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29-781: The Sulak Canyon ( Avar : Сулахъ кӏкIал , Russian : Сулакский каньон ) is a steep-sided deepest canyon in Europe carved by the Sulak River in Dagestan , Russia. The Sulak Canyon is 53 kilometres (33 mi) long, and attains a depth of over a mile (1,920 meters or 6,300 feet). It is 63 meters deeper than the Grand Canyon in the US and 620 meters deeper than the Tara River Canyon in Balkans. The canyon

58-484: A light as a brevis (and in the modern day, reflecting the ancient terms, a longum is often called a "long syllable" and a brevis a "short syllable", potentially creating confusion between syllable length and vowel length ). Similarly, in Classical Sanskrit meter , metrical patterns consisted of arrangements of syllable weight groups, called gaṇas (parallel to Greek metrical feet ). A heavy syllable

87-487: A two-segment affricate–fricative sequence [ t͡ɬɬ ] ( /t𐞛ɬ/ = /t ɬ/ ). Avar has five phonemic vowels: /a e i o u/. In Avar, accent is contrastive, free and mobile, independent of the number of syllables in the word. Changes in lexical accent placement indicate different semantic meaning and grammatical meanings of a word: Avar is an agglutinative language, of SOV order. Adverbs do not inflect, outside of inflection for noun class in some adverbs of place: e.g.

116-596: Is Rasul Gamzatov (died November 3, 2003), the People's Poet of Dagestan. Translations of his works into Russian have gained him a wide audience all over the former Soviet Union . Syllable weight In linguistics , syllable weight is the concept that syllables pattern together according to the number and/or duration of segments in the rime . In classical Indo-European verse, as developed in Greek , Sanskrit , and Latin , distinctions of syllable weight were fundamental to

145-532: Is based on the болмацӏ ( bolmacʼ ) — bo = "army" or "country", and macʼ = "language"—the common language used between speakers of different dialects and languages. The bolmacʼ in turn was mainly derived from the dialect of Khunzakh , the capital and cultural centre of the Avar region, with some influence from the southern dialects. Nowadays the literary language is influencing the dialects, levelling out their differences. The most famous figure of modern Avar literature

174-443: Is light for the same reason. The next syllable, the second syllable of the word virumque , is heavy ("long by position") because it contains a short vowel followed by more than one consonant (the M and then the Q). But, for example, the first syllable of the word Troiae is heavy ("long by nature") because it contains a diphthong, regardless of the sounds coming after it. Likewise,

203-401: Is no longer an "impure abjad " unlike its parent systems ( Arabic , Persian , and Ottoman ), it now resembles a proper " alphabet ". While this was not the case for most of the several centuries during which Arabic alphabet has been used for Avar, this has become the case in the latest and most common conventions. This was indeed not the case at the time of writing of a linguistic article for

232-465: Is one of six literary languages of Dagestan, where it is spoken not only by the Avar, but also serves as the language of communication between different ethnic and linguistic groups. Glottolog lists 14 dialects of Avar, some of which correspond to the villages where they are spoken. The dialects are listed in alphabetical order based on their name in Glottolog: There are competing analyses of

261-728: Is the largest nesting settlement in the Russian Federation of rare vulture birds listed in the Red Data Book , such as griffon vultures and black vultures . Some endemic, rare and poorly studied plant species, such as, horned sainfoin , have survived on the territory of the canyon. Sulak Canyon is a natural attraction in Dagestan. This Republic of Dagestan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Avar language Avar ( магӏарул мацӏ , maǥarul macʼ [maʕarul mat͡sːʼ] , "language of

290-508: Is the result of erosion which exposes one of the most complete geologic columns on the planet. Within this natural site, sediments of the Cretaceous , Jurassic and Tertiary periods come to the surface, in each of which ancient fossils are found. The Sulak canyon is located in the central part of Dagestan, in the valley of the Sulak river, some 100 km away from Makhachkala . The Sulak canyon

319-607: Is used. Second diacritic in use in Avar Arabic script is ḍammah (ـُـ). In Arabic, Persian, and historically in Ottoman Turkish, this diacritic is used to represent [o] or [u]. But in Avar, this diacritic is used for labialization [◌ʷ] and not for any sort of vowel. So, it is the case that this diacritic is used in conjunction with a follow-up vowel. For example, the sound "зва" [zʷa] is written as "زُا". This diacritic can optionally be used in conjunction with shadda. For example,

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348-597: Is usually written in the Cyrillic script . The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription): Compiled according to: One feature of Avar Arabic script is that similar to alphabets such as Uyghur and Kurdish , the script does not omit vowels and does not rely on diacritics to represent vowels when need be. Instead, modified letters with dot placement and accents have been standardized to represent vowels. Thus, Avar Arabic script

377-451: The /b/ in /ʒani-b/ "inside" and /t͡se-b-e/ "in front". Adverbs of place also distinguish locative , allative , and ablative forms suffixally, such as /ʒani-b/ "inside", /ʒani-b-e/ "to the inside", and /ʒani-sa/ "from the inside". /-go/ is an emphatic suffix taken by underived adjectives. There were some attempts to write the Avar language in the Georgian alphabet as early as

406-620: The Balaken , Zaqatala regions of north-western Azerbaijan . Some Avars live in other regions of Russia. There are also small communities of speakers living in the Russian republics of Chechnya and Kalmykia ; in Georgia , Kazakhstan , Ukraine , Jordan , and the Marmara Sea region of Turkey . It is spoken by about 1,200,000 people worldwide. UNESCO classifies Avar as vulnerable to extinction. It

435-680: The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1881. As an example, in Avar Arabic Script, four varieties of the letter yāʼ ("ی") have been developed, each with a distinct function. Nevertheless, Avar Arabic script does retain two diacritics. First is " shadda " (ـّـ), used for gemination . While in Cyrillic, two back to back letters, including digraphs are written, in Arabic script, shadda

464-415: The meter of the line. A heavy syllable is a syllable with a branching nucleus or a branching rime , although not all such syllables are heavy in every language. A branching nucleus generally means the syllable has a long vowel or a diphthong ; this type of syllable is abbreviated as CVV. A syllable with a branching rime is a closed syllable , that is, one with a coda (one or more consonants at

493-495: The phonology of some languages, especially with regard to the assignment of stress . For instance, in the Sezer stress pattern in Turkish observed in place names, the main stress occurs as an iamb (i.e. penultimate stress) one syllable to the left of the final syllable: (L' L )σ. However, when the foot contains a heavy syllable in the first syllable while the second syllable is light,

522-700: The 14th century. The use of Arabic script for representing Avar in marginal glosses began in the 15th century. The use of Arabic, which is known as ajam , is still known today. Peter von Uslar developed a Cyrillic-based alphabet, published in 1889, that also used some Georgian-based letters. Many of its letters have not been encoded in Unicode. The alphabet takes the following form: а б в г ӷ д е ж һ [REDACTED] [REDACTED] і ј к қ [REDACTED] л м н о п ԛ [REDACTED] р с ҫ т ҭ у х х̓ хّ ц [REDACTED] ц̓ ꚑ ч ч̍ чّ [REDACTED] /ч̓ ш ƞ ƞ̓ ɳّ ດ As part of Soviet language re-education policies in 1928

551-464: The Ajam was replaced by a Latin alphabet, which in 1938 was in turn replaced by the current Cyrillic script . Essentially, it is the Russian alphabet plus one additional letter called palochka ( stick , Ӏ). As that letter cannot be typed with common keyboard layouts , it is often replaced with a capital Latin letter i ( I ), small Latin letter L ( l ), or the numerical digit 1 . The Avar language

580-508: The coda is a sonorant) and other CVC syllables are light (for instance if the coda is an obstruent). Some languages distinguish a third type, CVVC syllables (with both a branching nucleus and a coda) and/or CVCC syllables (with a coda consisting of two or more consonants) as superheavy syllables . In moraic theory , heavy syllables are analyzed as containing two morae, light syllables one, and superheavy syllables three. The distinction between heavy and light syllables plays an important role in

609-463: The distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign ⟨ ː ⟩. Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis . The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. [ tsː ] (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian [ tːs ] (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. [ t͡ɬː ] as

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638-444: The end of the syllable); this type of syllable is abbreviated CVC. In some languages, both CVV and CVC syllables are heavy, while a syllable with a short vowel as the nucleus and no coda (a CV syllable) is a light syllable . In other languages, only CVV syllables are heavy, while CVC and CV syllables are light. In yet other languages, CVV syllables are heavy and CV syllables are light, while some CVC syllables are heavy (for instance if

667-426: The fifth syllable of the second line (the first of the word fato ) is heavy ("long by nature") because it contains a long vowel, and it will be heavy no matter what sounds come after. (The word "Italiam" is a special case, in that poets treat it as having a long-by-nature first syllable which it actually has not, in order to make it fit somehow.) Terming a syllable "long by position" is equivalent to noting that

696-405: The iamb shifts to a trochee (i.e. antepenultimate stress) because there is a requirement that main stress fall on a heavy syllable whenever possible: (' H L)σ, and not *(H' L )σ. In Ancient Greek hexameter poetry and Latin literature , lines followed certain metrical patterns, such as based on arrangements of heavy and light syllables. A heavy syllable was referred to as a longum and

725-598: The mountains" or авар мацӏ , awar macʼ [ʔaˈwar mat͡sːʼ] , "Avar language"), also known as Avaric , is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars , primarily in Dagestan . In 2010, there were approximately one million speakers in Dagestan and elsewhere in Russia . It is spoken mainly in the western and southern parts of the Russian Caucasus republic of Dagestan , and

754-1260: The sound "ссвa" [sːʷa] is written as "سُّا". If a word starts with a vowel, if it's an [a] sound, it is written with alif "ا". Otherwise, the vowel needs to be preceded by a "vowel carrier", which is hamza-ya' (ئـ). No need for such a carrier in the middle of words. Below table demonstrates vowels in Avar Arabic Script. نۈڸ ماڨێڸ وێڮانا، ڨالدا ڸۇق - ڸۇقۇن، ڨۇردا كُېر ڃُان ئۇنېو، بێدا وېضّۇن دۇن؛ ڨۇرۇڬێ باطاڸۇن صېوې ئۇناڬۈ، صۈ ڸارال راعالدا عۈدۈو كّۈلېو دۇن. ڸار چُاخّۇلېب بۇڬۈ چابخێل گّالاڅان، ڸێن گانضۇلېب بۇڬۈ ڬانڃازدا طاسان؛ طاراماغادێسېب قُال بالېب بۇڬۈ، قۈ ڸێگێلان دێصا سۈعاب راڨالدا ‎ Нолъ макьилъ вихьана, кьалда лъукъ-лъукъун, Кьурда квер чIван унев, бида вецIцIун дун; Кьуруги батIалъун цеве унаго, Цо лъарал рагIалда гIодов кколев дун. Лъар чваххулеб буго чабхил кIкIалахъан, Лъин кIанцIулеб буго ганчIазда тIасан; ТIарамагъадисеб къвал балеб буго, Къо лъикIилан дица согIаб ракьалда. Noļ maꝗiļ viҳana, ꝗalda ļuq-ļuqun, Ꝗurda кvеr çvan unеv, bida vеⱬⱬun dun; Ꝗuruⱨ baţaļun s̶еvе unago, Co ļaral raⱨalda ⱨodov ккolеv dun. Łar cvaxxulеb bugo cabxil ⱪⱪalax̶an, Łin ⱪanⱬulеb bugo gançazda ţaсan; Ţaramaƣadiсеb qval balеb bugo, Qo ļiⱪilan dis̶a сoⱨab raꝗalda. The literary language

783-555: The syllable ends with a consonant (a closed syllable), because Latin and Greek speakers in the classical era pronounced a consonant as part of a preceding syllable only when it was followed by other consonants, due to the rules of Greek and Latin syllabification . In a consonant cluster, one consonant ends the preceding syllable and the rest start the following syllable. For example, Latin syllabifies volat as vo-lat but dignus as dig-nus and monstrum as mon-strum . A few exceptions to and elaborations of

812-619: Was light if it was an open syllable and contained only a short vowel. An example in Latin: The first syllable of the first word ( arma ) is heavy ("long by position") because it contains a short vowel (the A) followed by more than one consonant (R and then M)—and if not for the consonants coming after it, it would be light. The second syllable is light because it contains a short vowel (an A) followed immediately by only one consonant (the V). The next syllable

841-401: Was named guru , and a light syllable was laghu . A syllable was considered heavy if it contained a long vowel or a diphthong (and was therefore "long by nature"—it would be long no matter what) or if it contained a short vowel that was followed by more than one consonant ("long by position", long by virtue of its relationship to the consonants following). On the other hand, a syllable

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