115-466: Matt Quilter (CFO) Claire Dorrian (CMO) SugarCRM is a software company based in Silicon Valley . It produces the on-premises and cloud-based web application Sugar , a customer relationship management (CRM) system. SugarCRM's functionality includes sales-force automation , marketing campaigns , customer support , collaboration , Mobile CRM, Social CRM and reporting. The company operates
230-524: A synecdoche for the American high-technology economic sector . The name also became a global synonym for leading high-tech research and enterprises, and thus inspired similarly named locations , as well as research parks and technology centers with comparable structures all around the world. Many headquarters of tech companies in Silicon Valley have become hotspots for tourism . "Silicon" refers to
345-447: A 28.5% operating margin, giving AWS a $ 9.6 billion run rate. In 2015, Gartner estimated that AWS customers are deploying 10x more infrastructure on AWS than the combined adoption of the next 14 providers. In 2016 Q1, revenue was $ 2.57 billion with net income of $ 604 million, a 64% increase over 2015 Q1 that resulted in AWS being more profitable than Amazon's North American retail business for
460-727: A bug-fix-only application. John Roberts conceived of the idea and name of SugarCRM while riding his mountain bike named Sugar in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Clint Oram, John Roberts, and Jacob Taylor started full-time work on the SugarCRM open source project in April 2004, and incorporated the company in California in June 2004. Roberts served as the CEO from 2004 to 2009, Oram was the vice president, and Taylor
575-496: A certification program for computer engineers, on April 30, 2013, to highlight expertise in cloud computing. Later that year, in October, AWS launched Activate , a program for start-ups worldwide to leverage AWS credits, third-party integrations, and free access to AWS experts to help build their business. In 2014, AWS launched its partner network, AWS Partner Network (APN), which is focused on helping AWS-based companies grow and scale
690-417: A choice of operating systems ; networking; and pre-loaded application software such as web servers , databases , and customer relationship management (CRM). AWS services are delivered to customers via a network of AWS server farms located throughout the world. Fees are based on a combination of usage (known as a "Pay-as-you-go" model), hardware, operating system, software, and networking features chosen by
805-782: A city of only 50,000 people, "the densest concentration of lawyers" in the United States outside of Washington, D.C. By the year 2000, large law firms from all over the world were rushing to establish offices in the mid-Peninsula region on or near Sand Hill Road, and Silicon Valley law firms had become global trendsetters in that they were the first legal services employers to adopt business casual apparel (in imitation of their startup clients). During this era, lawyers evolved from their relatively narrow conventional role as protectors of intellectual property into business advisers, intermediaries, and dealmakers, and thereby acquired great prominence in Silicon Valley. For young entrepreneurs new to
920-511: A community edition, Sugar CE, previously known as Sugar Open Source. It was available free of charge alongside paid editions until version 6.5. In 2013, Sugar version 7 was announced but was only released in Sugar's hosted paid environment. No update to the community edition was announced with it. SugarCRM's community support team have stated that 7.0 will not be available in a community edition, and that no release date for an updated community edition
1035-441: A computer network, which he imagined as an electronic commons open to all, the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals. As head of IPTO from 1962 to 1964, "Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in information technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking." In 1969,
1150-419: A fast-growing $ 5 billion business; analysts described it as "surprisingly more profitable than forecast". In October, Amazon.com said in its Q3 earnings report that AWS's operating income was $ 521 million, with operating margins at 25 percent. AWS's 2015 Q3 revenue was $ 2.1 billion, a 78% increase from 2014's Q3 revenue of $ 1.17 billion. 2015 Q4 revenue for the AWS segment increased 69.5% y/y to $ 2.4 billion with
1265-705: A major upgrade emphasizing ease of use and introducing a complete UI overhaul of Sugar Professional and Sugar Enterprise. In June 2017, SugarCRM released SugarCRM Hint, a new product which searches the web for additional information on users in SugarCRM. Private equity firm Accel-KKR became a single investor in August 2018, describing the investment as being "nine figures". SugarCRM sells CRM software in on-premises and Cloud variants: Sales force automation includes: Sugar Market (marketing automation) and Sugar Serve (customer service software) are also offered, along with several additional optional capabilities. SugarCRM provided
SECTION 10
#17330845162581380-457: A majority of the hires coming from outside the company; Jeff Lawson, Twilio CEO, Adam Selipsky, Tableau CEO, and Mikhail Seregine, co-founder at Outschool among them. In late 2003, the concept for compute, which would later launch as EC2 , was reformulated when Chris Pinkham and Benjamin Black presented a paper internally describing a vision for Amazon's retail computing infrastructure that
1495-409: A number of websites, including its commercial website Sugarcrm.com and Sugar Outfitters (for third-party extensions), and an online user forum called SugarClub. In February 2014, in a blog post that provoked a strong reaction from the development community, SugarCRM announced that they would no longer be releasing new open-source versions of their Community Edition application; from now on this would be
1610-722: A region, since they are intentionally isolated from each other to prevent outages from spreading between zones. Several services can operate across Availability Zones (e.g., S3, DynamoDB ) while others can be configured to replicate across zones to spread demand and avoid downtime from failures. As of December 2014, Amazon Web Services operated an estimated 1.4 million servers across 11 regions and 28 availability zones. The global network of AWS Edge locations consists of over 300 points of presence worldwide, including locations in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and South America. As of March 2024, AWS has announced
1725-482: A result of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita, although the venture capital ecosystem has grown more geographically decentralized over time. The region is the biggest high-tech manufacturing center in the United States. The unemployment rate of the region
1840-504: A single application programming interface (API) In April 2024, AWS announced a new service called Deadline Cloud, which lets customers set up, deploy and scale up graphics and visual effects rendering pipelines on AWS cloud infrastructure. Notable customers include NASA , and the Obama presidential campaign of 2012 . In October 2013, AWS was awarded a $ 600M contract with the CIA . In 2019, it
1955-570: A single-person household was $ 14,891. Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley. Among those, the following are in the Fortune 1000 : Additional notable companies headquartered in Silicon Valley (some of which are defunct, subsumed, or relocated) include: Silicon Valley has a population of 3.1 million as of 2020. A 1999 study by AnnaLee Saxenian for the Public Policy Institute of California reported that
2070-582: A table while a deal was being discussed?" Silicon Valley firms' board of directors are composed of 15.7% women compared with 20.9% in the S&;P 100. The 2012 lawsuit Pao v. Kleiner Perkins was filed in San Francisco County Superior Court by executive Ellen Pao for gender discrimination against her employer, Kleiner Perkins . The case went to trial in February 2015. On March 27, 2015,
2185-462: A third of Silicon Valley scientists and engineers were immigrants and that nearly a quarter of Silicon Valley's high-technology firms since 1980 were run by Chinese (17 percent) or Indian descent CEOs (7 percent). There is a stratum of well-compensated technical employees and managers, including tens of thousands of "single-digit millionaires". This income and range of assets will support a middle-class lifestyle in Silicon Valley. In November 2006,
2300-671: A way of obtaining large-scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm. All services are billed based on usage, but each service measures usage in varying ways. As of 2023 Q1, AWS has 31% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud have 25%, and 11% respectively, according to Synergy Research Group. As of 2021, AWS comprises over 200 products and services including computing , storage , networking , database , analytics , application services , deployment , management , machine learning , mobile , developer tools , RobOps and tools for
2415-605: A way to build their own web-stores, Amazon pursued service-oriented architecture as a means to scale its engineering operations, led by then CTO Allan Vermeulen. Around the same time frame, Amazon was frustrated with the speed of its software engineering, and sought to implement various recommendations put forth by Matt Round, an engineering leader at the time, including maximization of autonomy for engineering teams, adoption of REST , standardization of infrastructure, removal of gate-keeping decision-makers (bureaucracy), and continuous deployment . He also called for increasing
SECTION 20
#17330845162582530-732: Is a global center for high technology and innovation . Located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area , it corresponds roughly to the geographical area of the Santa Clara Valley . The term "Silicon Valley" refers to the area in which high-tech business has proliferated in Northern California, and it also serves as a general metonym for California's high-tech business sector. The cities of Sunnyvale , Mountain View , Palo Alto and Menlo Park are frequently cited as
2645-693: Is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms and APIs to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered, pay-as-you-go basis. Clients will often use this in combination with autoscaling (a process that allows a client to use more computing in times of high application usage, and then scale down to reduce costs when there is less traffic). These cloud computing web services provide various services related to networking, compute, storage, middleware , IoT and other processing capacity, as well as software tools via AWS server farms . This frees clients from managing, scaling, and patching hardware and operating systems. One of
2760-608: Is also represented in the number of new companies founded by women as well as the number of women-lead startups that receive venture capital funding. Wadhwa said he believes that a contributing factor is a lack of parental encouragement to study science and engineering. He also cited a lack of women role models and noted that most famous tech leaders—like Bill Gates , Steve Jobs , and Mark Zuckerberg —are men. As of October 2014, some high-profile Silicon Valley firms were working actively to prepare and recruit women. Bloomberg reported that Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft attended
2875-516: Is developing ground stations to communicate with customers' satellites. In 2019, AWS reported 37% yearly growth and accounted for 12% of Amazon's revenue (up from 11% in 2018). In April 2021, AWS reported 32% yearly growth and accounted for 32% of $ 41.8 billion cloud market in Q1 2021. In January 2022, AWS joined the MACH Alliance , a non-profit enterprise technology advocacy group. In June 2022, it
2990-491: The Brookings Institution . As of June 2021, it also had the highest percentage of homes valued at $ 1 million or more in the United States. Silicon Valley is home to many of the world's largest high-tech corporations , including the headquarters of more than 30 businesses in the Fortune 1000 , and thousands of startup companies . Silicon Valley also accounts for one-third of all of the venture capital investment in
3105-658: The Intel 8080 , the second 8-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel . On April 23, 1963, J. C. R. Licklider , the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at The Pentagon 's ARPA issued an office memorandum addressed to Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network . It rescheduled a meeting in Palo Alto regarding his vision of
3220-518: The Internet of Things . The most popular include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon Connect, and AWS Lambda (a serverless function that can perform arbitrary code written in any language that can be configured to be triggered by hundreds of events , including HTTP calls). Services expose functionality through APIs for clients to use in their applications. These APIs are accessed over HTTP, using
3335-564: The MITS Altair microcomputer, the first unit sent to the area for review by People's Computer Company . Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs credit that first meeting with inspiring them to design the original Apple I and (successor) Apple II computers. As a result, the first preview of the Apple I was given at the Homebrew Computer Club. Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at
3450-567: The Middle East , one in Africa, and twelve in Asia Pacific . Most AWS regions are enabled by default for AWS accounts. Regions introduced after 20 March 2019 are considered to be opt-in regions, requiring a user to explicitly enable them in order for the region to be usable in the account. For opt-in regions, Identity and Access Management (IAM) resources such as users and roles are only propagated to
3565-524: The REST architectural style and SOAP protocol for older APIs and exclusively JSON for newer ones. Clients can interact with these APIs in various ways, including from the AWS console (a website), by using SDKs written in various languages (such as Python , Java , and JavaScript ), or by making direct REST calls. The genesis of AWS came in the early 2000s. After building Merchant.com , Amazon's e-commerce-as-a-service platform that offers third-party retailers
SugarCRM - Misplaced Pages Continue
3680-539: The Shockley diode ), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end research on the silicon transistor. As a result of Shockley's abusive management style, eight engineers left the company to form Fairchild Semiconductor ; Shockley referred to them as the " traitorous eight ". Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore , would go on to found Intel . Following
3795-609: The Stanford Industrial Park (later Stanford Research Park ). Terman invited only high-technology companies. The first tenant was Varian Associates , founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to build military-radar components. Terman also found venture capital for civilian-technology start-ups. Hewlett-Packard became one of the major success-stories. Founded in 1939 in Packard's garage by Stanford graduates Bill Hewlett and David Packard , Hewlett-Packard moved its offices into
3910-545: The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center . Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and Internet services. Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer operating systems, software , and user interfaces. Using money from NASA , the US Air Force , and ARPA , Douglas Engelbart invented
4025-481: The Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), operated one of the four original nodes that comprised ARPANET , predecessor to the Internet . By the early 1970s, there were many semiconductor companies in the area, computer firms using their devices, and programming and service companies serving both. Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive. Growth during this era
4140-744: The University of California, Davis released a report analyzing business leadership by women within the state. The report showed that although 103 of the 400 largest public companies headquartered in California were located in Santa Clara County (the most of all counties), only 8.8% of Silicon Valley companies had women CEOs. This was the lowest percentage in the state. (San Francisco County had 19.2% and Marin County had 18.5%.) Silicon Valley tech leadership positions are occupied almost exclusively by men. This
4255-470: The chemical element used in silicon -based transistors and integrated circuit chips, which is the focus of a large number of computer hardware and software innovators and manufacturers in the region. The popularization of the name is often credited to Don Hoefler , the first journalist to use the term in a news story. His article "Silicon Valley U.S.A." was published in the January 11, 1971, issue of
4370-601: The mouse and hypertext-based collaboration tools in the mid-1960s and 1970s while at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), first publicly demonstrated in 1968 in what is now known as The Mother of All Demos . Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at SRI was also involved in launching the ARPANET (precursor to the Internet ) and starting the Network Information Center (now InterNIC ). Xerox hired some of Engelbart's best researchers beginning in
4485-591: The "preprofit" stage. Prior to 1970, most Northern California lawyers were based in San Francisco, especially the experienced patent attorneys whom the high-tech industry needed to protect its intellectual property. During the 1970s, lawyers began to follow venture capitalists down the Peninsula to serve the booming high-tech industry in Silicon Valley. As of 1999, there were 2,400 lawyers practicing law in Palo Alto,
4600-399: The 1959 inventions of the monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild, the first commercial MOS IC was introduced by General Microelectronics in 1964. The first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004 , designed and realized by Federico Faggin along with Ted Hoff , Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971. In April 1974, Intel released
4715-503: The 20 most inventive towns in America were in California, and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley. San Jose led the list with 3,867 utility patents filed in 2005, and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1,881 utility patents. Silicon Valley is also home to a significant number of " Unicorn " ventures, referring to startup companies whose valuation has exceeded $ 1 billion dollars . A world-renowned technology hub, San Francisco Bay Area has
SugarCRM - Misplaced Pages Continue
4830-671: The 20th annual Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference to actively recruit and potentially hire female engineers and technology experts. The same month, the second annual Platform Summit was held to discuss increasing racial and gender diversity in tech. As of April 2015 experienced women were engaged in creation of venture capital firms which leveraged women's perspectives in funding of startups. After UC Davis published its Study of California Women Business Leaders in November 2006, some San Jose Mercury News readers dismissed
4945-756: The AWS Snowcone, a small computing device, to the International Space Station on the Axiom Mission 1 . In September 2023, AWS announced it would become AI startup Anthropic 's primary cloud provider. Amazon has committed to investing up to $ 4 billion in Anthropic and will have a minority ownership position in the company. AWS also announced the GA of Amazon Bedrock, a fully managed service that makes foundation models (FMs) from leading AI companies available through
5060-506: The Amazon EC2 service, with a team in Cape Town , South Africa. In November 2004, AWS launched its first infrastructure service for public usage: Simple Queue Service (SQS). On March 14, 2006, AWS launched Amazon S3 cloud storage followed by EC2 in August 2006. Pi Corporation, a startup Paul Maritz co-founded, was the first beta-user of EC2 outside of Amazon, while Microsoft
5175-512: The Santa Clara Valley, and then north towards the Bay Area's two other major cities, San Francisco and Oakland , the term "Silicon Valley" came to have two definitions: a narrower geographic one, referring to Santa Clara County and southeastern San Mateo County , and a metonymical definition referring to high-tech businesses in the entire Bay Area. The term Silicon Valley is often used as
5290-566: The Stanford Research Park shortly after 1953. In 1954 Stanford originated the Honors Cooperative Program to allow full-time employees of the companies to pursue graduate degrees from the university on a part-time basis. The initial companies signed five-year agreements in which they would pay double the tuition for each student in order to cover the costs. Hewlett-Packard has become the largest personal-computer manufacturer in
5405-671: The SugarCRM Public License (based on the Mozilla Public License and the Attribution Assurance License). While users could freely redistribute Sugar and the license allowed for the inspection and modification of the source code and for the creation of derived works, critics, including Dan Farber, editor in chief at CNET, expressed some concern over SugarCRM's use of the term "commercial open source" to describe its products. On July 25, 2007, SugarCRM announced
5520-642: The U.S. patents for Poulsen arc radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) in Palo Alto . Over the next decade, the FTC created the world's first global radio communication system, and signed a contract with the Navy in 1912. In 1933, Air Base Sunnyvale , California, was commissioned by the United States Government for use as a Naval Air Station (NAS) to house
5635-829: The UK such as GCHQ , MI5 , MI6 , and the Ministry of Defence , have contracted AWS to host their classified materials. In 2022 Amazon shared a $ 9 billion contract from the United States Department of Defense for cloud computing with Google, Microsoft, and Oracle. Multiple financial services firms have shifted to AWS in some form. As of March 2024, AWS has distinct operations in 33 geographical "regions": eight in North America , one in South America , eight in Europe , three in
5750-648: The US East region; Pattern Development, in January 2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm Fowler Ridge ; Iberdrola Renewables , LLC, in July 2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US East; EDP Renewables North America , in November 2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US Central; and Tesla Motors , to apply battery storage technology to address power needs in the US West (Northern California) region. AWS also has "pop-up lofts" in different locations around
5865-538: The US using AWS services such as S3 and EC2 to build their businesses. The first edition saw participation from Justin.tv , which Amazon would later acquire in 2014. Ooyala , an online media company, was the eventual winner. Additional AWS services from this period include SimpleDB , Mechanical Turk , Elastic Block Store , Elastic Beanstalk , Relational Database Service , DynamoDB , CloudWatch , Simple Workflow, CloudFront , and Availability Zones. In November 2010, it
SECTION 50
#17330845162585980-508: The United States, which has helped it to become a leading hub and startup ecosystem for high-tech innovation, although the tech ecosystem has recently become more geographically dispersed. It was in Silicon Valley that the silicon-based integrated circuit , the microprocessor , and the microcomputer , among other technologies, were developed. As of 2021 , the region employed about a half million information technology workers. As more high-tech companies were established across San Jose and
6095-507: The United States. A 2023 report found that the aggregate household wealth of Silicon Valley (including ultra-high net worth individuals ) was nearly $ 1.1 trillion, and less than 1% of the Valley's population held 36% of the wealth. Conversely, as of 2021, 23% of Silicon Valley residents were living below the poverty line . However, the meaning of the term "poverty" is dependent upon context; in Silicon Valley, it means something different because of
6210-548: The Valley's mysterious ways, their lawyer often served as their first coach, mentor, teacher, friend, and cheerleader who helped connect them to the Valley's startup ecosystem. As of 2022, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metropolitan area had the highest average wage for lawyers in the United States, at $ 267,840. The Homebrew Computer Club was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and technically minded hobbyists who gathered to trade parts, circuits , and information pertaining to DIY construction of computing devices. It
6325-685: The adoption of the GNU General Public License (version 3) for Sugar Community Edition, the offering previously known as Sugar Open Source. This license took effect with the release of Sugar Community Edition 5.0. On April 11, 2010, SugarCRM announced that starting with version 6.0.0, the Sugar Community Edition would be licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License version 3 . The charts module, customer portal, mobile support, some SOAP functions and most of
6440-623: The airship USS Macon in Hangar One . The station was renamed NAS Moffett Field , and between 1933 and 1947, U.S. Navy blimps were based there. A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett Field to serve the Navy. When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its west coast operations to San Diego , the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA, forerunner of NASA ) took over portions of Moffett Field for aeronautics research. Many of
6555-424: The area's high-tech firms. Frederick Terman , as Stanford University's dean of the school of engineering from 1946, encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. In 1951 Terman spearheaded the formation of Stanford Industrial Park (now Stanford Research Park , an area surrounding Page Mill Road , south west of El Camino Real and extending beyond Foothill Expressway to Arastradero Road), where
6670-484: The atomic-level pieces of the Amazon.com platform". According to Brewster Kahle , co-founder of Alexa Internet , which was acquired by Amazon in 1999, his start-up's compute infrastructure helped Amazon solve its big data problems and later informed the innovations that underpinned AWS. Jassy assembled a founding team of 57 employees from a mix of engineering and business backgrounds to kick-start these initiatives, with
6785-414: The basis for many electronic developments for decades. Both Frederick Terman and William Shockley are often called "the father of Silicon Valley". Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that silicon was the better material for making transistors. Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as
6900-402: The birthplace of Silicon Valley. San Jose is Silicon Valley's largest city, the third-largest in California , and the 13th-most populous in the United States . Other major Silicon Valley cities include Santa Clara , Redwood City and Cupertino . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the third-highest GDP per capita in the world (after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ), according to
7015-467: The chemicals used in the manufacture of integrated circuits . Technical, engineering, design, and administrative staffs were in large part well compensated. Silicon Valley has a severe housing shortage , caused by the market imbalance between jobs created and housing units built: from 2010 to 2015, many more jobs have been created than housing units built. (400,000 jobs, 60,000 housing units) This shortage has driven home prices extremely high, far out of
SECTION 60
#17330845162587130-478: The company to raise $ 86 million of venture capital from Draper Fisher Jurvetson , Walden International, New Enterprise Associates and Goldman Sachs . In 2006, SugarCRM launched SugarCon, a conference for Sugar customers, users and developers. It has since become an annual conference, held in the San Francisco Bay Area to begin with but in 2018 the conference was moved to Las Vegas. By 2008, SugarCRM employed over 150 people. In June 2008, co-founder Taylor left
7245-480: The company, during what technology website The Register called "a mysterious exodus of senior and experienced business staff" from SugarCRM. Clint Oram replaced him as the CTO. In May 2009, co-founder and CEO Roberts left the company. He was replaced as CEO by SugarCRM board member Larry Augustin , who had previously founded and served as the CEO of VA Linux (now known as Geeknet ). In June 2010, Sugar launched Sugar 6,
7360-518: The default theme templates were removed from the AGPLv3 licensed Sugar Community Edition 6. In 2014 the project announced there would only be proprietary licenses starting at Sugar 7. In 2020, a statement SugarCRM updated is license management support for it licensed products and could be found on SugarCRMs website. Silicon Valley Silicon Valley is a region in Northern California that
7475-667: The diversity hire. He described being isolated from his team, and constantly having to prove he could do the job he was hired for. In 2014, tech companies Google , Yahoo! , Facebook , Apple , and others, released corporate transparency reports that offered detailed employee breakdowns. In May, Google said 17% of its tech employees worldwide were women, and, in the U.S., 1% of its tech workers were black and 2% were Hispanic/Latino . June 2014 brought reports from Yahoo! and Facebook. Yahoo! said that 15% of its tech jobs were held by women, 2% of its tech employees were black and 4% Hispanic. Facebook reported that 15% of its tech workforce
7590-510: The early 1970s. In turn, in the 1970s and 1980s, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) played a pivotal role in object-oriented programming, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Ethernet , PostScript , and laser printers . While Xerox marketed equipment using its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems , and indirectly to Cisco , Apple Computer , and Microsoft . Apple's Macintosh GUI
7705-467: The early 1980s, at the time of the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market. The urbanized area is built upon an alluvial plain within a longitudinal valley formed by roughly parallel earthquake faults. The area between the faults subsided into a graben or dropped valley. Hoefler defined Silicon Valley as the urbanized parts of "the San Francisco Peninsula and Santa Clara Valley". Before
7820-566: The expansive growth of the tech industry, the region had been the largest fruit-producing and packing region in the world up through the 1960s, with 39 fruit canneries. The nickname it had been known as during that period was "the Valley of Heart’s Delight". Silicon Valley was born through the intersection of several contributing factors, including a skilled science research base housed in area universities, plentiful venture capital , permissive government regulation, and steady U.S. Department of Defense spending. Stanford University ’s leadership
7935-459: The first quarter of 2023. More traditional industries also recognize the potential of high-tech development, and several car manufacturers have opened offices in Silicon Valley to capitalize on its entrepreneurial ecosystem . Manufacture of transistors was for a long time the core industry in Silicon Valley. The workforce was for the most part composed of Asian and Latino immigrants who were paid low wages and worked in hazardous conditions due to
8050-448: The first set of infrastructure pieces that Amazon should launch. Jeff Barr, an early AWS employee, credits Vermeulen, Jassy, Bezos himself, and a few others for coming up with the idea that would evolve into EC2 , S3 , and RDS ; Jassy recalls the idea was the result of brainstorming for about a week with "ten of the best technology minds and ten of the best product management minds" on about ten different internet applications and
8165-607: The first time. Jassy was thereafter promoted to CEO of the division. Around the same time, Amazon experienced a 42% rise in stock value as a result of increased earnings, of which AWS contributed 56% to corporate profits. AWS had $ 17.46 billion in annual revenue in 2017. By the end of 2020, the number had grown to $ 46 billion. Reflecting the success of AWS, Jassy's annual compensation in 2017 hit nearly $ 36 million. In January 2018, Amazon launched an autoscaling service on AWS. In November 2018, AWS announced customized ARM cores for use in its servers. Also in November 2018, AWS
8280-510: The foundational services is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which allows users to have at their disposal a virtual cluster of computers , with extremely high availability, which can be interacted with over the internet via REST APIs, a CLI or the AWS console. AWS's virtual computers emulate most of the attributes of a real computer, including hardware central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs) for processing; local/ RAM memory; hard-disk (HDD)/ SSD storage ;
8395-480: The high cost of living to the success of the industries in this region. Although, this rift between high and low salaries is driving many residents out who can no longer afford to live there. In the Bay Area , the number of residents planning to leave within the next several years has had an increase of 35% since 2016, from 34% to 46%. The wealth inequality in Silicon Valley is more pronounced than in any other region of
8510-669: The holiday season , by migrating services to commodity Linux hardware and relying on open source software , Amazon's Infrastructure team, led by Tom Killalea, Amazon's first CISO , had already run its data centers and associated services in a "fast, reliable, cheap" way. In July 2002 Amazon.com Web Services, managed by Colin Bryar, launched its first web services , opening up the Amazon.com platform to all developers. Over one hundred applications were built on top of it by 2004. This unexpected developer interest took Amazon by surprise and convinced them that developers were "hungry for more". By
8625-641: The jury found in favor of Kleiner Perkins on all counts. Nevertheless, the case, which had wide press coverage, resulted in major advances in consciousness of gender discrimination on the part of venture capital and technology firms and their women employees. Two other cases have been filed against Facebook and Twitter. A 2017 study showed that white males made up the majority of higher positions, with 58.7% holding executive positions and 46.5% being managers. The second highest position holders were Asian men, with 16.3% having executive positions and 17.9% being managers. African/Black and Hispanic/Latino people had
8740-543: The knowledge they gained from their previous employer. This gave Silicon Valley an advantage over other American tech hubs such as Massachusetts Route 128 curving around Boston . The San Francisco Bay Area had long been a major site of United States Navy research and technology. In 1909, Charles Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose . Later that year, Stanford University graduate Cyril Elwell purchased
8855-408: The largest concentration of high-tech companies in the United States, at 387,000 high-tech jobs, of which Silicon Valley accounts for 225,300 high-tech jobs. Silicon Valley has the highest concentration of high-tech workers of any metropolitan area, with 285.9 out of every 1,000 private-sector workers. Silicon Valley has the highest average high-tech salary in the United States at $ 144,800. Largely
8970-530: The lowest percentages in all categories. Harvard Business Review published an article in 2018 discussing diversity and inclusion and gave statistics on black employees along with advice to future black technicians. LeRon L. Barton, a black man who spent over two decades in Tech, gave an insight on his work experiences. He said he saw no one who looked like him in his profession and said he received many comments that he believed disregarded his skill such as being called
9085-449: The most primitive building blocks required to build them. Werner Vogels cites Amazon's desire to make the process of "invent, launch, reinvent, relaunch, start over, rinse, repeat" as fast as it could was leading them to break down organizational structures with "two-pizza teams" and application structures with distributed systems ; and that these changes ultimately paved way for the formation of AWS and its mission "to expose all of
9200-406: The original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms, such as Lockheed , which was the area's largest employer from the 1950s into 1980s. Stanford University , its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the development of the culture of collaboration among high-tech companies. A powerful sense of regional solidarity shaped
9315-467: The origins of Silicon Valley firms, including via investments from Fairchild 's eight co-founders. The key investors in Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital were from the same group, directly leading to Tech Crunch 2014 estimate of 92 public firms of 130 related listed firms then worth over US$ 2.1 trillion with over 2,000 firms traced back to them. Another important pillar of the Valley's success
9430-646: The outlook of inventors and engineers in California; contrasting markedly from the insular and competitive environment of engineering firms on the East Coast of the United States . From the 1890s, Stanford University's leaders saw its mission as service to the (American) West and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster-like attempts to build self-sufficient local industry. Thus regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of
9545-411: The percentage of the time engineers spent building the software rather than doing other tasks. Amazon created "a shared IT platform" so its engineering organizations, which were spending 70% of their time on "undifferentiated heavy-lifting" such as IT and infrastructure problems, could focus on customer-facing innovation instead. Besides, in dealing with unusual peak traffic patterns, especially during
9660-716: The planned launch of six additional regions in Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and the European Union. In mid March 2023, Amazon Web Services signed a cooperation agreement with the New Zealand Government to build large data centers in New Zealand. In 2014, AWS claimed its aim was to achieve 100% renewable energy usage in the future. In the United States, AWS's partnerships with renewable energy providers include Community Energy of Virginia, to support
9775-440: The possibility that sexism contributed in making Silicon Valley's leadership gender gap the highest in the state. A January 2015 issue of Newsweek magazine featured an article detailing reports of sexism and misogyny in Silicon Valley. The article's author, Nina Burleigh , asked, "Where were all these offended people when women like Heidi Roizen published accounts of having a venture capitalist stick her hand in his pants under
9890-472: The predecessor to Craigslist began operations. Silicon Valley is generally considered to have been the center of the dot-com bubble , which started in the mid-1990s and collapsed after the NASDAQ stock market began to decline dramatically in April 2000. During the bubble era, real estate prices reached unprecedented levels. For a brief time, Sand Hill Road was home to the most expensive commercial real estate in
10005-549: The range of production workers. As of 2016 a two-bedroom apartment rented for about $ 2,500 while the median home price was about $ 1 million. The Financial Post called Silicon Valley the most expensive U.S. housing region. Homelessness is a problem with housing beyond the reach of middle-income residents; there is little shelter space other than in San Jose which, as of 2015, was making an effort to develop shelters by renovating old hotels. The Economist also attributes
10120-490: The region's severe housing shortage and high housing prices. As of 2023, the low-income poverty threshold set by the California Department of Housing and Community Development for single-person households in the counties of San Francisco, San Mateo, and Marin was $ 104,400, followed by $ 96,000 for the county of Santa Clara. In contrast, the 2023 national low-income poverty threshold set by the U.S. Census Bureau for
10235-441: The regions that are enabled. Each region is wholly contained within a single country and all of its data and services stay within the designated region. Each region has multiple "Availability Zones", which consist of one or more discrete data centers , each with redundant power , networking, and connectivity, housed in separate facilities. Availability Zones do not automatically provide additional scalability or redundancy within
10350-582: The subscriber requiring various degrees of availability , redundancy , security , and service options. Subscribers can pay for a single virtual AWS computer, a dedicated physical computer, or clusters of either. Amazon provides select portions of security for subscribers (e.g. physical security of the data centers) while other aspects of security are the responsibility of the subscriber (e.g. account management, vulnerability scanning, patching). AWS operates from many global geographical regions including seven in North America . Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as
10465-406: The success of their business with close collaboration and best practices. In January 2015, Amazon Web Services acquired Annapurna Labs , an Israel-based microelectronics company for a reported US$ 350–370M. In April 2015, Amazon.com reported AWS was profitable, with sales of $ 1.57 billion in the first quarter of the year and $ 265 million of operating income. Founder Jeff Bezos described it as
10580-429: The summer of 2003, Andy Jassy had taken over Bryar's portfolio at Rick Dalzell 's behest, after Vermeulen, who was Bezos' first pick, declined the offer. Jassy subsequently mapped out the vision for an "Internet OS " made up of foundational infrastructure primitives that alleviated key impediments to shipping software applications faster. By fall 2003, databases , storage , and compute were identified as
10695-824: The tech industry, "This is the next step in the civil rights movement" while T. J. Rodgers has argued against Jackson's assertions. According to a 2019 Lincoln Network survey, 48% of high-tech workers in Silicon Valley identify as Christians , with Roman Catholicism (27%) being its largest branch, followed by Protestantism (19%). The same study found that 16% of high-tech workers identify as nothing in particular, 11% as something else, 8% as Agnostics , and 7% as Atheists . Around 4% of high-tech workers in Silicon Valley identify as Jews or Buddhists , 3% as Hindus , 2% as Muslims and 1% as Satanists . The following Santa Clara County cities are traditionally considered to be in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order): Amazon Web Services Amazon Web Services, Inc. ( AWS )
10810-607: The university leased portions of its land to high-tech firms. Terman nurtured companies like Hewlett-Packard , Varian Associates , Eastman Kodak , General Electric , Lockheed Corporation , and other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford University campus. In 1951, to address the financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local employment-opportunities for graduating students, Frederick Terman proposed leasing Stanford's lands for use as an office park named
10925-493: The weekly trade newspaper Electronic News . In preparation for this report, during a lunch meeting with marketing people who were visiting the area, he heard them use the term. Earlier uses outside journalism exist; for example, a May 1970 advertisement in the Peninsula Times Tribune described a Palo Alto company that "helps production people in Silicon Valley." However, the term did not gain widespread use until
11040-420: The world, and the booming economy resulted in severe traffic congestion . The PayPal Mafia is sometimes credited with inspiring the re-emergence of consumer-focused Internet companies after the dot-com bust of 2001. After the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and development centers in the world. A 2006 The Wall Street Journal story found that 12 of
11155-524: The world, and transformed the home-printing market when it released the first thermal drop-on-demand ink-jet printer in 1984. Other early tenants included Eastman Kodak , General Electric , and Lockheed . In 1956, William Shockley , the co-inventor of the first working transistor (with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain ), moved from New Jersey to Mountain View, California , to start Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory to live closer to his ailing mother in Palo Alto . Shockley's work served as
11270-627: The world. These market AWS to entrepreneurs and startups in different tech industries in a physical location. Visitors can work or relax inside the loft, or learn more about what they can do with AWS. In June 2014, AWS opened their first temporary pop-up loft in San Francisco . In May 2015 they expanded to New York City, and in September 2015 expanded to Berlin. AWS opened its fourth location, in Tel Aviv from March 1, 2016, to March 22, 2016. A pop-up loft
11385-539: Was Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), founded in 1983 by a group of former Bank of America executives. Before its 2023 collapse , SVB specialized in providing banking services to Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and their startup firms. SVB's original primary commercial lending product was a working capital line of credit , secured by a startup's accounts receivable . In contrast to traditional banks, who focused their commercial lending on already-established businesses, SVB specialized in lending money to small startup companies in
11500-434: Was 9.4% in January 2009 and has decreased to a record low of 2.7% as of August 2019. But in April 2020, when unemployment was at its peak, it stood at 13.7% and has since fallen to 5.7% in July 2021. Silicon Valley received 41% of all U.S. venture investment in 2011, and 46% in 2012. During the period from 2019 to 2021, Silicon Valley's share of U.S. venture capital investment dropped to 35.9%, but had surged back to 41% as of
11615-452: Was among EC2's first enterprise customers. Later that year, SmugMug , one of the early AWS adopters, attributed savings of around US$ 400,000 in storage costs to S3. According to Vogels, S3 was built with 8 microservices when it launched in 2006, but had over 300 microservices by 2022. In September 2007, AWS announced its annual Start-up Challenge , a contest with prizes worth $ 100,000 for entrepreneurs and software developers based in
11730-458: Was completely standardized, completely automated, and would rely extensively on web services for services such as storage and would draw on internal work already underway. Near the end of their paper, they mentioned the possibility of selling access to virtual servers as a service, proposing the company could generate revenue from the new infrastructure investment. Thereafter Pinkham, Willem van Biljon , and lead developer Christopher Brown developed
11845-488: Was created to foster startups , giving a boost to entrepreneurs. Northern California was even more welcoming, with a group of venture capitalists actively seeking high-tech business ideas, clustered on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park and Palo Alto . California 's civil code undermined the usual non-compete clauses that effectively tied employees to their companies in other states, allowing California workers to freely apply
11960-533: Was especially important in the valley's early development. Together these elements formed the basis of its growth and success. The United States was more friendly than other countries to business investment, charging much lower taxes on capital gains since the Revenue Act of 1921 , and featuring particularly loose free market controls over new business. In 1953, the Small Business Administration
12075-679: Was female, and 3% was Hispanic and 1% was black. In August 2014, Apple reported that 80% of its global tech staff was male and that, in the U.S., 54% of its tech jobs were staffed by Caucasians and 23% by Asians. Soon after, USA Today published an article about Silicon Valley's lack of tech-industry diversity, pointing out that it is largely white or Asian, and male. "Blacks and Hispanics are largely absent," it reported, "and women are underrepresented in Silicon Valley—from giant companies to start-ups to venture capital firms." Civil rights activist Jesse Jackson said of improving diversity in
12190-459: Was fueled by the emergence of venture capital on Sand Hill Road , beginning with Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital in 1972; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $ 1.3 billion IPO of Apple Computer in December 1980. Since the 1980s, Silicon Valley has been home to the largest concentration of venture capital firms in the world. In 1971, Don Hoefler traced
12305-650: Was held in Las Vegas because of its relatively cheaper connectivity with locations across the United States and the rest of the world. Andy Jassy and Werner Vogels presented keynotes, with Jeff Bezos joining Vogels for a fireside chat. AWS opened early registrations at US$ 1,099 per head for their customers from over 190 countries. On stage with Andy Jassy at the event which saw around 6000 attendees, Reed Hastings , CEO at Netflix , announced plans to migrate 100% of Netflix's infrastructure to AWS. To support industry-wide training and skills standardization, AWS began offering
12420-684: Was known. After that SugarCRM released a notice saying that they "have no plans" to release 7 to Open Source. In April 2018, Clint Oram, CMO & Founder of SugarCRM, Inc., posted to the company's community blog that the Community Edition open source project had officially ended. Sugar is a software as a service (SaaS) product. As of Sugar 7, customers can opt to use an on-premises product, SugarCRM's Sugar Cloud, one of SugarCRM's partners, or public cloud services (such as Amazon Web Services , Microsoft Azure , Rackspace Cloud or IBM SmartCloud ). SugarCRM initially licensed Sugar Open Source under
12535-499: Was largely a result of Steve Jobs ' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key personnel. Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need to route a variety of protocols over Stanford University 's Ethernet campus network . Commercial use of the Internet became practical and grew slowly throughout the early 1990s. In 1995, commercial use of the Internet grew substantially and the initial wave of internet startups, Amazon.com , eBay , and
12650-658: Was open in London from September 10 to October 29, 2015. The pop-up lofts in New York and San Francisco are indefinitely closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic while Tokyo has remained open in a limited capacity. In 2017, AWS launched AWS re/Start in the United Kingdom to help young adults and military veterans retrain in technology-related skills. In partnership with the Prince's Trust and
12765-469: Was reported that all of Amazon.com's retail sites had migrated to AWS. Prior to 2012, AWS was considered a part of Amazon.com and so its revenue was not delineated in Amazon financial statements. In that year industry watchers for the first time estimated AWS revenue to be over $ 1.5 billion. On November 27, 2012, AWS hosted its first major annual conference, re:Invent with a focus on AWS's partners and ecosystem, with over 150 sessions. The three-day event
12880-442: Was reported that in 2019 Capital One had not secured their AWS resources properly, and was subject to a data breach by a former AWS employee. The employee was convicted of hacking into the company's cloud servers to steal customer data and use computer power to mine cryptocurrency. The ex-employee was able to download the personal information of more than 100 million Capital One customers. In June 2022, AWS announced they had launched
12995-431: Was reported that more than 80% of Germany 's listed DAX companies use AWS. In August 2019, the U.S. Navy said it moved 72,000 users from six commands to an AWS cloud system as a first step toward pushing all of its data and analytics onto the cloud. In 2021, DISH Network announced it will develop and launch its 5G network on AWS. In October 2021, it was reported that spy agencies and government departments in
13110-475: Was started by Gordon French and Fred Moore who met at the Community Computer Center in Menlo Park . They both were interested in maintaining a regular, open forum for people to get together to work on making computers more accessible to everyone. The first meeting was held as of March 1975 at French's garage in Menlo Park , San Mateo County, California ; which was on occasion of the arrival of
13225-493: Was the CTO & vice president of engineering. In June 2004, Josh B. Stein of DFJ invested $ 2 million into the startup and became a board member. With the help of this investment, Sugar expanded quickly and by September 2004, potential users had downloaded 25,000 copies of the application, then named Sugar Open Source. In October 2004, the company was named "Project of the Month" on SourceForge. The popularity of this project allowed
#257742