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76-937: The opening ceremony is held in St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna . Workshops and seminars take place in the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna . The competition itself and the Celebration are held in the Golden Hall of the Musikverein and/or in the Great Hall of the Konzerthaus . The closing ceremony is held in the Hofburg Palace in Vienna. Venues for additional concerts in and around Vienna include: This music festival-related article

152-460: A civitas for the first time and transferred St. Peter's Church to the Diocese of Passau . Under the treaty, Margrave Leopold IV also received from the bishop extended stretches of land beyond the city walls, with the notable exception of the territory allocated for the new parish church, which would eventually become St. Stephen's Cathedral. Although previously believed built in an open field outside

228-588: A mammoth that hung over it for decades after being unearthed in 1443 while digging the foundations for the north tower, or else to the funnel shape of the door, from the Middle High German word risen , meaning 'sink or 'fall'. The tympanum above the Giant's Door depicts Christ Pantocrator flanked by two winged angels , while on the left and right are the two Roman Towers, or Heidentürme , that each stand at approximately 65 metres (213 ft) tall. The name for

304-590: A 37-year-old man vandalized the interior of the cathedral by pushing the statue of St. Jude Thaddeus from its marble base. In November 2019, art historians discovered a mural under layers of dirt on the wall of what is now the cathedral's gift shop. It is believed to be the work of the Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer . Notable musicians who have been Kapellmeister at St. Stephen's include: Albert I of Germany Albert I of Habsburg ( German : Albrecht I. ) (July 1255 – 1 May 1308)

380-477: A different framework, above an altar under a medieval stone baldachin near the southwest corner of the nave – where the many burning candles indicate the extent of its veneration , especially by Hungarians. Since its arrival the picture has not been seen weeping again but other miracles and answered prayers have been attributed to it, including Prince Eugene of Savoy 's victory over the Turks at Zenta few weeks after

456-467: A double-armed apostolic cross , which refers to Apostolic Majesty , the imperial style of kings of Hungary . This emblem replaced earlier crescent and the six-pointed star emblem. The original emblem, as well as a couple of later ones, today can be seen at the Vienna City Museum. The north tower was originally intended to mirror the south tower, but the design proved too ambitious, considering

532-556: A major holiday Mass; and the eleventh and largest is added when the archbishop of Vienna himself is present. Also in this tallest tower are the Primglocke (recast in 1772), which rings on the quarter hour, and the Uhrschälle (cast in 1449), which rings on the hour. (Bourdon Bell) The north Roman Tower contains six bells, four of which were cast in 1772, that ring for evening prayers and toll for funerals. They are working bells of

608-585: A quarrel with the Kingdom of France over the Burgundian frontier, but the refusal of Pope Boniface VIII to recognize his election led him to change his policy, and, in 1299, he made a treaty with King Philip IV , by which his son Rudolph was to marry Blanche, the King's half-sister. He afterwards became estranged from Philip, but in 1303, Boniface recognized him as German king and future emperor; in return, Albert recognized

684-530: A statue of St. Mary which draws the beholder's eye to a glimpse of heaven where Christ waits for Stephen (the first martyr ) to ascend from below. The Wiener Neustädter Altar at the head of the north nave was ordered in 1447 by Emperor Frederick III , whose tomb is located in the opposite direction. On the predella is his famous A.E.I.O.U. device. Frederick ordered it for the Cistercian Viktring Abbey (near Klagenfurt ) where it remained until

760-624: Is a Byzantine style icon of St. Mary with the child Jesus. The icon takes its name from the Hungarian Byzantine Catholic shrine of Máriapócs (pronounced Poach ), from where it was transferred to Vienna. The picture shows the Virgin Mary pointing to the child (signifying "He is the way") and the child holding a three-stemmed rose (symbolizing the Holy Trinity ) and wearing a prescient cross from his neck. The 50 x 70 cm icon

836-558: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . St. Stephen%27s Cathedral, Vienna St. Stephen's Cathedral (German: Stephansdom [ˈʃ͡tɛfansˌdoːm] ) is a Roman Catholic church in Vienna, Austria , and the mother church of the Archdiocese of Vienna . It is the seat of the Archbishop of Vienna , Christoph Schönborn . The current Romanesque and Gothic form of

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912-529: Is commemorated each year by a rare ringing of the Pummerin bell for three minutes in the evening. In 1304, King Albert I ordered a Gothic three- nave choir to be constructed east of the church, wide enough to meet the tips of the old transepts . Under his son Duke Albert II , work continued on the Albertine choir, which was consecrated in 1340 on the 77th anniversary of the previous consecration. The middle nave

988-712: Is composed of two triptychs , the upper being four times taller than the lower one. When the lower panels are opened, the Gothic grate of the former reliquary depot above the altar is revealed. On weekdays, the four panels are closed and display a drab painted scene involving 72 saints. On Sundays, the panels are opened showing gilded wooden figures depicting events in the life of the Virgin Mary . Restoration began on its 100th anniversary, in 1985 and took 20 years, 10 art restorers, 40,000 man-hours, and €1.3 million to complete, primarily because its large surface area of 100 square metres (1,100 sq ft). The Maria Pötsch Icon ( MP )

1064-428: Is investigating a process that would impregnate the cavities within the stone with something that would keep water from having a place to infiltrate. The most visible current repair project is a multi-year renovation of the tall south tower, for which scaffolding has been installed. Fees from advertising on the netting around the scaffolding were defraying some of the costs of the work, but the concept of such advertising

1140-555: Is largely dedicated to St. Stephen and All Saints , while the north and south nave, are dedicated to St. Mary and the Apostles respectively. Duke Rudolf IV, the Founder , Albert II's son, expanded the choir again to increase the religious clout of Vienna. On 7 April 1359, Rudolf IV laid the cornerstone for a westward Gothic extension of the Albertine choir in the vicinity of the present south tower. This expansion would eventually encapsulate

1216-432: Is so steep that it is sufficiently cleaned by the rain alone and is seldom covered by snow. Composer Ludwig van Beethoven discovered the totality of his deafness when he saw birds flying out of the bell tower as a result of the bells' tolling but could not hear the bells. St. Stephen's Cathedral has 22 bells in total. The largest is officially named for St. Mary , but usually called Pummerin ("Boomer") and hangs in

1292-408: Is thought more likely to be the carver. So that the local language sermon could be better heard by the worshipers in the days before microphones and loudspeakers, the pulpit stands against a pillar out in the nave , instead of in the chancel at the front of the church. The sides of the pulpit erupt like stylized petals from the stem supporting it. On those Gothic petals are relief portraits of

1368-509: The Battle of Vienna in 1683, it served as the main observation and command post for the defence of the walled city, and it even contains an apartment for the watchmen who, until 1955, manned the tower at night and rang the bells if a fire was spotted in the city. At the tip of the tower stands the double-eagle imperial emblem with the Habsburg-Lorraine coat of arms on its chest, surmounted by

1444-706: The Elector of the Palatinate to form a league against him. Aided by the Imperial cities , however, he soon crushed the rising. Albert was on the way to suppress a revolt in Swabia when he was murdered on 1 May 1308, at Windisch on the Reuss , by his nephew Duke John , afterwards called "the Parricide" or "John Parricida". His full name and titles were: Albert, by the grace of God, King of

1520-513: The Franciscan friar under an extravagant sunburst, trampling on a beaten Turk. This was the original cathedral's main pulpit inside until it was replaced by Niclaes Gerhaert van Leyden's pulpit in 1515. A figure of Christ (at location CT ) is known affectionately to the Viennese as "Christ with a toothache" ( de:Zahnwehherrgott ). At the southwest corner (location S ) are various memorials from when

1596-604: The Prince-electors , fearing Albert's power and the implementation of a hereditary monarchy , chose Count Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg as King of the Romans . An uprising among his Styrian dependents compelled Albert to recognize the sovereignty of his rival and to confine himself for a time to the government of the Habsburg lands at Vienna . He did not abandon his hopes of the throne, however, which were eventually realised: In 1298, he

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1672-546: The Zentralfriedhof . The Ducal Crypt located under the chancel holds 78 bronze containers with the bodies, hearts, or viscera of 72 members of the Habsburg dynasty. Before his death in 1365, Duke Rudolf IV ordered the crypt built for his remains in the new cathedral he commissioned. By 1754, the small rectangular chamber was overcrowded with 12 sarcophagi and 39 urns, so the area was expanded with an oval chamber added to

1748-535: The coats of arms of the City of Vienna and of the Republic of Austria are depicted. In 1945, fire caused by World War II damage to nearby buildings leapt to the north tower of the cathedral and destroyed the wooden framework of the roof. Replicating the original bracing for so large a roof (it rises 38 metres above the floor) would have been cost-prohibitive, so over 600 metric tons of steel bracing were used instead. The roof

1824-469: The 1945 fire, Michael Kauffmann finished a large electric action pipe organ in 1960 with 125 stops and 4 manuals, financed with public donations. In 1991, the Austrian firm of Rieger rebuilt the choir organ. It is a mechanical organ, with 56 voices and 4 manuals. The Kauffmann organ at the west end was only used for about 35 years before falling into disuse. In 2017-2020 the Austrian firm of Rieger rebuilt

1900-541: The 1945 fire. The new bell has a diameter of 3.14 metres (10.3 ft) and was a gift from the province of Upper Austria . It sounds on only a few special occasions each year, including the arrival of the new year. Also in this tower are two (formerly three) older bells that are no longer used: Kleine Glocke ("small bell") (62 kilograms (137 lb)) cast around 1280; Speisglocke ("dinner bell") (240 kilograms (530 lb)) cast in 1746; and Zügenglocke ("processions bell") (65 kilograms (143 lb)) cast in 1830. However,

1976-472: The Austrian and Styrian duchies with conspicuous success, overcoming the resistance by local nobles. King Rudolf I was unable to secure the succession to the German throne for his son, especially due to the objections raised by Ottokar's son King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia , and the plans to install Albert as successor of the assassinated King Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1290 also failed. Upon Rudolf's death in 1291,

2052-412: The Giant's Door, are the oldest parts of the church. The glory of St. Stephen's Cathedral is its ornately patterned, richly coloured roof, 111 metres (364 ft) long, and covered by 230,000 glazed tiles . Above the choir on the south side of the building the tiles form a mosaic of the double-headed eagle that is symbolic of the empire ruled from Vienna by the Habsburg dynasty. On the north side,

2128-412: The Gothic extension of the Albertine choir, Rudolf IV disregarded St. Stephen's status as a mere parish church and presumptuously established a chapter of canons befitting a large cathedral. This move was only the first step in fulfilling Vienna's long-held desire to obtain its own diocese ; in 1469, Emperor Frederick III prevailed upon Pope Paul II to grant Vienna its own bishop, to be appointed by

2204-622: The Kleine Glocke was restored at the Grassmayr foundry in Innsbruck in 2017 and rehung in the North Roman Tower. A peal of eleven electrically operated bells, cast in 1960, hangs in the soaring south tower. Replacements for other ancient bells also lost in the 1945 fire, they are used during Masses at the cathedral: four are used for an ordinary Mass; the quantity increases to as many as ten for

2280-567: The Muslim armies that still controlled much of Hungary. Upon its arrival after a triumphal five-month journey in 1697, Empress Eleonora Magdalena commissioned the splendid Rosa Mystica oklad and framework (now one of several) for it, and the Emperor personally ordered the icon placed near the High Altar in the front of the church, where it stood prominently from 1697 until 1945. Since then, it has been in

2356-565: The Romans, Duke of Austria and Styria, Lord of Carniola , over the Wendish Mark and of Port Naon , Count of Habsburg and Kyburg , Landgrave of Alsace . In 1274, Albert had married Elizabeth , daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tyrol , who was a descendant of the Babenberg margraves of Austria who predated the Habsburgs' rule. The baptismal name Leopold, patron saint margrave of Austria ,

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2432-511: The abbey was closed in 1786 as part of Emperor Joseph II's anti-clerical reforms. It was then sent to the Cistercian monastery of St. Bernard of Clairvaux (founded by Emperor Frederick III) in the city of Wiener Neustadt , and finally sold in 1885 to St. Stephen's Cathedral when the Wiener Neustadt monastery was closed after merging with Heiligenkreuz Abbey . The Wiener Neustädter Altar

2508-428: The ancient cathedral have now been made so that a digital 3-dimensional virtual model of the cathedral now exists in its computers, and detailed modern plans can be output at will. When weathered stonework needs to be repaired or replaced, the computerized system can create life-sized models to guide the nine full-time stonemasons on staff in the on-site workshops against the north wall of the cathedral. On 29 March 2014,

2584-512: The area outside the cathedral was a cemetery, as well as a recently restored 15th-century sundial on a flying buttress . The main part of the church contains 18 altars , with more in the various chapels. The High Altar ( HA ) and the Wiener Neustadt Altar (German: Wiener Neustädter Altar ) ( WNA ) are the most famous. The first focal point of any visitor is the distant High Altar, built over seven years from 1641 to 1647 as part of

2660-507: The authority of the pope alone to bestow the Imperial crown, and promised that none of his sons should be elected German king without papal consent. Albert had failed in his attempt to seize the counties of Holland and Zeeland , as vacant fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire , on the death of Count John I in 1299, but in 1306 he secured the crown of Bohemia for his son Rudolph III on the death of King Wenceslaus III . He also renewed

2736-454: The building to their original white. Standing at 136 meters (446 ft) tall and affectionately referred to by the city's inhabitants as "Steffl" (a diminutive form of "Stephen"), St. Stephen's Cathedral's massive south tower is its highest point and a dominant feature of the Vienna skyline. Its construction lasted 65 years, from 1368 to 1433. During the Siege of Vienna in 1529 and again during

2812-501: The catacombs (which may be toured). The basement of the cathedral also hosts the Bishops, Provosts and Ducal crypts. The most recent interment in the Bishop's crypt completed in 1952 under the south choir was that of 98-year-old Cardinal Franz König in 2004. Provosts of the cathedral are buried in another chamber. Other members of the cathedral chapter are now buried in a special section at

2888-472: The cathedral and their names usually recall their original uses: Feuerin ("fire alarm" but now used as a call to evening prayers) cast in 1879; Kantnerin (calling the cantors (musicians) to Mass); Feringerin (used for High Mass on Sundays); Bieringerin ("beer ringer" for last call at taverns); Poor Souls (the funeral bell); Churpötsch (donated by the local curia in honour of the Maria Pötsch icon in

2964-458: The cathedral), and Kleine Glocke (cast in 1280 and is the oldest bell in the cathedral). The 1945 fire destroyed the bells that hung in the south Roman Tower. During the Middle Ages, major cities had their own set of measures and the public availability of these standards allowed visiting merchants to comply with local regulations. The official Viennese ell length standards for verifying

3040-460: The cathedral). The construction of Emperor Frederick's tomb spanned over 45 years, starting 25 years before his death. The impressive sarcophagus is made of the unusually dense red marble -like stone found at the Adnet quarry. Carved by Niclaes Gerhaert van Leyden , the tomb lid shows Emperor Frederick in his coronation regalia surrounded by the coats of arms of all of his dominions. The body of

3116-461: The cathedral, seen today in the Stephansplatz , was largely initiated by Duke Rudolf IV (1339–1365) and stands on the ruins of two earlier churches, the first a parish church consecrated in 1147. The most important religious building in Vienna, St. Stephen's Cathedral has borne witness to many important events in Habsburg and Austrian history and has, with its multi-coloured tile roof, become one of

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3192-451: The church during the winter. Previous systems, including fireplaces, just deposited soot and grease on the artwork, but the new system uses apparatus in many different locations so that there is little moving airflow to carry damaging particles. The church is now heated to around 10 °C (50 °F). Some of the architectural drawings date from the Middle Ages and are on paper 15 ft long and too fragile to handle. Laser measurements of

3268-712: The church. Inside the cathedral are the tombs of Prince Eugene of Savoy ( PES ), commander of the Imperial forces during the War of the Spanish Succession in the Chapel of The Cross (northwest corner of the cathedral) and of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor ( Fr3 ), under whose reign the Diocese of Vienna was canonically erected on 18 January 1469, in the Apostles' Choir (southeast corner of

3344-402: The city walls, the new parish church was in actuality likely built on an ancient cemetery dating to Ancient Roman times; excavations for a heating system in 2000 revealed graves 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) below the surface, which were carbon-dated to the 4th century. This discovery suggests that an even older religious building on this site predated the St. Rupert's Church , which is considered

3420-461: The city's most recognizable symbols. It has 256 stairs from the top to the bottom By the middle of the 12th century, Vienna had become an important centre of German civilization, and the four existing churches, including only one parish church, no longer met the town's religious needs. In 1137, Bishop of Passau Reginmar and Margrave Leopold IV signed the Treaty of Mautern, which referred to Vienna as

3496-614: The claim made by his predecessor, Adolf, on Thuringia, and interfered in a quarrel over the succession to the Hungarian throne. The Thuringian attack ended in Albert's defeat at the Battle of Lucka in 1307 and, in the same year, the death of his son Rudolph weakened his position in eastern Europe. His action in abolishing all tolls established on the Rhine since 1250 led the Rhenish prince-archbishops and

3572-418: The east end of the rectangular one. In 1956, the two chambers were renovated and their contents rearranged. The sarcophagi of Duke Rudolf IV and his wife were placed upon a pedestal and the 62 urns containing organs were moved from the two rows of shelves around the new chamber to cabinets in the original one. St Stephen's Cathedral has an old organ tradition. The first organ is mentioned in 1334. After

3648-429: The emperor. Despite long-standing resistance by the Bishops of Passau, who did not wish to lose control of the area, the Diocese of Vienna was canonically established on 18 January 1469, with St. Stephen's Cathedral as its mother church. In 1722 during the reign of Emperor Charles VI , Pope Innocent XIII elevated the see to an archbishopric. During World War II, the cathedral was saved from intentional destruction at

3724-465: The entirety of the old church, and in 1430, the edifice of the old church was removed from within as work progressed on the new cathedral. The south tower was completed in 1433, and vaulting of the nave took place from 1446 to 1474. The foundation for a north tower was laid in 1450, and construction began under master Lorenz Spenning , but its construction was abandoned when major work on the cathedral ceased in 1511. In 1365, just six years after beginning

3800-417: The era of Gothic cathedrals was nearing its end, and construction was halted in 1511. In 1578, the tower-stump was augmented with a Renaissance cap, nicknamed the "water tower top" by the Viennese. The tower now stands at 68 metres (223 ft) tall, roughly half the height of the south tower. The main entrance to the church is named the Giant's Door, or Riesentor , possibly referring to the thighbone of

3876-485: The fabric of the medieval cathedral has been a continuous process at St. Stephen's Cathedral since its original construction in 1147. The porous limestone is subject to weathering, but coating it with a sealer like silicone would simply trap moisture inside the stone and cause it to crack faster when the water freezes. The permanent Dombauhütte (Construction Department) uses the latest scientific techniques (including laser cleaning of delicate features on stonework), and

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3952-728: The first German monarch from the House of Habsburg , invested him and his younger brother Rudolf II with the duchies of Austria and Styria , which he had seized from late King Ottokar II of Bohemia and defended in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld . By the 1283 Treaty of Rheinfelden his father entrusted Albert with their sole government, while Rudolf II ought to be compensated by the Further Austrian Habsburg home territories – which, however, never happened until his death in 1290. Albert and his Swabian ministeriales appear to have ruled

4028-441: The first refurbishment of the cathedral in the baroque style. The altar was built by Tobias Pock at the direction of Vienna's Bishop Philipp Friedrich Graf Breuner with marble from Poland , Styria and Tyrol . The High Altar represents the stoning of the church's patron St. Stephen . It is framed by figures of patron saints from the surrounding areas – Saints Leopold , Florian , Sebastian and Rochus – and surmounted with

4104-508: The first time in 1685 by the Canon Testarello della Massa in his book Beschreibung der ansehnlichen und berühmten St. Stephans-Domkirchen . A memorial tablet (near location SJC on the Plan below) gives a detailed account of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's relationship with the cathedral, including the fact that he had been appointed an adjunct music director here shortly before his death. This

4180-529: The four original Doctors of the Church (St. Augustine of Hippo , St. Ambrose , St. Gregory the Great and St. Jerome ), each of them in one of four different temperaments and in one of four different stages of life. The handrail of the stairway curving its way around the pillar from ground level to the pulpit has fantastic decorations of toads and lizards biting each other, symbolizing the fight of good against evil. At

4256-520: The hands of retreating German forces when Wehrmacht Captain Gerhard Klinkicht disregarded orders from the city commandant, "Sepp" Dietrich , to "fire a hundred shells and reduce it to rubble". On 12 April 1945, civilian looters lit fires in nearby shops as Soviet Army troops entered the city. The winds carried the fire to the cathedral, where it severely damaged the roof, causing it to collapse. Fortunately, protective brick shells built around

4332-542: The icon's installation in the Stephansdom. The residents of Pócs wanted their holy miracle-working painting returned, but the emperor sent them a copy instead. Since then, the copy has been reported to weep real tears and work miracles, so the village changed its name from merely Pócs to Máriapócs and has become an important pilgrimage site. The stone pulpit is a masterwork of late Gothic sculpture. Long attributed to Anton Pilgram , today Niclaes Gerhaert van Leyden

4408-503: The measure of different types of cloth sold are embedded in the cathedral wall, to the left of the main entrance. The linen ell , also called Viennese yard , (89.6 centimetres (35.3 in)) and the drapery ell (77.6 centimetres (30.6 in)) length standards consist of two iron bars. According to Franz Twaroch, the ratio between the linen ell and the drapery ell is exactly 3 / 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}/2} . The Viennese ells are mentioned for

4484-591: The north tower. At 20,130 kilograms (44,380 lb), it is the largest in Austria and the second-largest swinging bell in Europe after the 23,500 kilograms (51,800 lb) Peter in Cologne Cathedral ). Originally cast in 1711 from cannons captured from the Muslim invaders by bell founder Johann Achammer, it was recast (partly from its original metal) in 1951 after crashing onto the floor when its wooden cradle burned during

4560-531: The oldest church in Vienna. Founded in 1137 following the Treaty of Mautern, the partially constructed Romanesque church was solemnly dedicated in 1147 to Saint Stephen in the presence of Conrad III of Germany , Bishop Otto of Freising , and other German nobles who were about to embark on the Second Crusade . Although the first structure was completed in 1160, major reconstruction and expansion lasted until 1511, and repair and restoration projects continue to

4636-447: The present day. From 1230 to 1245, the initial Romanesque structure was extended westward; the present-day west wall and Romanesque towers date from this period. In 1258, however, a great fire destroyed much of the original building, and a larger replacement structure, also Romanesque in style and reusing the two towers, was constructed over the ruins of the old church and consecrated 23 April 1263. The anniversary of this second consecration

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4712-599: The princes in order to enforce his decrees. The serfs, whose wrongs seldom attracted notice in an age indifferent to the claims of common humanity, found a friend in this severe monarch, and he protected even the despised and persecuted Jews. Stories of his cruelty and oppression in the Swiss cantons (cf. William Tell ) did not appear until the 16th century, and are now regarded as legendary. Albert sought to play an important part in European affairs. He seemed at first inclined to press

4788-508: The pulpit, Frederick III's tomb, and other treasures, minimized damage to the most valuable artworks. However, the Rollinger choir stalls, carved in 1487, could not be saved. Reconstruction began immediately after the war, with a limited reopening 12 December 1948 and a full reopening 23 April 1952. The church was dedicated to St. Stephen, also the patron of the bishop's cathedral in Passau , and so

4864-434: The tomb has 240 statues and is a glory of medieval sculptural art. When the charnel house and eight cemeteries abutting the cathedral's side and back walls closed due to an outbreak of bubonic plague in 1735, the bones within them were moved to the catacombs below the church. Burials directly in the catacombs occurred until 1783 when a new law forbade most burials within the city. The remains of over 11,000 persons are in

4940-403: The top of the stairs, a stone puppy protects the preacher from intruders. Beneath the stairs is one of the most beloved symbols of the cathedral: a stone self-portrait of the unknown sculptor gawking (German: gucken ) out of a window (German: fenster ) and thus famously known as the Fenstergucker . The chisel in the subject's hand, and the stonemason 's signature mark on the shield above

5016-436: The towers derives from the fact that they were constructed from the rubble of old structures built by the Romans (German Heiden meaning heathens or pagans ) during their occupation of the area. Square at the base and octagonal above the roofline, the Heidentürme originally housed bells; those in the south tower were lost during World War II, but the north tower remains an operational bell tower. The Roman Towers, together with

5092-462: The west end (Riesenorgel) organ using the 1960 facade and some old pipework and this resulted in an organ of 5 manuals with 130 stops. The choir organ has its own console but there is a separate console, built 2017-2020 and comprising 5 manuals with 185 stops, from which the Riesenorgel and choir organ can be played at the same time. In addition to the Riesenorgel and choir organ the Cathedral also has 3 smaller instruments. Preservation and repair of

5168-498: The window led to the speculation that it could be a self-portrait of the sculptor. There are several formal chapels in St. Stephen's Cathedral: Since its earliest days, the cathedral has been surrounded by cemeteries dating back to Roman times, and has sheltered the bodies of nobles and commoners. It has always been an honour to be buried inside a church, close to the physical presence of the saints whose relics are preserved there. Those less honoured were buried near, but outside,

5244-473: Was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination. He was the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg . Sometimes referred to as 'Albert the One-eyed' because of a battle injury that left him with a hollow eye socket and a permanent snarl. From 1273 Albert ruled as a landgrave over his father's Swabian ( Further Austrian ) possessions in Alsace . In 1282 his father,

5320-437: Was chosen German king by some of the princes, who were bothered about Adolf's attempts to gain his own power bases in the lands of Thuringia and Meissen , again led by the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II. The armies of the rival kings met at the Battle of Göllheim near Worms , where Adolf was defeated and slain. Submitting to a new election but securing the support of several influential princes by making extensive promises, he

5396-401: Was chosen at the Imperial City of Frankfurt on 27 July 1298, and crowned at Aachen Cathedral on 24 August. Although a hard, stern man, Albert had a keen sense of justice when his own interests were not involved, and few of the German kings possessed so practical an intelligence. He encouraged the cities, and not content with issuing proclamations against private war, formed alliances with

5472-548: Was commissioned in 1676 from painter István Papp by László Csigri upon his release as a prisoner of war from the Turks who were invading Hungary at the time. As Csigri was unable to pay the 6- forint fee the icon was bought by Lőrinc Hurta who donated it to the church of Pócs. After claims of two miraculous incidents in 1696 with the mother in the picture allegedly shedding real tears, Emperor Leopold I ordered it brought to St. Stephen's Cathedral, where it would be safe from

5548-566: Was controversial and has been discontinued. As of December 2008, the majority of the restoration on the south tower has been finished, and most scaffolding removed. Systematic cleaning of the interior is gradually proceeding around the walls, and an outdoor relief of Christ in Gethsemane is being restored. A major project has been recently completed for which visitors and worshippers in St. Stephen's Cathedral had been waiting since 1147: better heating of

5624-465: Was given to one of their sons. Queen Elizabeth was in fact better connected to mighty German rulers than her husband: she was a descendant of earlier German kings, including Emperor Henry IV ; she was also a niece of the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria , Austria's important neighbor. Albert and Elizabeth had twelve children: The poem [REDACTED] A Monarch's Death-bed ., by Felicia Hemans recalls

5700-679: Was his parish church when he lived at the "Figaro House" and he was married here, two of his children were baptised here, and his funeral was held in the Chapel of the Cross (at location PES ) inside. Adjacent to the catacomb entrance is the Capistran Chancel, the pulpit (now outdoors at location SJC ) from which St. John Capistrano and Hungarian general John Hunyadi preached a crusade in 1456 to repel Muslim invasions of Christian Europe. (See: Siege of Belgrade ). The 18th century Baroque statue shows

5776-465: Was oriented toward the sunrise on his feast day of 26 December, as the position stood in the year that construction began. Built of limestone , the cathedral is 107 metres (351 ft) long, 40 metres (130 ft) wide, and 136 metres (446 ft) tall at its highest point. Over the centuries, soot and other forms of air pollution accumulating on the church have given it a black colour, but recent restoration projects have again returned some portions of

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