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53-577: Succa may refer to: Sukkah , the booths erected for Sukkot, the annual Jewish commemoration of the Exodus from Egypt Succa people , an early indigenous people of the Carolinas Succa, an eye dialect spelling of sucker Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Succa . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

106-403: A Jew manipulates any object for a 'holy reason', (which includes eating); however, not all animal products are capable of releasing their 'sparks of holiness'. The Hasidic argument is that animals are imbued with signs that reveal the release of these sparks, and the signs are expressed in the biblical categorization of ritually 'clean' and ritually 'unclean'. Although the reason for kashrut

159-522: A fashion that aligns with their sukkah-building needs. Portable sukkot made of a collapsible metal frame and cloth walls have recently become available for those who have little space, or for those who are traveling (in order to have a place to eat one's meals). The roof covering, known as s'chach (סכך in Hebrew ), must consist of something that grew from the earth but is currently disconnected from it. Palm leaves , bamboo sticks , pine branches, wood and

212-420: A practice known as ḥaliṭah ( Hebrew : חליטה ), "blanching." This was believed to constrict the blood lodged within the meat, to prevent it from oozing out when the meat was eaten. The raw meat is left in the pot of boiling water for as long as it takes for the meat to whiten on its outer layer. If someone wanted to use the water for soup after making ḥaliṭah in the same pot, they could simply scoop out

265-452: A rational explanation and would probably be enacted by most orderly societies ( mishpatim ), laws that are understood after being explained, but would not be legislated without the Torah's command ( eidot ), and laws that do not have a rational explanation ( chukim ). Some Jewish scholars say that kashrut should be categorized as laws for which there is no particular explanation since

318-469: A sukkah. Fresh, dried or plastic fruit —including etrogs and the seven species for which Israel is praised (wheat, barley, grapes, figs, pomegranates, olives and dates; see Deuteronomy 8:8)—are popular decorations. Some families also line the interior walls with white sheeting, in order to recall the "Clouds of Glory" that surrounded the Jewish nation during their wanderings in the desert. The Chabad custom

371-560: A symbolic wilderness shelter, commemorating the time God provided for the Israelites in the wilderness they inhabited after they were freed from slavery in Egypt. It is common for Jews to eat, sleep and otherwise spend time in the sukkah . In Judaism, Sukkot is considered a joyous occasion and is referred to in Hebrew as Z'man Simchateinu (the time of our rejoicing), and the sukkah itself symbolizes

424-623: Is [...] never mentioned in the Geniza ." Goitein believed that in the early Middle Ages Jewish families kept only one set of cutlery and cooking ware. According to David C. Kraemer , the practice of keeping separate sets of dishes developed only in the late 14th and 15th centuries. It is possible observant Jews before then waited overnight for the meat or dairy gravy absorbed in a pot's walls to become insignificant ([[[:he:נותן טעם לפגם#נותן טעם לפגם בכלים|lifgam]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 7) ( help ) ) before using

477-556: Is a common practice for hotels, restaurants, snack shops, and outdoor tourist attractions (such as zoos) to provide a Kosher sukkah for customers to dine in. All Lubavitcher Hasidim and some Belzer Hasidim (especially outside Israel) do not sleep in the sukkah due to its intrinsic holiness. Though the halakha doesn't obligate one to eat or sleep in the sukkah if it is raining, Lubavitcher Hasidim will still eat there. A popular social activity which involves people visiting each other's Sukkot has become known as "Sukkah hopping". Food

530-459: Is a discussion among contemporary halakhic authorities whether canvas may be used for walls: Some, such as R. Ovadiah Yosef (Shu"t Yechaveh Da'at 3:46) hold that even the slightest degree of swaying in the wind will disqualify the sukkah walls, and thus canvas cannot realistically be employed. Others, such as the Chazon Ish, permit motion to and fro of less than three handbreadths, thereby facilitating

583-529: Is called tevel ); the fruit of the first three years of a tree's growth or replanting are forbidden for eating or any other use as orlah ; produce grown in the Land of Israel on the seventh year obtains k'dushat shvi'it , and unless managed carefully is forbidden as a violation of the Shmita (Sabbatical Year). Some rules of kashrut are subject to different rabbinical opinions. For example, many hold that

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636-588: Is deemed kosher ( / ˈ k oʊ ʃ ər / in English, Yiddish : כּשר ), from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the term that in Sephardi or Modern Hebrew is pronounced kashér ( כָּשֵׁר ‎), meaning "fit" (in this context: "fit for consumption"). Food that may not be consumed, however, is deemed treif ( / t r eɪ f / in English, Yiddish : טרײף ), also spelled treyf ( Yiddish : טריף ). In case of objects

689-568: Is generally not kosher, as well as any animal that has been partially eaten by other animals. Meat and milk (or derivatives) may not be mixed in the sense that meat and dairy products are not served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together. Observant Jews have separate sets of dishes, and sometimes different kitchens, for meat and milk, and wait anywhere between one and six hours after eating meat before consuming milk products. The milchig and fleishig (literally "milky" and "meaty") utensils and dishes are

742-435: Is grilled over an open flame. Fish (and kosher locusts, for those who follow the traditions permitting them) must be killed before being eaten, but no particular method has been specified in Jewish law. Legal aspects of ritual slaughter are governed not only by Jewish law but civil law as well. Some believe that this ensures the animal dies instantly without unnecessary suffering , but many animal rights activists view

795-403: Is laid out so that participants will be able to recite the various required blessings. According to halakha , a sukkah is a structure consisting of a roof made of organic material which has been disconnected from the ground for the purpose of the commandment (the s'chach ). A sukkah must have three walls. It should be at least three feet tall, and be positioned so that all or part of its roof

848-641: Is necessary to allow birds to be consumed, even if it can be substantiated that they meet all four criteria. The only exception to this is the turkey. There was a time when certain authorities considered the signs sufficient, so Jews started eating this bird without a masorah because it possesses all the signs ( simanim ) in Hebrew. Fish must have fins and scales to be kosher. Shellfish and other non-fish water fauna are not kosher. (See kosher species of fish .) Insects are not kosher, except for certain species of kosher locust . Any animal that eats other animals, whether they kill their food or eat carrion ,

901-448: Is not to decorate the sukkah, as the sukkah itself is considered to be an object of beauty. According to Jewish law, one must recite the following blessing when using the sukkah. The blessing is normally recited after the blessing made on food, such as on bread or cake: During the holiday, some Jews recite the ushpizin prayer which symbolizes the welcoming of seven "exalted guests" into the sukkah. These ushpizin , or guests, represent

954-413: Is open to the sky. (Only the part which is under the sky is kosher .) Most authorities require its floor area to be at least 16 square cubits . In practice, the walls of a sukkah can be constructed from any material that will withstand a normally anticipated terrestrial wind. If the material is not rigid and therefore will sway in the wind, the sukkah is not kosher (Talmud, Sukkah 24b). Accordingly, there

1007-594: Is that it is a decree from the Torah, there have been attempts to provide scientific support for the view that Jewish food laws have an incidental health benefit. One of the earliest is that of Maimonides in The Guide for the Perplexed . In 1953, David Macht , an Orthodox Jew and proponent of the theory of biblical scientific foresight, conducted toxicity experiments on many kinds of animals and fish. His experiment involved lupin seedlings being supplied with extracts from

1060-502: The Shulchan Arukh , ruled that the pieces of meat can be "very thick" when salting. The Yemenite Jewish practice, however, follows Saadiah Gaon , who required that the meat not be larger than half a "rotal" (i.e. roughly 216 grams (7.6 oz)) when salting. This allows the effects of the salt to penetrate. Some Orthodox Jewish communities require the additional stricture of submersing raw meat in boiling water prior to cooking it,

1113-524: The Byzantine period , the Samaritans faced persecutions and began to construct them inside instead. This custom has remained ever since. Kosher Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus , כַּשְׁרוּת ‎ ) is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jewish people are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law . Food that may be consumed

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1166-557: The Maggid of Mezeritch and continuing with the consecutive rebbes of the Chabad Hasidic dynasty. In 2010, Bet Shira Congregation in Miami, Florida, erected a tent as a drive-through Sukkah, dubbed "McBet Shira Sukkah", in the parking lot of the synagogue. Sukkah City was a public art and architecture competition planned for New York City 's Union Square Park . The winning design

1219-503: The Mishnah and Talmud ), and elaborated on in the later rabbinical literature. Although the Torah does not state the rationale for most kashrut laws, some suggest that they are only tests of obedience, while others have suggested philosophical, practical, and hygienic reasons. Over the past century, many kashrut certification agencies have started to certify products, manufacturers, and restaurants as kosher, usually authorizing

1272-422: The hare because they have no cloven hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded. In 2008, a rabbinical ruling determined that giraffes and their milk are eligible to be considered kosher. The giraffe has both split hooves and chews its cud, characteristics of animals considered kosher. Findings from 2008 show that giraffe milk curdles, meeting kosher standards. Although kosher,

1325-420: The sages . First, a dores (predatory bird) is not kosher. Additionally, kosher birds possess three physical characteristics: an extra toe in the back (which does not join the other toes in supporting the leg), a zefek ( crop ), and a korkoban ( gizzard ) with a peelable lumen . However, individual Jews are barred from merely applying these regulations alone; an established tradition ( masorah )

1378-450: The Jews to fulfill their obligation of sitting in the sukkah. In Israel and other temperate climates (such as Florida , Australia , Texas , and Southern California ), observant Jews will often conduct all their eating, studying, and sleeping activities in the sukkah. Many Jews will not eat or drink anything outside the sukkah. Others will drink or eat fruit outside the sukkah. In Israel, it

1431-560: The Torah does not provide a reason, it has been suggested that the practice was perceived as cruel and insensitive. Hasidic Judaism believes that everyday life is imbued with channels connecting with Divinity , the activation of which it sees as helping the Divine Presence to be drawn into the physical world; Hasidism argues that the food laws are related to the way such channels, termed 'sparks of holiness', interact with various animals. These 'sparks of holiness' are released whenever

1484-411: The animal non-kosher. It is forbidden to consume certain parts of the animal, such as certain fats ( chelev ) and the sciatic nerves from the legs, the process of excision being done by experts before the meat is sold. As much blood as possible must be removed through the kashering process; this is usually done through soaking and salting the meat, but the liver , as it is rich in blood,

1537-836: The application of a blowtorch. Food prepared in a manner that violates the Shabbat (Sabbath) may not be eaten; although in certain instances it is permitted after the Shabbat is over. Passover has stricter dietary rules, the most important of which is the prohibition on eating leavened bread or derivatives of this, which are known as chametz . This prohibition is derived from Exodus 12:15. Utensils used in preparing and serving chametz are also forbidden on Passover unless they have been ritually cleansed ( kashered ). Observant Jews often keep separate sets of meat and dairy utensils for Passover use only. In addition, some groups follow various eating restrictions on Passover that go beyond

1590-484: The commonly referred-to Yiddish delineations between dairy and meat ones, respectively. According to the Shulchan Aruch, a six-hour waiting period is recommended between consuming meat and dairy. During this time, it is generally advised to abstain from brushing and rinsing the mouth. Shelomo Dov Goitein writes, "the dichotomy of the kitchen into a meat and a milk section, so basic in an observant Jewish household,

1643-437: The film, froth and scum that surface in the boiling water. Ḥaliṭah is not required when roasting meat over a fire, as the fire constricts the blood. Utensils used for non-kosher foods become non-kosher, and make even otherwise kosher food prepared with them non-kosher. Some such utensils, depending on the material they are made from, can be made suitable for preparing kosher food again by immersion in boiling water or by

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1696-426: The fragility and transience of life and one's dependence on God. The halakha requires eating and traditionally sleeping in the sukkah. However, Jews are not expected to remain in the sukkah if they would be very uncomfortable there. For this reason, Jews living at northern latitudes will generally not sleep in the sukkah due to the low temperatures of autumn nights. Some Jews in these locales will spend some time in

1749-404: The giraffe is not slaughtered today because the process would be very costly. Giraffes are difficult to restrain, and their use for food could cause the species to become endangered. Non-kosher birds are listed outright in the Torah, but the exact zoological references are disputed and some references refer to families of birds (24 are mentioned). The Mishnah refers to four signs provided by

1802-417: The human mind is not always capable of understanding divine intentions. In this line of thinking, the dietary laws were given as a demonstration of God's authority, and man must obey without asking why. Although Maimonides concurs that all the statutes of the Torah are decrees, he is of the view that whenever possible, one should seek out reasons for the Torah's commandments. Some theologians have said that

1855-443: The laws of kashrut are symbolic in character: kosher animals represent virtues , while non-kosher animals represent vices . The 1st-century BCE Letter of Aristeas argues that the laws "have been given [...] to awake pious thoughts and to form the character". This view reappears in the work of the 19th-century Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch . The Torah prohibits "cooking the kid (goat, sheep, calf) in its mother's milk". While

1908-418: The laws of ritual purity roughly correspond to modern ideas of physical cleanliness, many of them have little to do with hygiene. For example, there is no evidence that the 'unclean' animals are intrinsically bad to eat or to be avoided in a Mediterranean climate, as is sometimes asserted." The laws of kashrut can be classified according to the origin of the prohibition (Biblical or rabbinical) and whether

1961-436: The like can all be used for s'chach , unless they were processed previously for a different use. There must be enough s'chach that inside the sukkah there should be more shade than sun. However, there should ideally be sufficient gaps between the pieces of s'chach so that one can see the sun or stars. Many people hang decorations such as streamers, shiny ornaments, and pictures from the interior walls and ceiling beams of

2014-402: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Succa&oldid=759267172 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sukkah The book of Vayikra ( Leviticus ) describes it as

2067-411: The meat is laid over a grating or colander to allow for drainage, remaining so for the duration of time that it takes to walk one biblical mile (approximately 18–24 minutes). Afterwards, the residue of salt is rinsed away with water, and the meat cooked. Meat that is roasted requires no prior salting, as fire causes a natural purging of blood. Turei Zahav ("Taz"), a 17th-century commentary on

2120-402: The meat of the animal non-kosher. The body of the slaughtered animal must be checked after slaughter to confirm that the animal had no medical condition or defect that would have caused it to die of its own accord within a year, which would make the meat unsuitable. These conditions ( treifot ) include 70 different categories of injuries, diseases, and abnormalities whose presence renders

2173-522: The meat of various animals; Macht reported that in 100% of cases, extracts from ritually 'unclean' meat inhibited the seedling's growth more than that from ritually 'clean' meats. At the same time, these explanations are controversial. Scholar Lester L. Grabbe , writing in the Oxford Bible Commentary on Leviticus, says "[a]n explanation now almost universally rejected is that the laws in this section have hygiene as their basis. Although some of

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2226-411: The opposite of kosher is pasúl ( / p ə ˈ s u l / in English, Yiddish: פָּסוּל). Although the details of the laws of kashrut are numerous and complex, they rest on a few basic principles: Every food that is considered kosher is also categorized as follows: While any produce that grows from the earth, such as fruits, grains, vegetables, and mushrooms, is always permissible, laws regarding

2279-403: The pot for the other foodstuff (meat or dairy). Mammals and fowl must be slaughtered by a trained individual (a shochet ) using a special method of slaughter, shechita . Shechita slaughter severs the jugular vein , carotid artery , esophagus , and trachea in a single continuous cutting movement with an unserrated, sharp knife . Failure to meet any of these criteria renders

2332-446: The process as cruel, claiming that the animal may not lose consciousness immediately, and activists have called for it to be banned. When an animal is ritually slaughtered ( shechted ) the raw meat is traditionally cut, salted, and rinsed, prior to cooking. Salting of raw meat draws out the blood that lodges on the inner surface of the meat. The salting is done with coarse grain salt, commonly referred to as kosher salt , after which

2385-406: The prohibition concerns the food itself or a mixture of foods. Biblically prohibited foods include: Biblically prohibited mixtures include: Rabbinically prohibited foods include: Only meat from particular species is permissible. Mammals that both chew their cud ( ruminate ) and have cloven hooves can be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the camel, the hyrax , and

2438-595: The rules of kashrut , such as not eating kitniyot , gebrochts or garlic . Biblical rules also control the use of agriculture produce, for example, with respect to their tithing, or when it is permitted to eat them or to harvest them, and what must be done to make them suitable for human consumption. For produce grown in the Land of Israel a modified version of the biblical tithes must be applied, including Terumat HaMaaser , Maaser Rishon , Maaser Sheni , and Maasar Ani (untithed produce

2491-473: The seven shepherds of Israel: Abraham , Isaac , Jacob , Moses , Aaron , Joseph and David . According to tradition, each night a different guest enters the sukkah followed by the other six. Each of the ushpizin parallels the spiritual focus of the day on which they visit. In Chabad tradition, an additional set of corresponding "chasidic" ushpizin enter the sukkah, beginning with the Baal Shem Tov and

2544-560: The status of certain agricultural produce, especially that grown in the Land of Israel such as tithes and produce of the Sabbatical year , impact their permissibility for consumption. Most of the basic laws of kashrut are derived from the Torah 's books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy . Their details and practical application, however, are set down in the Oral Torah , (eventually codified in

2597-452: The sukkah eating and relaxing but go indoors to sleep. When rain falls on the sukkah, one is not required to stay inside. The Mishna in Sukkah 28b compares rain falling on a sukkah to a master who receives a drink from his servant and then throws it back in the servant's face. The analogy is that through the rainfall, God is showing displeasure with the performance of the mitzvah by not allowing

2650-459: The usage of canvas walls which are anchored at all sides. The specific details of what constitutes a wall, the minimum and maximum wall heights, whether there can be spaces between the walls and the roof, and the exact material required for the s'chach (roofing) can be found in various exegetical texts. A sukkah can be built on the ground or on an open porch or balcony. Indeed, many observant Jews who design their home's porch or deck will do so in

2703-429: The use of a proprietary symbol or certificate, called a hechsher , to be displayed by the food establishment or on the product, which indicates that they are in compliance with the kosher laws. This labeling is also used by some non-Jewish people, examples of which include those whose religions (including Islam ) expect adherence to a similar set of dietary laws, people with allergies to dairy foods, and vegans, who use

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2756-469: The various kosher designations to determine whether a food contains meat or dairy-derived ingredients. The laws of Kashrut are a major area covered in traditional rabbinic ordination; see Yeshiva § Jewish law and Semikhah § Varieties of ordination . And numerous scholarly and popular works exist on these topics, covering both practice and theory. Jewish philosophy divides the 613 commandments (or mitzvot ) into three groups—laws that have

2809-760: Was chosen as the City Sukkah, to stand, starting on September 22, 2010, for the requisite seven days of the harvest holiday. A committee of art critics and celebrated architects selected the 12 finalists from a field of entries. Pedi-Sukkahs see the normally stationary build of a Sukkah placed on the back of a mobile vehicle , usually a 3-wheeled bicycle . The pedi-Sukkah was introduced by Levi Duchman in 2009 and has since spread to at least 15 states and 5 countries. In Samaritanism , sukkahs are built indoors using fruit instead of wood. According to Samaritan historian Benyamim Tsedaka, Samaritans initially constructed sukkahs outside of their homes, as Jews do. However, during

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