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98-471: Before the establishment of Shimabara, earlier courtesan districts were established: first Second street willow town ( 二条柳町 ) in nijō made no kōji ( 二条万里小路 ) in 1589, with the permission of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , which was moved to Sixth street ( 六条 ) when the Edo period started, which was then moved to Shimabara in 1640/41. Shimabara was established in 1640 for a brothel owned by Hara Saburoemon and

196-401: A machiya consists of two doors. The ō-do ( 大戸 , lit.   ' big door ' ) was generally used only to transport goods, or large objects, into the building, while the smaller kugurido ( 潜り戸 ) , or 'side door', was for normal, everyday use, i.e. for people to enter and exit. Machiya often contain small courtyard gardens. Machiya communities can be compared to

294-961: A sword hunt to confiscate arms. The swords were melted down to create a statue of the Buddha . This measure effectively stopped peasant revolts, and ensured greater stability at the expense of freedom of the individual daimyō . In 1590, Hideyoshi carried out the Odawara Campaign against the Hōjō clan in the Kantō region . This was the first battle that involved the alliance between Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu . Hideyoshi's army of 220,000 men surrounded Odawara Castle and its 82,000-strong Hōjō garrison, in what has been called "the most unconventional siege lines in samurai history". The samurai were entertained by everything from concubines, prostitutes, and musicians to acrobats , fire-eaters, and jugglers . The defenders slept on

392-500: A claimant to daimyo of the Nanbu clan , launched a rebellion against his rival Nanbu Nobunao which spread across Mutsu Province. Nobunao was backed by Hideyoshi, who along with sent a large army into the Tōhoku region in mid-1591 which quickly defeated the rebels. Hideyoshi's army arrived at Kunohe Castle in early September. Masazane, outnumbered, surrendered Kunohe Castle and was executed with

490-556: A craft contributed greatly to a sense of community among fellow textile merchants in this area. Machiya , despite their status as part of Japan's cultural heritage, have undergone rapid decline in numbers in recent decades, with many being demolished in order to provide space for new buildings. Many reasons for this decline exist; machiya are considered to be difficult and expensive to maintain, are subject to greater risk of damage from fires or earthquakes than modern buildings, and are considered old-fashioned and outdated by some. In

588-589: A desire to compartmentalize certain types of activity within the cities. Kabuki and jōruri theatres, and other related entertainment establishments were similarly controlled. When geisha subsequently developed in the mid-1700s, some operated in Shimabara, and hence it also became a hanamachi (geisha district). The Meiji restoration and resulting move of the imperial court to Tokyo caused economic difficulties to many traditional businesses in Kyoto that catered to

686-554: A final assault. While Hideyoshi's battle at Sacheon led by Shimazu Yoshihiro was a major Japanese victory, all three parties to the war were exhausted. He told his commander in Korea, "Don't let my soldiers become spirits in a foreign land.". Toyotomi Hideyoshi died at Fushimi Castle on September 18, 1598 ( Keichō 3, 18th day of the 8th month). His last words, delivered to his closest daimyō and generals, were "I depend upon you for everything. I have no other thoughts to leave behind. It

784-449: A governmental system that balanced out the most powerful Japanese warlords (or daimyō ). A council was created to include the most influential lords. At the same time, a regent was designated to be in command. Machiya Machiya ( 町屋 / 町家 ) are traditional wooden townhouses found throughout Japan and typified in the historical capital of Kyoto . Machiya ('townhouses') and nōka ('farm dwellings') constitute

882-492: A half or two stories high, occasionally stretching to three stories. The front of the building traditionally served as the retail or shop space, known as mise no ma ( 店の間 , lit.   ' shop space ' ) , typically having sliding or folding shutters that could open to display goods and wares. The plot's width was traditionally an index of wealth, and typical machiya plots would be just 5.4 to 6 metres (18 to 20 ft) wide but 20 metres (66 ft) deep, leading to

980-609: A heavy blow. Ieyasu and Hideyoshi never fought against each other in person, but the former managed to check the advance of the latter's allies. After Hideyoshi and Ieyasu heard the news of Ikeda Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi 's deaths, both withdrew their troops. Later, Hideyoshi made peace with Nobukatsu and Ieyasu, ending the pretext for war between the Tokugawa and Hashiba clans. Hideyoshi sent his younger sister Asahi no kata and mother Ōmandokoro to Tokugawa Ieyasu as hostages. Like Oda Nobunaga before him, Hideyoshi never achieved

1078-476: A leader was about to be murdered on one occasion (later on the way back to their home, he was assassinated), while on another a member of the force slashed at the pillars out of anger pressed for delinquent payment, leaving three gouges, which remain to this day. Conversely, it was used by reformers such as Saigō Takamori for fund-raising parties. While Sumiya was originally an ageya (pleasure house), where guests were entertained by tayū and oiran , by

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1176-603: A long relationship with tea master Sen no Rikyū , which eventually soured leading to Hideyoshi ordering Sen no Rikyū to commit suicide. The exact reason is disputed. Inspired by the dazzling Golden Pavilion in Kyoto , he had the Golden Tea Room constructed, which was covered with gold leaf and lined inside with red gossamer. Using this mobile innovation, he was able to practice the tea ceremony wherever he went, displaying his power and status at all times. Politically, he set up

1274-639: A secret route into Mount Inaba , after which much of the local garrison surrendered. In 1564, Hideyoshi found success as a negotiator. He managed to convince a number of Mino warlords to desert the Saitō clan , mostly with liberal bribes. This included the Saitō clan's strategist, Takenaka Shigeharu . Nobunaga's easy victory at the siege of Inabayama Castle in 1567 was largely due to Hideyoshi's efforts, and despite his peasant origins, in 1568 Hideyoshi became one of Nobunaga's most distinguished generals, eventually taking

1372-471: A side corridor. There are two smaller middle rooms, and the highest-ranked room is in the back, away from the street and overlooking the garden, separated from the livelier party below. In the past this provided a view of the western mountains and Arashiyama , though it is now blocked by the JR line and, hence, covered by trees. This high-ranked room is decorated in mother-of-pearl inlay, in a Chinese-inspired style that

1470-643: A sign of goodwill. In 1582, Hideyoshi began construction of Osaka Castle . Built on the site of the temple Ishiyama Hongan-ji , which was destroyed by Nobunaga , construction was completed in 1597. The castle would become the last stronghold of the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. In late 1582, Hideyoshi was in a very strong position. He summoned the powerful daimyō to Kiyosu Castle so that they could determine Nobunaga's heir. Oda Nobukatsu and Oda Nobutaka quarreled, causing Hideyoshi to instead choose Nobunaga's infant grandson Oda Hidenobu . Having won

1568-452: A stipend is provided by the city government to the owners of the machiya to help support the upkeep of the building. Many of these restored buildings serve, at least in part, as community centers. Iori, a company founded by art collector, writer, and cultural activist Alex Kerr in 2004 to save old machiya , owns a number of machiya which it restored, maintains, and rents to travelers. The company's main office, itself located in

1666-482: A survey conducted in 2003, over 50% of machiya residents noted that it is financially difficult to maintain a machiya . Between 1993 and 2003, over 13% of the machiya in Kyoto were demolished. Roughly forty percent of those demolished were replaced with new modern houses, and another 40% were replaced with high-rise apartment buildings, parking lots, or modern-style commercial shops Of those machiya remaining, over 80% have suffered significant losses to

1764-591: Is known for certain about Toyotomi Hideyoshi before 1570, when he begins to appear in surviving documents and letters. His autobiography starts in 1577, but in it, Hideyoshi spoke very little about his past. According to tradition, Hideyoshi was born on 16 February 1537 according to the lunar Japanese calendar (17 March 1537 according to the Julian calendar ; 27 March 1537 ( Proleptic Gregorian calendar )) in Nakamura , Owari Province (present-day Nakamura Ward , Nagoya ), in

1862-577: Is mostly a tourist attraction and historical site; two teahouses remain, conserved as Cultural Assets: the Sumiya ( 角屋 ) , established in 1641, and the Wachigaiya ( 輪違屋 ) , established in 1688. The main gate at the east and the two tea houses (Wachigaiya and Sumiya) form the three main attractions; though a few additional sights remain – a shrine, a historical ginkgo tree (and associated shrine), and stone markers (seven in all), mostly indicating ruins (such as

1960-493: Is not open to the public. Shimabara is located in what is now the ward of Shimogyō-ku , on a short stretch of Hanayachō Street ( 花屋町通 ) , which runs east-west. Starting from Omiya Street ( 大宮通 ) (just west of the north side of the temple of Nishi Honganji ) and going west, there is first a stretch of shops on Shimabara shopping street ( 嶋原商店街 , Shimabara Shōtengai ) , then past Mibugawa street ( 壬生川通 , Mibugawa-dōri ) Hanayachō goes slightly south, then one reaches

2058-510: Is open on a walk-up basis, while the second floor requires advance registration for guided tours (in Japanese) given a few times per day. The first floor of the museum features a large back garden, a small inner garden, three tea houses, a large banquet hall facing the back garden (the pine room ( matsu-no-ma ) ) that could fit up to 100 people (main location where parties were held), a smaller banquet hall (the wicker room ( ajiro-no-ma ) ) facing

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2156-622: Is sad to part from you." His death was kept secret by the Council of Five Elders to preserve morale, and they ordered Japanese forces in Korea to return to Japan. According to the Tokugawa Jikki record, Hideyoshi held a secret meeting with Koide Hidemasa and Katagiri Katsumoto where he shared his regret of launching invasions of Korea. Hideyoshi also instructed Hidemasa and Katsumoto to guide Hideyori into making an alliance with Ieyasu, as he predicted

2254-467: Is today Saga Prefecture , on Kyūshū , Hideyoshi memorised the shite (lead role) parts of ten Noh plays, which he then performed, forcing various daimyō to accompany him onstage as the waki (secondary, accompanying role). He even performed before the emperor. The Kunohe rebellion , an insurrection that occurred in Mutsu Province from 13 March to 4 September 1591, began when Kunohe Masazane ,

2352-406: The hutong s of Beijing . Small neighborhoods made up of closely grouped homes organized on both sides of a narrow street, sometimes with small alleyways ( roji ( 路地 ) ) in between the homes, help to create a strong sense of community. In addition, many areas were traditionally defined by a single craft or product. The Nishijin neighborhood, for example, is famous for its textiles; sharing

2450-482: The Machiya Machizukuri Fund, was established in 2005 with the backing of a Tokyo-based benefactor. The group works alongside individual machiya owners to restore their buildings and to have them designated as "Structures of Scenic Importance" ( 景観重要建造物 , keikan jūyō kenzōbutsu ) ; under this designation, the structures are protected from demolition without the permission of the mayor of Kyoto, and

2548-479: The machiya . Machiya also provided space for costumes, decorations, portable shrines ( omikoshi ( 御神輿 ) ), floats, and other things needed for the festival, as well as hosting spectators along the festival's parade route. The design of a machiya was also well-suited for the climate of Kyoto; with cold winters and often exceedingly-hot, humid summers, multiple layers of sliding doors ( fusuma and shōji ) could be added or removed to moderate

2646-528: The de facto leader of Japan and acquired the prestigious positions of daijō-daijin and kampaku by the mid-1580s. Hideyoshi launched the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592 to initial success, but eventual military stalemate damaged his prestige before his death in 1598. Hideyoshi's young son and successor Toyotomi Hideyori was displaced by Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 which would lead to

2744-472: The Anegakōji clan of Hida while Hideyoshi carried out the siege of Toyama Castle. The Toyama Castle garrison of 20,000, led by Hideyoshi's former ally Sassa Narimasa , tried to defend against Hideyoshi's 100,000 soldiers; in the end, Narimasa's defense was shattered, opening the way for Toyotomi's supremacy over Etchū Province and Hida Province . In 1586 Hideyoshi conquered Kyūshū , wresting control from

2842-569: The Battle of Anegawa to lay siege to two fortresses of the Azai and Asakura clans, and Hideyoshi was assigned to lead Oda troops into open battle for the first time. In 1573, after victorious campaigns against the Azai and Asakura, Nobunaga appointed Hideyoshi daimyō of three districts in the northern part of Ōmi Province . Initially, Hideyoshi stayed at the former Azai headquarters at Odani Castle , but moved to Kunitomo town and renamed it " Nagahama " in tribute to Nobunaga. Hideyoshi later moved to

2940-631: The Battle of Nagashino against the Takeda clan . In 1576, he took part in the Siege of Mitsuji , part of the eleven-year Ishiyama Hongan-ji War . Later, Nobunaga sent Hideyoshi to Himeji Castle to conquer the Chūgoku region from the Mori clan . Hideyoshi then fought in the Battle of Tedorigawa (1577), the siege of Miki (1578), the siege of Tottori (1581) and the siege of Takamatsu (1582). On June 21, 1582, during

3038-477: The Battle of Shizugatake in the following year, Hideyoshi destroyed Katsuie's forces. Hideyoshi had thus consolidated his own power, dealt with most of the Oda clan, and now controlled some 30 provinces. In 1584, Nobukatsu allied himself with Tokugawa Ieyasu , and the two sides fought at the inconclusive Battle of Komaki and Nagakute . This ultimately resulted in a stalemate, although Hideyoshi's forces were delivered

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3136-561: The Hōjō clan and the Uesugi clan invaded Kai and Shinano province when they heard of Nobunaga's death, beginning the Tenshō-Jingo war . When the Oda clan learned of the defeat of Takigawa Kazumasu at the Battle of Kanagawa by the Hōjō clan, Hideyoshi sent a letter to Ieyasu on July 7 giving him authorization to lead military operations to secure the two provinces from the Hōjō and Uesugi clans. As

3234-473: The Sengoku period , it had become common for peasants to become warriors, or for samurai to farm due to the constant uncertainty caused by the lack of centralised government and always tentative peace. Upon taking control, Hideyoshi decreed that all peasants be disarmed completely. Conversely, he required samurai to leave the land and take up residence in the castle towns. This solidified the social class system for

3332-598: The Shimazu clan . Toyotomi Hidenaga , Hideyoshi's half-brother, landed to the south of Bungo province on Kyūshū's eastern coast. Meanwhile, Hideyoshi took his own forces down a more western route, in Chikuzen province . Later that year, with a total of 200,000 soldiers against the 30,000 men of the Shimazu forces, the two brothers met in Satsuma province . They besieged Kagoshima castle ,

3430-648: The Siege of Takamatsu , Oda Nobunaga and his eldest son and heir Nobutada were both killed in the Honnō-ji incident . Their assassination ended Nobunaga's quest to consolidate centralised power in Japan under his authority. Hideyoshi, seeking vengeance for the death of his lord, made peace with the Mōri clan and thirteen days later met Akechi Mitsuhide and defeated him at the Battle of Yamazaki , avenging his Nobunaga and taking Nobunaga's authority and power for himself. Meanwhile,

3528-476: The Tokugawa shogunate to restrict prostitution to designated districts. These districts were Shimabara in Kyoto (established 1640), Shinmachi in Ōsaka (established 1624–1644) and Yoshiwara in Edo (established 1617). These restrictions and controls were designed to control the widespread male and female prostitution of the Edo period (1603–1868). They did not derive from a moral opposition to prostitution but out of

3626-601: The Toyotomi clan castellan Ishida Mitsunari in power. He held the generals in contempt, and they sided with Ieyasu. Hideyori lost the power his father once held, and Ieyasu's power was consolidated when his Eastern Army defeated the Mitsunari's Western Army at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu, who was appointed as a shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate , attacked Osaka Castle twice in 1614 and 1615 (the Siege of Osaka ), forcing Hideyoshi's concubine Yodo-dono and Hideyori to commit suicide, destroying

3724-532: The Toyotomi clan . It is now believed that Hideyoshi's loss of all his adult heirs, leaving only the five-year-old Hideyori as his successor, was the primary reason for the weakening of the Toyotomi regime and its eventual downfall. Toyotomi Hideyoshi changed Japanese society in many ways. These include the imposition of a rigid class structure, restrictions on travel, and surveys of land and production. Class reforms affected commoners and warriors. During

3822-569: The Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan . They included five European Franciscan missionaries , one Mexican Franciscan missionary, three Japanese Jesuits and seventeen Japanese laymen including three young boys. They were tortured, mutilated, and paraded through towns across Japan. On February 5, they were executed in Nagasaki by public crucifixion . After several years of negotiations, broken off because envoys of both sides falsely reported that

3920-574: The Wanli Emperor of Ming China sent an army under general Li Rusong to block the planned Japanese invasion of China and recapture the Korean peninsula. On January 7, 1593, the Ming relief forces recaptured Pyongyang and surrounded Seoul , but Kobayakawa Takakage , Ukita Hideie , Tachibana Muneshige and Kikkawa Hiroie were able to win the Battle of Byeokjegwan north of Seoul, in modern day Goyang City. At

4018-413: The kitchen , also serving as the passage to the rear of the plot, where storehouses known as kura ( 倉/蔵 ) would be found. A hibukuro ( 火袋 ) above the kitchen would serve as a chimney , carrying smoke and heat away, and also serve as a skylight , bringing light into the kitchen. The largest residential room in a machiya , located in the rear of the main building and looking out over

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4116-470: The Edo period. It is the only remaining former ageya (a restaurant and establishment for entertainment in the pleasure quarters) and is the largest machiya in Kyoto. Unlike most machiya , which are generally narrow, Sumiya has a large frontage on the street. This is because it consists of three buildings, purchased over the years. The middle is the oldest, dating to the founding in 1641 (or rather relocation of existing business to Shimabara), while

4214-563: The Imperial Court. He built a lavish palace in 1587, the Jurakudai , and entertained the reigning Emperor Go-Yōzei the following year. Also in 1585, Hideyoshi launched the siege of Negoro-ji and subjugated Kii Province . The Negoro-gumi , the warrior monks of Negoro-ji , were allied with the Ikkō-ikki and with Tokugawa Ieyasu , whom they supported in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute

4312-683: The Shimazu clan's home. The Shimazu surrendered, and Hideyoshi was able to return his attention to the Hōjō clan of Kantō , the last major clan to oppose him. Later in 1587, Hideyoshi banished Christian missionaries from Kyūshū, either to exert greater control over the Kirishitan daimyō or to prohibit human trafficking. Around that time, at least 50,000 Japanese people were sold overseas as slaves, mainly by Portuguese merchants. However, since he did much trade with Europeans, individual Christians were unofficially overlooked. In 1588, Hideyoshi forbade ordinary peasants from owning weapons and started

4410-462: The adopted daughter of Asano Nagakatsu , a descendant of Minamoto no Yorimitsu . Hideyoshi carried out repairs on Sunomata Castle with his younger half-brother, Hashiba Koichirō , along with Hachisuka Masakatsu , and Maeno Nagayasu . Hideyoshi's efforts were well-received because Sunomata was in enemy territory, and according to legend Hideyoshi constructed a fort in Sunomata overnight and discovered

4508-484: The aesthetics of the tea ceremony that had a lasting influence over many aspects of Japanese culture. Even after Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi is said to have built his many construction projects based upon aesthetics promoted by Rikyū. Following Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi turned his attention from tea ceremony to Noh , which he had been studying since becoming Imperial Regent. During his brief stay in Nagoya Castle in what

4606-465: The aristocracy. While the other five hanamachi adapted and have continued to this day, Shimabara entered a slow decline over the following hundred years, finally ceasing as a geisha district in the 1970s, though traditional activities continue at a low level to the present. This decline is largely attributed to Shimabara's isolation — it was originally established on the outskirts of town and remains relatively isolated and inconvenient, compared to

4704-504: The basis for systematic taxation. In 1590, Hideyoshi completed construction of the Osaka Castle , the largest and most formidable in all Japan, to guard the western approaches to Kyoto . In that same year, Hideyoshi banned "unfree labour" or slavery in Japan , but forms of contract and indentured labour persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labour . Hideyoshi also influenced

4802-719: The castle defenders. The Kunohe rebellion was the final battle in Hideyoshi's campaigns during the Sengoku period and completed the unification of Japan. The future stability of the Toyotomi dynasty after Hideyoshi's eventual death was put in doubt with the death of his only son, three-year-old Tsurumatsu, in September 1591. When his half-brother Hidenaga died of illness shortly after, Hideyoshi named his nephew Hidetsugu his heir, adopting him in January 1592. Hideyoshi resigned as kampaku to take

4900-419: The castle), due to the chaotic founding of Shimabara. In the Tokugawa period , it was also called "the licensed quarter" ( go-men no ocho ) or simply "the quarter" to distinguish the higher-class residents within from the unlicensed women who operated throughout the cities. Shimbara was one of the three districts known as yūkaku ( 遊廓、遊郭 , pleasure quarter) established in the major cities of Japan by

4998-413: The east-west axis of Hanayachō (between the two gates), crossed by three north-west streets, and extended one block north and south (to the next east-west cross streets). These four streets were repaved with traditional field stones in the early 2010s, evoking the atmosphere of yesteryear. The actual south boundary slightly further south than the paving zone – there are two close parallel east-west streets at

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5096-977: The end of the first campaign, Japan's entire navy was destroyed by Admiral Yi Sun-sin of Korea, whose base was located in a part of Korea the Japanese could not control. This destroyed Japan's ability to resupply their troops in Seoul, effectively ending the invasion. The birth of Hideyoshi's second son in 1593, Hideyori , created a potential succession problem. To avoid it, Hideyoshi exiled his nephew and current heir Hidetsugu to Mount Kōya for suspected rebellion, and then ordered him to commit suicide in August 1595. Hidetsugu's family members who did not follow his example, including 31 women and several children, were then murdered in Kyoto . In January 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had twenty-six Christians arrested as an example to Japanese who wanted to convert to Christianity . They are known as

5194-571: The founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate . Hideyoshi's rule covers most of the Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japan, partially named after his castle, Momoyama Castle . Hideyoshi left an influential and lasting legacy in Japan, including Osaka Castle , the Tokugawa class system , the restriction on the possession of weapons to the samurai, and the construction and restoration of many temples, some of which are still visible in Kyoto . Very little

5292-507: The front of the building, in which case they are known as degōshi ( 出格子 ) . Normally unpainted, the kōshi of hanamachi (geisha and oiran communities) were frequently painted in bengara ( 紅殻 ) , a vermillion or red ochre color. The façade of the second story of a machiya is generally not made of wood, but of earthwork, with a distinctive style of window known as mushiko mado ( 虫籠窓 , lit.   ' insect cage window ' ) . The main entrance into

5390-417: The garden which separated the main house from the storehouse, was known as the zashiki ( 座敷 ) , and doubled as a reception room for special guests or clients. The sliding doors which made up the walls in a machiya , as in most traditional Japanese buildings, provided a great degree of versatility; doors could be opened and closed or removed entirely to alter the number, size, and shape of rooms to suit

5488-613: The house. The front of a machiya features wooden lattices, or kōshi ( 格子 ) , the styles of which were once indicative of the type of shop the machiya held. Silk or thread shops, rice sellers, okiya ( geisha houses), and liquor stores, among others, each had their own distinctive style of latticework. The types or styles of latticework are still today known by names using shop types, such as itoya-gōshi ( 糸屋格子 , lit.   ' thread shop lattice ' ) or komeya-gōshi ( 米屋格子 , lit.   ' rice shop lattice ' ) . These lattices sometimes jut out from

5586-483: The inner garden, and a vast kitchen, together with exhibits. The back garden contains a racked gravel bed (rock garden) and a trellised (pergola) pine tree (second generation, about 100 years old). There are many details, such as a sword rack and sword chest where katana were checked to prevent violence – guests placed their sword on the rack, and it was then moved to the chest. There are paintings, most significantly Plum Blossoms by Buson, with other colorful paintings in

5684-567: The kanji used to express it. Machiya in Kyoto, sometimes called kyōmachiya ( 京町家/京町屋 ) , formed the defining characteristic of downtown Kyoto architecture for centuries, representing the standard defining form of the machiya throughout the country. The typical Kyoto machiya is a long wooden home with narrow street frontage, stretching deep into the city block and often containing one or more small courtyard gardens , known as tsuboniwa . Machiya incorporate earthen walls and baked tile roofs, and are typically one, one and

5782-422: The late Edo period it was exclusively a restaurant and non-sexual entertainment space. It continued to operate the pine room as an entertainment space until 1985, when it closed after 345 years in business. In 1989 the Sumiya preservation society was founded, and in 1998 the museum opened. Wachigaiya continues to operate as an ochaya – geisha from other districts entertain there, as do tayū – and as such

5880-467: The leader of the warrior class, was because he was of peasant origin. Hideyoshi rose from a peasant background as a retainer of the prominent lord Oda Nobunaga to become one of the most powerful men in Japanese history. Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga after the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582 and continued Nobunaga's campaign to unite Japan that led to the closing of the Sengoku period. Hideyoshi became

5978-563: The main gate ( 大門 , Ōmon ) , where Shimabara proper starts. Proceeding west, Hanayachō ends and the street turns north then west again, where one exits past a marker indicating the ruins of the former west gate, and then faces the JR West Sagano Line (section of Sanin Main Line ). The closest rail station is Tambaguchi Station on the Sagano line. Narrowly speaking, the district is on

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6076-488: The material culture of Japan . He lavished time and money on the Japanese tea ceremony , collecting implements, sponsoring lavish social events, and patronizing acclaimed masters. As interest in the tea ceremony rose among the ruling class, so too did the demand for fine ceramic implements, and during the course of the Korean campaigns, not only were large quantities of prized ceramic ware confiscated but many Korean artisans were forcibly relocated to Japan. Hideyoshi also had

6174-450: The middle of the chaotic Sengoku period under the collapsed Ashikaga Shogunate . Hideyoshi had no traceable samurai lineage, and his father Kinoshita Yaemon was an ashigaru – a peasant employed by the samurai as a foot soldier. Hideyoshi had no surname, and his childhood given name was Hiyoshi-maru ( 日吉丸 ) ("Bounty of the Sun") although variations exist. Yaemon died in 1543 when Hideyoshi

6272-514: The name Hashiba Hideyoshi ( 羽柴 秀吉 ) . The new surname included two characters, one each from Oda's right-hand men Ni wa Nagahide ( 丹 羽 長秀 ) and Shiba ta Katsuie ( 柴 田 勝家 ) , and the new given name included characters from Akechi Mitsu hide ( 明智 光 秀 ) and Mori Yoshi nari ( 森 吉 成 ) . In 1570, Hideyoshi protected Nobunaga's retreat from Azai - Asakura forces at Kanegasaki . Later, in June 1570, Nobunaga allied with Tokugawa Ieyasu at

6370-582: The needs of the moment. Typically, however, the remainder of the building might be arranged to create smaller rooms, including an entrance hall or foyer ( genkan ( 玄関 ) ), butsuma ( 仏間 ) , naka no ma ( 中の間 ) and oku no ma ( 奥の間 ) , both of which mean simply 'central room'. One occasion when rooms would be altered significantly is during the Gion Matsuri , when families would display their family treasures, including byōbu (folding screen) paintings and other artworks and heirlooms in

6468-403: The next 300 years. Furthermore, he ordered comprehensive surveys and a complete census of Japan. Once this was done and all citizens were registered, he required all Japanese to stay in their respective han (fiefs) unless they obtained official permission to go elsewhere. This ensured order in a period when bandits still roamed the countryside and peace was still new. The land surveys formed

6566-414: The nickname unagi no nedoko , or 'eel beds'. Behind the shop space, the remainder of the main building would be divided into the kyoshitsu-bu ( 居室部 , lit.   ' living room ' ) , composed of divided rooms with raised timber floors and tatami mats coverings. Machiya would also feature a doma ( 土間 ) or tōriniwa ( 通り庭 ) , an unfloored earthen service space that contained

6664-401: The nobility class. He was the first person in history to become a Kampaku who was not born a noble. He then passed the position and title of Kampaku to his nephew, Toyotomi Hidetsugu . He remained in power as Taikō ( 太閤 ) , the title of retired Kampaku , until his death. It is believed, but not certain, that the reason he refused or could not obtain the title of shogun ( 征夷大将軍 ) ,

6762-494: The north part was acquired second (1673–80, approximately 30 years after founding), and the south part was acquired last (1787, over 100 years later). The pine great hall burnt down in a small fire in 1925, but the rest of the building is original. Many parts of the compound have been designated as important cultural properties, starting in 1952. It is open about half the year, during the tourist season, from mid-March to mid-July and again mid-September to mid-December. The first floor

6860-569: The opposition had surrendered, Hideyoshi appointed Kobayakawa Hideaki to lead a renewed invasion of Korea. This invasion met with less success than the first; Japanese troops remained pinned down in Gyeongsang Province , and although the Japanese forces turned back several Chinese offensives in Suncheon and Sacheon in June 1598, they were unable to make further progress as the Ming army prepared for

6958-402: The other districts, which are more centrally located. As with other Kyoto geisha districts, from the late 19th century Shimabara had a dance hall and an annual dance show, known as "green willow dance" or "dance of the willow in leaf" ( 青柳踊 , Aoyagi odori ) . This was staged from 1873 to 1880 but ceased in 1881, together with a general decline in the dancing of the district. The dance hall

7056-441: The pine room, and records of the menus, which were paid for on a "bill afterwards" basis. In addition to housing many fine paintings, it was a salon for noted haiku poets, and many poems are preserved in the archives. The second floor features three linked front rooms, each of different designs; these could be connected by removing the doors for larger parties. There are many paintings on the partitions, which have become stained with

7154-462: The port at Imahama on Lake Biwa , where he began work on Imahama Castle and took control of the nearby Kunitomo firearms factory that had been established some years previously by the Azai and Asakura. Under Hideyoshi's administration, the factory's output of firearms increased dramatically. Later, Hideyoshi participated in the 1573 siege of Nagashima . In 1574, Hideyoshi and Araki Murashige captured Itami Castle , and later in 1575, he fought in

7252-454: The power of the Tokugawa clan would grow unchecked after his death, and only solution for the Toyotomi clan to survive was to not oppose Ieyasu. After Hideyoshi's death, the other members of the Council of Five Elders were unable to keep Ieyasu's ambitions in check. Two of Hideyoshi's top generals , Katō Kiyomasa and Fukushima Masanori , had fought bravely during the war but returned to find

7350-515: The previous year. After attacking a number of other outposts in the area, Hideyoshi's forces attacked Negoro-ji from two sides. Many of the Negoro-gumi had already fled to Ōta Castle by this time, which Hideyoshi later besieged . The complex was set aflame, beginning with the residences of the priests, and Hideyoshi's samurai cut down monks as they escaped the blazing buildings. In the 1585 invasion of Shikoku , Toyotomi forces seized Shikoku island,

7448-404: The ramparts with their arquebuses and armor; despite their smaller numbers, they discouraged Hideyoshi from attacking. Hideyoshi had Ishigakiyama Ichiya Castle secretly constructed in a nearby forest, and then had the forest chopped down, giving the impression it have been built overnight. This demoralized the defenders, leading to their surrender three months after the start of the siege. During

7546-437: The remains of the former west gate, where the dance hall once stood, etc.). A map is available in front of Sumiya. Sumiya is the center of tourism in the area and is operated as a museum Sumiya motenashi-no-bunka bijutukan ( 角屋もてなしの文化美術館] , Sumiya Hospitality Cultural Museum) , showing the secular culture of the Edo period. Sumiya is one of the very few non-temple, non-shrine and non-palace buildings in Kyoto to survive from

7644-527: The rulers of his home province of Owari , now headed by the ambitious Oda Nobunaga . Hideyoshi soon became Nobunaga's sandal-bearer , a position of relatively high status. According to his biographers, Hideyoshi also supervised the repair of Kiyosu Castle , a claim described as " apocryphal ", and managed the kitchen. After Nobunaga noticed his talents at the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, when Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto , he became one of Nobunaga's trusted retainers. In 1561, Hideyoshi married One ,

7742-436: The second story. Many of these kanban kenchiku machiya have also lost their tile roofs, becoming more boxed-out in shape; many have also had aluminum or steel shutters installed, as are commonly seen in small urban shops around the world. In response to the decline in machiya numbers, however, some groups have formed with the express aim of restoring and protecting the machiya found in Kyoto. One such institution,

7840-427: The siege of Ichinomiya Castle , which lasted for 26 days. Chōsokabe made a half-hearted attempt to relieve his castle from the siege, but eventually surrendered. He was allowed to keep Tosa Province , while the rest of Shikoku was divided among Hideyoshi's generals. During the late summer of August 1585, Hideyoshi launched an attack on Etchū Province and Hida Province . He dispatched Kanamori Nagachika to destroy

7938-445: The siege, Hideyoshi offered Ieyasu the eight Hōjō-ruled provinces in the Kantō region , in exchange for the submission of Ieyasu's five provinces, which Ieyasu accepted. In February 1591, Hideyoshi ordered Sen no Rikyū to commit suicide, likely in one of his angry outbursts. Rikyū had been a trusted retainer and master of the tea ceremony under both Hideyoshi and Nobunaga. Under Hideyoshi's patronage, Rikyū made significant changes to

8036-470: The smallest of Japan's four main islands, from Chōsokabe Motochika . Toyotomi's forces arrived 113,000 strong under Toyotomi Hidenaga , Toyotomi Hidetsugu , Ukita Hideie and the Mōri clan 's "Two Rivers", Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu . Opposing them were 40,000 men of Chōsokabe's. Despite the overwhelming size of Hideyoshi's army, and the suggestions of his advisors, Motochika chose to fight to defend his territories. The battles culminated in

8134-412: The soot of centuries of candles. In one room the paintings have not been cleaned, so the pictures are not very visible, but the age is; in another the paintings were cleaned a century ago, showing an intermediate state; while there are more recent paintings which are unstained and brilliantly colored. At the south end there is a recessed raised stage for musicians to perform; they entered by a side door from

8232-434: The south end, and the paving extends only to the northern one, while the traditional boundary was at the southern one. 34°59′31.3″N 135°44′38.7″E  /  34.992028°N 135.744083°E  / 34.992028; 135.744083 Toyotomi Hideyoshi Toyotomi Hideyoshi ( 豊臣 秀吉 , 17 March 1537 – 18 September 1598) , otherwise known as Kinoshita Tōkichirō ( 木下 藤吉郎 ) and Hashiba Hideyoshi ( 羽柴 秀吉 ) ,

8330-517: The support of the other two Oda clan elders, Niwa Nagahide and Ikeda Tsuneoki , Hideyoshi was able to distribute Nobunaga's provinces among the generals and form a council of four generals to help Hidenobu govern. Shibata Katsuie initially supported Hideyoshi's decision, but later supported Nobunaga's third son Nobutaka, for whom Katsuie had performed the genpuku ritual. He allied with Nobutaka and Takigawa Kazumasu against Hideyoshi. Tension quickly escalated between Hideyoshi and Katsuie, and at

8428-493: The temperature inside; closing all the screens in the winter would offer some protection from the cold, while opening them all in the summer offered some respite from the heat and humidity. Machiya homes traditionally also made use of different types of screens which would be changed with the seasons; woven bamboo screens used in summer allowed air to flow through, but helped to block the sun. The open air garden courtyards likewise aided in air circulation and brought light into

8526-460: The title of shōgun . Instead, he arranged to have himself adopted by Konoe Sakihisa , one of the noblest men belonging to the Fujiwara clan , and secured a succession of high court titles. These included Chancellor ( Daijō-daijin ), and in 1585, the prestigious position of Imperial Regent ( kampaku ). Also in 1585, Hideyoshi was formally given the new clan name Toyotomi (instead of Fujiwara ) by

8624-412: The title of taikō (retired regent), and Hidetsugu succeeded him as kampaku . Hideyoshi adopted Oda Nobunaga 's dream of a Japanese conquest of China , and launched the conquest of the Ming dynasty by way of Korea (at the time known as Koryu or Joseon ). In 1592, Hideyoshi began an invasion of Korea with the intent of conquering Korea and eventually Ming China. Hideoyoshi's explicit war goal

8722-414: The traditional appearance of their façades. Roughly 20% of Kyoto's machiya have been altered in a process called lit.   ' signboard architecture ' ( 看板建築 , kanban kenchiku ) , retaining the basic shape of a machiya , but their façades have been completely covered over in cement, which replaces the wooden lattices of the first story and mushikomado windows and earthwork walls of

8820-607: The two categories of Japanese vernacular architecture known as minka ('folk dwellings'). Machiya originated as early as the Heian period and continued to develop through to the Edo period and even into the Meiji period . Machiya housed urban merchants and craftsmen , a class collectively referred to as chōnin ('townspeople'). The word machiya is written using two kanji : machi ( 町 , 'town') and ya ( 家 , 'house') or ya ( 屋 , 'shop') , depending on

8918-621: The war turned in Ieyasu's favor and Sanada Masayuki defected to the Tokugawa side, the Hōjō clan negotiated a truce. Hōjō Ujinobu and Ii Naomasa were the Hōjō and Tokugawa representatives for the preliminary meetings. Representatives from the Oda clan such as Oda Nobukatsu , Oda Nobutaka , and Hideyoshi himself mediated the negotiation until the truce officially took effect in October with both Ieyasu and Hōjō Ujinao exchanging family members as hostages as

9016-454: Was a Japanese samurai and daimyō ( feudal lord) of the late Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan . Although he came from a peasant background, his immense power earned him the rank and title of Kampaku ( 関白 , Imperial Regent) and Daijō-daijin ( 太政大臣 , Chancellor of the Realm) , the highest official position and title in

9114-464: Was closed (as a prostitution district) in 1958, when prostitution was outlawed in Japan, though it continued as a geisha district into the 1970s. There are many explanations for the name Shimabara ; it may refer to the large gate ( Ōmon ) that resembled the gate of Shimabara Castle in Hizen , or may be a reference to the then-recent Shimabara Rebellion (1637–38) (which was provoked by the construction of

9212-404: Was established in 1873, moved to another location in 1927, but after World War II (post-1945) it was instead used as offices and was eventually torn down in 1996. While it remained active as a hanamachi until the 1970s, it is now largely defunct, without a resident geisha population and with no active okiya ; where the district's dance hall once stood is now a nursing home . Today, it

9310-609: Was for Japan to replace China at the top of the international order. Hideyoshi wrote to his adopted son Hidetsugu that "it is not Ming China alone that is destined to be subjugated by us, but India, the Philippines, and many islands in the South Sea will share a like fate." In the first campaign, Hideyoshi appointed Ukita Hideie as field marshal, and had him go to the Korean peninsula in April 1592. Konishi Yukinaga occupied Seoul , which

9408-454: Was popular circa 1800, and is the only surviving room in this style. Unusually, the work is signed, reflecting the skill and prestige of the artist. Sumiya was a favorite with the Shinsengumi (late Edo period police force). They frequently partied there, eventually running up such high bills that they were forbidden (by leadership) from going there any further. Violent incidents occurred –

9506-469: Was seven years old. Many legends describe Hideyoshi being sent to study at a temple as a young man, but he rejected temple life and went in search of adventure. Under the name Kinoshita Tōkichirō ( 木下 藤吉郎 ) , he first joined the Imagawa clan as a servant to a local ruler named Matsushita Yukitsuna  [ ja ] ( 松下之綱 ) . In 1558, Hideyoshi became an ashigaru for the powerful Oda clan ,

9604-588: Was the capital of the Joseon dynasty of Korea, on June 19. After Seoul fell, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Seoul and determined targets of subjugation called Hachidokuniwari literally, Eight(八) Route(道), Country(国) Division(割) . Each targeted province was attacked by one of the army's eight divisions: Within four months, Hideyoshi's forces had a route into Manchuria and had occupied much of Korea. The Korean king Seonjo of Joseon escaped to Uiju and requested military intervention from China. In 1593,

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