought some problems: All of this resulted in overheated and loose connections, and this in turn resulted in some fires. Builders then became wary of using the wire, and many jurisdictions outlawed its use in very small sizes, in new construction. Yet newer fixtures eventually were introduced with connections designed to avoid loosening and overheating. At first they were marked "Al/Cu", but they now bear
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