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28-503: Sulam has been identified with the biblical village of Shunem , which is said to be of the tribe of Issachar , the place where the Philistines camped before Saul 's last battle, and the native town of Abishag , King David 's concubine in 1 Kings 1:3 , and of the noble woman whose son was revived by the prophet Elisha in 2 Kings 4:8 . The village is situated on and around an archaeological tell (mound) and developed around

56-592: A burnt layer from the end of the Crusader and beginning of the Mamluk periods (12th–13th centuries). It also revealed potsherds from the Iron Age, Hellenistic , Byzantine and Roman periods. Remains discovered in the village include hiding complexes , tombs, and a church. A 2004 salvage excavation exposed Early Bronze Age remains including part of a stone building and potsherds , covered by Roman-period strata. Potsherds from

84-483: A stove. Bread dough was spread out on the pebbled floor of the tabun oven's interior, with hot coals and embers scattered with ash piled on top of the exterior shell, along with dried cattle dung. Many types of fuel or a combination of fuels can be used to heat a Tabun. Dried animal dung, dried bird droppings, chopped and dried tree branches or tree trimmings, wood chips, charcoal, dried tree leaves, fabrics, and other materials are potential fuels. The top opening

112-439: A support wall having a semi-cylindrical shape carrying a cooking pot ( כירה ‎ = kīrah ), yet does not produce a heat greater than a regular earthenware baking oven ( תנור ‎ = tannūr ) and which was usually a permanent fixture. Unlike the fire built between two support walls holding a cooking pot and which flame is exposed to the open-air, the tabūn is a large, overturned earthenware bowl and covers over completely

140-492: A top opening, which could be used as a small stove top, some were made with an opening at the bottom from which to stoke the fire. Built and used even before biblical times as the family, neighbourhood, or village oven, tabun ovens continue to be built and used in parts of the Middle East today. The tabūn oven has historically been used to bake flatbreads such as taboon bread and laffa , and has been in widespread use in

168-572: A wall that was probably built before the Early Islamic period. In 2007 an excavation exposed pottery sherds dated to either the Byzantine or the beginning of the Early Muslim period. At another dig, two coins were dated to shortly after the Byzantine period, one of which was an Arab -Byzantine coin (c. 640–660 CE) that imitates the coins of Emperor Constans II . A 2003 salvage excavation undertaken at

196-418: Is covered and a layer of fuel (usually dried manure) is spread on the outside of the shell and lid. Once the fire takes hold, the fuel is covered with a layer of ash. The fuel will smolder for hours, usually all night long. The smoke also helps in repelling insects and mosquitoes. In the process the heat gets stored in the foundation. The amount of fuel varies depending on the amount of baking needed. When

224-449: Is from Aaroub or Al Aaroub. The soil is wetted and made into a thick clay mixed with chopped stubble and straw from harvested wheat. The clay is hand-formed to make the dome-shaped shell. It can be as much as 82 centimetres (32 in) in diameter at its base, about 32 centimetres (13 in) high, with an open top, approximately 23 centimetres (9.1 in) in diameter. The shell wall is about 2.54 cm (1 in) to 5 cm (2 in) thick. The shell

252-553: Is sun baked for weeks, before it is fired. The earthenware shell is placed over an impression in the earth, usually about 4 feet (1.2 m) to 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter and about 38 centimetres (15 in) to 51 centimetres (20 in) in depth. This impression is usually filled with sand and gravel, or with compacted locally abundant materials known to handle and store heat, such as broken glass, rock salt, and broken potsherds, over which layer beach stones or Suwan stones (flint stones) are carefully embedded. Made of clay or

280-463: The liwa of Lajjun , with a population of 26 Muslim families. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summecrops, goats and beehives in addition to"occasional revenues"; a total of 8,500 akçe . The 2006 trial excavation unearthed building remains from the Ottoman period: from the early phase (17th–18th centuries) mainly potsherds, but from

308-460: The 1931 census to 328, all Muslim, in a total of 85 houses. In the 1945 statistics the population was 470, all Muslims, while the total land area was 3,605 dunams , according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 4 dunams were allocated for citrus and bananas, 291 for plantations and irrigable land, 2,041 for cereals, while 17 dunams were classified as built-up areas. Biblical Too Many Requests If you report this error to

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336-506: The Iron Age . Mentioned by the name Sulem in 4th century CE works, such as the Onomasticon of Eusebius , and by Jerome , both authors situate it 5 Roman miles from Tabor . A 2004 salvage excavation unearthed Roman period remains including potsherds, coins, animal bones, and marble fragments. 3rd-century potsherds were uncovered in the 2006 trial dig. The 2006 trial excavation exposed

364-635: The Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. During the 16th and 17th centuries , Sulam belonged to the Turabay Emirate (1517–1683), which encompassed also the Jezreel Valley , Haifa , Jenin , Beit She'an Valley , northern Jabal Nablus , Bilad al-Ruha/Ramot Menashe , and the northern part of the Sharon plain . Sulam was listed in the tax registers of 1596 as being in the nahiya of Jinin in

392-515: The Wely of Duhy who offered to take them to the shrine on the mountain, which he said was often visited by monks. In 1870–1871 an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Shafa al-Shamali. In 1882 the PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) describes Sulam as, "a large village, standing on a slope near the foot of Jebel ed Duhy ["Mountain of Duhy"]". It further notes that part of

420-474: The 13th and 19th centuries was observed in one specific area of the tell north of the spring. Collapsed masonry from the end of the Crusader and beginning of the Mamluk period in the 13th century was documented on the tell. In December 2006, a trial excavation was undertaken on the southern slope of the tell, near the spring in the centre of the village, exposing four layers dated to the Early Islamic, Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods. It uncovered potsherds from

448-680: The Middle Bronze Age were unearthed at a 2007 trial excavation. In the Amarna letters , 14th century BCE clay tablets written in the cuneiform script of the Akkadian language , the village is listed under its ancient name of Shunama , as one of several cities conquered by the Canaanite warlord Lab'ayu in the Dothan Valley and southern Jezreel Valley . A 2007 excavation discovered potsherds from

476-485: The Roman (3rd century), Byzantine, and Early Muslim periods, as well as various finds from the Crusader (12th century), Mamluk (13th–15th centuries), and Ottoman (17th–19th centuries) periods. Another excavation, undertaken on the main street of the village and north of the spring at the end of 2007, uncovered building remains from the Early Islamic period (8th–10th centuries) and the late Ottoman period (19th century), as well as

504-563: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 827655882 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 08:29:30 GMT Tabun oven A tabun oven , or simply tabun (also transliterated taboon , from the Arabic : طابون ), is a portable clay oven , shaped like a truncated cone . While all were made with

532-447: The bread will take the shape of the pebbles or other materials used in constructing the oven floor. This baking process is unique and economical and produces aromatic and flavorful food. In the larger, fixed baking ovens ( tannūr ), the flattened dough is applied to the inner-wall of the oven, after the wall is dampened with a wet cloth, allowing for adhesion. After baking, the bread is removed. Made of yellow pottery clay soil. The best

560-586: The greater Middle East for centuries. According to an 11th-century Judeo-Arabic commentary on the Mishnah , with a later recension made by an unknown Yemenite Jewish scholar (1105 – 1170 CE), the Arabic word tabūn ( Arabic : الطبون ) is equivalent to the Mishnaic Hebrew word כופח ‎ = kūppaḥ , and which, according to Maimonides , produces a heat greater than that of a fire built between two support walls or

588-401: The heated place (usually a bed of smooth stones, upon which a fire is built). After dying out, the ashes are removed and dough is spread out over the smooth stones. Since the tabūn is built with an opening at its top that can be sealed with a ceramic lid, allowing it to be completely smothered over in ashes, dough that is spread out over the stone-lined bottom is quickly baked into bread. When

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616-430: The later phase (the beginning of the 19th century) a stone-paved open area yielding, apart from potsherds, a large number of animal bones, indicating an animal-related activity. Pierre Jacotin named the village Soulin on his map from 1799. Edward Robinson and Eli Smith , who visited the village in 1838, describe it as "small and dirty" and its inhabitants as "civil and friendly." They also recount being approached by

644-424: The smoke stops, the lid is removed and chunks of dough are hand flattened and placed directly on the limestones. In most ovens, 4 to 5 loaves can be baked at the same time. Then the opening is sealed and the fire stoked using the hot embers and ashes. When the bread is ready, the lid is removed and the bread taken out. The process can be repeated, or other dishes can be baked using metal or pottery trays. The bottom of

672-529: The southern end of the village uncovered a tabun oven and fragments of pottery that were dated to the early Abbasid period. The village was known to the Crusaders (12th century) under the name Suna . A thick burnt layer indicating prolonged activity with fire was exposed next to collapsed stone masonry and was dated to the end of the Crusader and beginning of the Mamluk period. The stratum of burnt earth and ashes has been exposed during various excavations on

700-569: The spring. The core of the village has been repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt. Various archaeological digs undertaken in Sulam have brought to light pottery and other remains from the Early and Middle Bronze Age , the Iron Age , and most of the following periods: Hellenistic (feebly represented), Roman , Byzantine , Early Muslim (findings from the 7th–10th centuries), Crusader , Mamluk , and Ottoman (17th–19th c. findings). A hiatus in settlement between

728-510: The tell and can be associated with prolonged activity at a kiln or oven. The 2006 trial excavation also came across a grey layer from the Crusader period. A wall and living space from the Mamluk period were uncovered during salvage excavations in a private home in August 2006. The December 2006 trial dig again uncovered building remains from the Mamluk period. In 1517 the village was incorporated into

756-469: The top ashes are cleared away and the lid removed, a cooking pot can also be laid on top of the tabūn oven for heating and used as a small stove. In some cases, in addition to the hole at the top, there is a second side opening called the "eye of the oven", used for stoking the fire and clearing away the ashes, and which is closed by a detachable door. The early commentators describe the kūppaḥ as being large enough to hold only one cooking pot when used as

784-559: The village was built of stone, and that to the west there were shady gardens of lemon -trees. A perennial spring in the west collected in a stone trough was said to have good supply of clear water in September, 1872. What was described as a suburb of mud hovels ran southwards out from the village. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British authorities , Suolam had a population of 370; 366 Muslims and 4 Christians , decreasing in

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