69-397: Subhalekha ( transl. Wedding invitation ) is a 1982 Telugu -language comedy-drama film written and directed by K. Viswanath . Produced by Allu Aravind and V. V. Sastry under Prasanthi Creations, the film stars Chiranjeevi and Sumalata , with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan . The film addresses the social issue of dowry and emphasizes the dignity of labour , delivering
138-714: A Prakrit dialect without exception. Some reverse coin legends are in Telugu and Tamil languages. The period from the 4th century CE to 1022 CE marks the second phase of Telugu history, following the Andhra Ikshvaku period. The first long inscription entirely in Telugu, dated to 575 CE, is attributed to the Renati Choda king Dhanunjaya and found in the Kadapa district . An early Telugu label inscription, "tolacuwānḍru" (తొలచువాండ్రు; transl. rock carvers or quarrymen ),
207-467: A bid to teach her father-in-law a lesson. The story culminates in Hyderabad just before Sujatha's arranged marriage to Rao. Adiseshayya, his family, and Sujatha's parents arrive to intervene. In the end, Adiseshayya is humbled, and Sujatha marries Murthy as per her wishes. The film concludes with Adiseshayya returning home to discover that his elder son Mohan has married Murthy's widowed cousin. Subhalekha
276-453: A command over the Telugu language, alongside Sanskrit , Tamil , Meitei , Oriya , Persian , or Arabic , is highly appreciated and respected for learning dances (most significantly Indian Classical Dances ) as dancers could have the tools of these languages to go into the primary material texts. Telugu is natively spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry . Telugu speakers are also found in
345-472: A handful of Telugu inscriptions in the Kakatiya era between 1135 CE and 1324 CE. Andhra is characterised as having its own mother tongue, and its territory has been equated with the extent of the Telugu language. The equivalence between the Telugu linguistic sphere and the geographical boundaries of Andhra is also brought out in an eleventh-century description of Andhra boundaries. Andhra, according to this text,
414-473: A job. Meanwhile, back home, Sujatha's younger sister Lakshmi ( Tulasi ) falls in love with Murali ( Subhalekha Sudhakar ), Adiseshayya's younger son. Murali forces his father to approve their marriage by threatening suicide, and Adiseshayya, unable to secure a large dowry, reluctantly agrees. After their marriage, Lakshmi moves in with Sujatha, and with Murali's support, files a lawsuit against Adiseshayya to demand her husband's custody, as she paid dowry for him, in
483-511: A lecturer at a college owned by councilor Ankella Adiseshayya ( Satyanarayana ). When Adiseshayya and his elder son Mohan (Girish) visit Sujatha's home with a marriage proposal, Sujatha objects to Adiseshayya's excessive dowry demands, leading to a heated argument. This defiance strains Sujatha's relationship with her parents, who fear social ostracism. Adiseshayya retaliates by dismissing Sujatha from her job. Murthy offers emotional support to Sujatha during this difficult time, but their friendship
552-406: A nearby city, and he falls in love with Veerabhadrayya's daughter, Madhulatha. When Veerabhadrayya realizes this, he asks Venkateswarlu to persuade his son to stop seeing Madhulatha, but Venkateswarlu refuses. Veerabhadrayya kills Venkateswarlu and asks Suryam to pay the money which he had given as a loan. Suryam asks for some time and with the help of his elder sister raises crops to repay. Just as
621-514: A story inspired by the American film First Blood (1982), and which they did. Kodandarami Reddy later noted that although the lead character's appearance was based on First Blood , the story was entirely different. Kodandarami Reddy wrote the screenplay, while the Paruchuri brothers wrote the dialogues. In the original script, the protagonist was a villager, but in the final script he was written as
690-572: A strong message against the dowry system. The film was both a critical and commercial success, earning multiple accolades. K. Viswanath won the Nandi Award for Best Story Writer , while Chiranjeevi received his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance. Viswanath also won the Filmfare Award for Best Director . Subhalekha was remade in Hindi as Shubh Kaamna (1983). Subhalekha marked
759-478: A student. The title Khaidi was Tirupathi Reddy's choice. The film was produced by K. Dhanunjaya Reddy, S. Sudhakar Reddy and K. Narasa Reddy under Samyukta Movies, photographed by Lok Singh and edited by Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao . The cast included Maadhavi , who was a popular pairing with Chiranjeevi at the time, though she had not previously worked with Kodandarami Reddy. Nitya , who had appeared in Tamil films,
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#1732895499666828-451: A thousand years. Pavuluri Mallana 's Sāra Sangraha Ganitamu ( c. 11th century ) is the first scientific treatise on mathematics in any Dravidian language. Avadhānaṃ , a literary performance that requires immense memory power and an in-depth knowledge of literature and prosody , originated and was specially cultivated among Telugu poets for over five centuries. Roughly 10,000 pre-colonial inscriptions exist in Telugu. In
897-426: A waiter who stands against societal pressures related to dowry demands. The film avoids preachiness, instead delivering its message through the interactions and development of its characters. The central theme of dowry had been previously explored in Telugu cinema, with films like Kanyasulkam (1955) and Varakatnam (1970). However, Subhalekha stood out for addressing this issue to a new generation of viewers in
966-924: Is Tirumala of the Telugu ation. Telugu place names are present all around Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Common suffixes are - ooru, -pudi, -padu, -peta, -pattanam, -wada, - gallu, -cherla, -seema, -gudem, -palle, -palem, -konda, -veedu, -valasa, -pakam, -paka, -prolu, -wolu, -waka, -ili, -kunta, -parru, -villi, -gadda, -kallu, -eru, -varam,-puram,-pedu and - palli . Examples that use this nomenclature are Nellore , Tadepalligudem , Guntur , Chintalapudi , Yerpedu , Narasaraopeta , Sattenapalle , Visakapatnam , Vizianagaram , Ananthagiri , Vijayawada , Vuyyuru , Macherla , Poranki , Ramagundam , Warangal , Mancherial , Peddapalli , Siddipet , Pithapuram , Banswada , and Miryalaguda . There are four regional dialects in Telugu: Colloquially, Telangana , Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra dialects are considered
1035-626: Is a classical Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , where it is also the official language . Spoken by about 96 million people (2022), Telugu is the most widely spoken member of the Dravidian language family, and one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of the Republic of India . It is one of the few languages that has primary official status in more than one Indian state , alongside Hindi and Bengali . Telugu
1104-495: Is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu. The popular belief holds that Telugu is derived from Trilinga of Trilinga Kshetras being the land bounded by the three Lingas which is Telugu homeland. P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the Trilinga Śabdānusāsana (or Trilinga Grammar) . However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar
1173-531: Is dated to around 200 BCE. This word was further analyzed by Iravatham Mahadevan in his attempts to decipher the Indus script . Several Telugu words, primarily personal and place names, were identified at Amaravati , Nagarjunakonda , Krishna river basin , Ballari , Eluru , Ongole and Nellore between 200 BCE and 500 CE. The Ghantasala Brahmin inscription and the pillar inscription of Vijaya Satakarni at Vijayapuri, Nagarjunakonda , and other locations date to
1242-623: Is found on one of the rock-cut caves around the Keesaragutta temple , 35 kilometers from Hyderabad . This inscription is dated to the Vishnukundina period of around 400 CE and is the earliest known short Telugu inscription from the Telangana region. Several titles of Mahendravarman I in Telugu language, dated to c. 600 CE , were inscribed on cave-inscriptions in Tamil Nadu. From
1311-430: Is misinterpreted as a romantic relationship, forcing Sujatha to leave her home. Murthy publicly humiliates Adiseshayya at a felicitation ceremony, and in response, Adiseshayya sends goons to attack Murthy and gets him fired from his job. Murthy then takes Sujatha to Hyderabad, where they seek help from Rao (Arun), an acquaintance Murthy met while working at the hotel. Rao, holding a senior position at Allwyn, offers Sujatha
1380-453: Is one of the languages designated as a classical language by the Government of India . It is the 14th most spoken native language in the world. Modern Standard Telugu is based on the dialect of erstwhile Krishna, Guntur, East Godavari and West Godavari districts of Coastal Andhra . Telugu is also spoken in the states of Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Maharashtra , Chhattisgarh , Orissa and
1449-826: The Proto-Dravidian language around 1000 BCE. The earliest Telugu words appear in Prakrit inscriptions dating to c. 4th century BCE , found in Bhattiprolu , Andhra Pradesh. Telugu label inscriptions and Prakrit inscriptions containing Telugu words have been dated to the era of Emperor Ashoka (257 BCE), as well as to the Satavahana and Vishnukundina periods. Inscriptions in Old Telugu script were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar . Telugu has been in use as an official language for over 1,400 years and has served as
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#17328954996661518-574: The Telugu from the Telugu-Kannada alphabet took place. The Vijayanagara Empire gained dominance from 1336 to the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered its Golden Age . The 15th-century Venetian explorer Niccolò de' Conti , who visited the Vijayanagara Empire , found that the words in
1587-566: The 14th century. In the latter half of the 17th century, the Mughal Empire extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the Hyderabad State by the dynasty of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1724. This heralded an era of Persian influence on the Telugu language, especially Hyderabad State. The effect is also evident in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the kaifiyats . In
1656-786: The 1980s. The film's characters, portrayed as everyday individuals rather than conventional cinematic heroes, added a layer of realism. Murthy's role as a waiter was unconventional for a male lead in that era, while Sujatha, the female protagonist, faces societal challenges while striving for independence. Viswanath's signature style, blending social commentary with humanistic narratives, is evident throughout Subhalekha . The film incorporates classical Carnatic music into key moments, contributing to its distinctive narrative style. Subhalekha also falls in line with Viswanath's broader body of work, in which male protagonists support female characters in gaining confidence and independence, reinforcing themes of mutual respect and equality in relationships. Music
1725-410: The 6th century onwards, complete Telugu inscriptions began to appear in districts neighbouring Kadapa such as Prakasam and Palnadu . Metrically composed Telugu inscriptions and those with ornamental or literary prose appear from 630 CE. The Madras Museum plates of Balliya-Choda dated to the mid-ninth century CE, are the earliest copper plate grants in the Telugu language. During this period, Telugu
1794-704: The Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana . It is one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India . It is one of the official languages of the union territories of Puducherry . Telugu is a protected language in South Africa . According to the Constitution of South Africa , the Pan South African Language Board must promote and ensure respect for Telugu along with other languages. The Government of South Africa announced that Telugu will be re-included as an official subject in
1863-667: The South African schools after it was removed from the curriculum in state schools. In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the Government of India on 8 August 2008, Telugu was also given classical language status due to several campaigns. According to the famous Japanese historian Noboru Karashima who served as the president of the Epigraphical Society of India in 1985, there are approximately 10,000 inscriptions which exist in
1932-574: The Telugu language as of the year 1996 making it one of the most densely inscribed languages. Telugu inscriptions are found in all the districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. They are also found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh. According to recent estimates by ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) the number of inscriptions in the Telugu language goes up to 14,000. Adilabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Anantapur, Chittoor and Srikakulam produced only
2001-609: The Telugu language end with vowels, just like those in Italian , and hence referred to it as "The Italian of the East"; a saying that has been widely repeated. A distinct dialect developed in present-day Hyderabad region, due to Persian and Arabic influence. This influence began with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate rule by the Tughlaq dynasty in the northern Deccan Plateau during
2070-625: The United States and the third most spoken South Asian language after Hindi and Urdu . Minority Telugus are also found in Australia , New Zealand , Bahrain , Canada , Fiji , Malaysia , Sri Lanka , Singapore , Mauritius , Myanmar , Europe ( Italy , the United Kingdom ), South Africa , Trinidad and Tobago , and the United Arab Emirates . Telugu is the official language of
2139-422: The assistance of Sujatha, a doctor, Suryam seeks to avenge the destruction of his family. Madhulatha, aware of Suryam's innocence and the injustices he has faced, stands by his side. Her support further fuels Suryam's determination to bring down the corrupt system that has ruined their lives. As Suryam's acts of vengeance intensify, the villagers begin to see him as a hero, rallying behind his cause. The climax of
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2208-495: The centuries, many non-Telugu speakers have praised the natural musicality of Telugu speech, referring to it as a mellifluous and euphonious language. Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo . Older forms of the name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu . Tenugu is derived from the Proto-Dravidian word *ten ("south") to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction" (relative to Sanskrit and Prakrit -speaking peoples). The name Telugu , then,
2277-607: The court language for numerous dynasties in Southern and Eastern India, including the Eastern Chalukyas , Eastern Gangas , Kakatiyas , Vijayanagara Empire , Qutb Shahis , Madurai Nayaks , and Thanjavur Nayaks . It was also used as an official language outside its homeland, even by non-Telugu dynasties such as the Thanjavur Marathas in Tamil Nadu. Telugu has an unbroken, prolific, and diverse literary tradition of over
2346-547: The crops are ready for harvest, Veerabhadrayya and his henchmen not only destroy the crops but also try to sexually abuse Suryam's sister, during which she commits suicide. As the village head, Veerabhadrayya frames Suryam for his sister's death, claiming that he was forcing her into prostitution, resulting in her suicide. Suryam is arrested by the Police. The remainder of the movie follows Suryam's escape from jail and his quest for revenge against Veerabhadrayya and his accomplices. With
2415-473: The debut of actor Sudhakar , who played the supporting role of Murali. Director K. Viswanath personally selected him for the role, and his character became popular enough to earn him the prefix "Subhalekha" in his screen name. Subhalekha is noted for its examination of the dowry system, a prevalent social issue in India. The film emphasizes the dignity of labor, particularly through the character of Narasimhamurthy,
2484-597: The exception of /ɳ/ and /ɭ/, all occur word-initial in a few words, such as / ʈ ɐkːu/ ṭakku 'pretence', / ʈ iːʋi/ ṭhīvi 'grandeur', / ɖ ipːɐ/ ḍippā 'half of a spherical object', and / ʂ oːku/ ṣōku 'fashionable appearance'. The approximant /j/ occurs in word-initial position only in borrowed words, such as. / j ɐnɡu/ yangu , from English 'young', / j ɐʃɐsːu/ yaśassu from Sanskrit yaśas /jɐʃɐs/ 'fame'. Vowels in Telugu contrast in length; there are short and long versions of all vowels except for /æ/, which only occurs as long. Long vowels can occur in any position within
2553-473: The film sees a dramatic showdown between Suryam and Veerabhadrayya. In a fierce battle, Suryam confronts Veerabhadrayya, exposing his crimes and bringing him to justice. The film ends with Suryam standing victorious, having avenged his sister's death and cleared his name. Sources: Film presenter M. Tirupathi Reddy and director A. Kodandarami Reddy contemplated doing a film together starring Chiranjeevi . Tirupathi Reddy asked Paruchuri brothers to develop
2622-713: The first century CE. Additionally, the Tummalagudem inscription of the Vishnukundinas dates to the 5th century CE. Telugu place names in Prakrit inscriptions are attested from the 2nd century CE onwards. A number of Telugu words were found in the Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions of the Satavahana dynasty , Vishnukundina dynasty , and Andhra Ikshvakus . The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used
2691-443: The first collaboration between K. Viswanath and Chiranjeevi, a partnership that continued with Swayamkrushi (1987) and Aapadbandhavudu (1992). Released during a period when Chiranjeevi was gaining prominence as a lead actor, following the success of Intlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya (1982), the film played a key role in further establishing his career. It also introduced actor Sudhakar , whose character became so popular that
2760-592: The late 19th and the early 20th centuries, the influence of the English language was seen, and modern communication/printing press arose as an effect of British rule , especially in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency . Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by such scholars as Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty , Kandukuri Veeresalingam , Gurajada Apparao , Gidugu Sitapati and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao . In
2829-408: The later Sanskritisation of it. If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum , Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of " Trilinga ". Telugu, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian , a proto-language . Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian
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2898-533: The neighbouring states of Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Odisha , Chhattisgarh , some parts of Jharkhand , and the Kharagpur region of West Bengal in India. Many Telugu immigrants are also found in the states of Gujarat , Goa , Bihar , Kashmir , Uttar Pradesh , Punjab , Haryana , and Rajasthan . As of 2018 7.2% of the population, Telugu is the fourth-most-spoken native language in India after Hindi , Bengali , and Marathi . In Karnataka , 7.0% of
2967-465: The past tense. Khaidi (1983 film) Khaidi ( transl. Prisoner ) is a 1983 Indian Telugu -language action drama film directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy and starring Chiranjeevi and Madhavi . Released on 28 October 1983, Khaidi was a major commercial success, marking a pivotal moment in Chiranjeevi's career and establishing him as a leading star in Telugu cinema . In 1984, it
3036-573: The population speak Telugu, and 5.6% in Tamil Nadu . There are more than 400,000 Telugu Americans in the United States . As of 2018 , Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States , (especially in New Jersey and New York City ), with the number of Telugu speakers in the United States increasing by 86% between 2010 and 2017. As of 2021 , it is the 18th most spoken native language in
3105-424: The precolonial era, Telugu became the language of high culture throughout South India . Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of Europe during roughly the same era. Telugu also predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music , one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music and is widely taught in music colleges focusing on Carnatic tradition. Over
3174-647: The princely Hyderabad State , the Andhra Mahasabha was started in 1921 with the main goal of promoting Telugu language, literature, its books and historical research. Key figures in this movement included Madapati Hanumantha Rao (founder of the Andhra Mahasabha), Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao (founder of the Library Movement in Hyderabad State), and Suravaram Pratapa Reddy . Since the 1930s, what
3243-456: The split of Telugu at c. 1000 BCE. The linguistic history of Telugu is periodised as follows: Pre-historic Telugu is identified with the period around 600 BCE or even earlier. Pre-historic Telugu is considered one of the most conservative languages of the Dravidian family based on its linguistic features. One of the earliest Telugu words, nágabu , found at the Amaravati Stupa ,
3312-530: The state that is currently divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It also has official language status in the Yanam district of the union territory of Puducherry . It is the fourth most spoken Indian language in India after Hindi , Bengali and Marathi . It is one of the six classical languages of India . Telugu Language Day is celebrated every year on 29 August, the birthday of Telugu poet Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy . The fourth World Telugu Conference
3381-564: The three Telugu dialects and regions. Waddar , Chenchu , and Manna-Dora are all closely related to Telugu. Other dialects of Telugu are Berad, Dasari, Dommara, Golari, Kamathi, Komtao, Konda-Reddi, Salewari, Vadaga, Srikakula, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Rayalaseema, Nellore, Guntur, Vadari Bangalore, and Yanadi. The Roman transliteration used for transcribing the Telugu script is the National Library at Kolkata romanisation . Telugu words generally end in vowels. In Old Telugu, this
3450-624: The time, Subhalekha stood out for its realistic characters and social messaging. Subhalekha is considered an important film in Chiranjeevi's career, showcasing his acting and dancing abilities. The classical dance scene in the film, featuring Chiranjeevi performing various dance forms, was particularly well received. The film marked the beginning of a successful collaboration between Chiranjeevi and K. Viswanath, who later worked together on Swayamkrushi and Aapadbandhavudu . Telugu language Telugu ( / ˈ t ɛ l ʊ ɡ uː / ; తెలుగు , Telugu pronunciation: [ˈt̪eluɡu] )
3519-467: The title "Subhalekha" was prefixed to his name. Known for its strong social themes, nuanced performances, and memorable music, Subhalekha remains a significant film in Telugu cinema. Narasimha Murthy ( Chiranjeevi ) is a multi-talented individual working as a waiter at a star hotel (filming location: Dolphin Hotel, Visakhapatnam) due to his inability to pass his B.A. exams. He befriends Sujatha ( Sumalatha ),
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#17328954996663588-531: The transliteration of the Telugu script used here (where different from IPA). Most consonants contrast in length in word-medial position, meaning that there are long (geminated) and short phonetic renderings of the sounds. A few examples of words that contrast by length of word-medial consonants: All retroflex consonants occur in intervocalic position and when adjacent to a retroflex consonant, for instance. /ʋɐː ɳ iː/ vāṇī 'tippet', /kɐ ʈɳ ɐm/ kaṭṇam 'dowry', /pɐ ɳɖ u/ paṇḍu 'fruit'; /kɐ ɭ ɐ/ kaḷa 'art'. With
3657-553: The union territories of Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands . It is also spoken by members of the Telugu diaspora spread across countries like United States , Australia , Malaysia , Mauritius , UAE , Saudi Arabia and others. Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States. It is also a protected language in South Africa and is offered as an optional third language in schools in KwaZulu-Natal province. According to Mikhail S. Andronov, Telugu split from
3726-460: The word, but native Telugu words do not end in a long vowel. Short vowels occur in all positions of a word, with the exception of /o/, which does not occur word-finally. The vowels of Telugu are illustrated below, along with the Telugu script and romanisation. In most dialects, the vowel /æː/ only occurs in loan words. In the Guntur dialect, [æː] is a frequent allophone of /aː/ in certain verbs in
3795-413: Was absolute; in the modern language m, n, y, w may end a word. Sanskrit loans have introduced aspirated and murmured consonants as well. Telugu does not have contrastive stress , and speakers vary on where they perceive stress. Most place it on the penultimate or final syllable, depending on word and vowel length. The table below lists the consonant phonemes of Telugu, along with the symbols used in
3864-548: Was bounded in north by Mahendra mountain in the modern Ganjam district in Odisha and to the south by Srikalahasteeswara temple in Tirupati district . However, Andhra extended westwards as far as Srisailam in Nandyal district , about halfway across the modern state. According to other sources in the early sixteenth century, the northern boundary is Simhachalam and the southern limit
3933-570: Was cast as Rosy and was renamed Samyuktha after the production banner, Samyuktha Movies. Principal photography for Khaidi began on May 10, 1983, at Prasad Film Labs with a muhurtam shot featuring Chiranjeevi and Madhavi. The majority of the film was shot in the village of Rebala in Nellore district , with climax scenes filmed in Porur near Madras . The shooting spanned three schedules over 40 days, utilizing forty film rolls. A specially constructed set
4002-435: Was composed by K. V. Mahadevan . The film features a mix of original compositions and classical songs. Songs like "Ragalapallakilo Koyilamma" and "Aithe... Ade Nijamaithe" were popular among the audience. The film also used traditional compositions, such as Annamacharya 's "Neyyamulallo Nereello" and Tyagaraja 's "Marugelara O Raghava". Subhalekha was well-received both commercially and critically. Chiranjeevi's performance
4071-423: Was considered an "elite" literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools and colleges as a standard. Telugu is one of the 22 languages with official status in India . The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966, declares Telugu the official language of
4140-406: Was heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit, corresponding to the advent of Telugu literature. Initially, Telugu literature appeared in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of rulers, and later in written works, such as Nannayya 's Andhra Mahabharatam (1022 CE). The third phase is marked by further stylisation and sophistication of the literary languages. During this period the split of
4209-500: Was organised in Tirupati in the last week of December 2012. Issues related to Telugu language policy were deliberated at length. The American Community Survey has said that data for 2016 which were released in September 2017 showed Telugu is the third most widely spoken Indian language in the US. Hindi tops the list followed by Gujarati, as of the 2010 census . In the Indian subcontinent,
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#17328954996664278-423: Was praised for balancing his dancing prowess with a grounded portrayal of Murthy. Sumalatha's performance as Sujatha showcased her maturity, despite being only 19 years old at the time. Tulasi, playing Sujatha's younger sister, was also commended for her lively performance. The film's social relevance and K. Viswanath's deft handling of sensitive themes contributed to its success. Unlike the formulaic love stories of
4347-748: Was produced under the Prasanthi Creations banner by Allu Aravind and V. V. Sastry. The shooting took place across multiple locations, including the Dolphin Hotel in Visakhapatnam and Bhagyanagar Studios in Hyderabad. The film served as a major breakthrough for actress Sumalatha, who had previously worked in smaller films. Her collaboration with Chiranjeevi in Subhalekha was followed by further successful pairings in films like Aalaya Sikharam , Khaidi , Agni Gundam , and Veta . Subhalekha also marked
4416-457: Was released on 28 October 1983. The film was a massive commercial success, grossing around ₹ 8 crore (equivalent to ₹ 136 crore or US$ 16 million in 2023), and Chiranjeevi rose to stardom. The title of the film was considered "lucky" for Chiranjeevi, and used for two subsequent, unrelated films starring him: Khaidi No. 786 (1988) and Khaidi No. 150 (2017), which make up his successful Khaidi trilogy. In 1984, Khaidi
4485-512: Was remade in Hindi as Qaidi , and in Kannada under the same title , with Madhavi reprising her role both times. Veerabhadrayya is a feudal lord presiding over a village along with his henchmen, including his assistant and the village sarpanch . Veerabhadrayya lends money to Venkateswarlu, a local farmer living with his widowed daughter. Venkateswarlu's son, Suryam, is a hardworking student living in
4554-490: Was spoken around the fourth millennium BCE. Comparative linguistics confirms that Telugu belongs to the South Dravidian-II (also called South-Central Dravidian) sub-group, which also includes the non-literary languages like Gondi , Kuvi , Koya , Pengo , Konda and Manda. Proto-Telugu is the reconstructed linguistic ancestor of all the dialects and registers of Telugu. Russian linguist Mikhail S. Andronov, places
4623-413: Was titled Atharvana Karikavali. Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga . Scholar C. P. Brown made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation. George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be
4692-556: Was used for scenes involving explosions. Chiranjeevi’s iconic black trouser and sleeveless T-shirt costume was his own design, which became a significant part of his "Khaidi" image. Chiranjeevi was paid ₹175,000 for the film, while Madhavi and Kodandarami Reddy each received ₹40,000. The music was composed by K. Chakravarthy . All lyrics were penned by Veturi . The song "Ragulutondi" was remixed by S. A. Rajkumar in Punnami Naagu (2009), also directed by Kodandarami Reddy. Khaidi
4761-508: Was written and directed by K. Viswanath, known for addressing social issues in his films. With Subhalekha , he focused on the dowry system. The film's story is considered a reworking of his earlier film Siri Siri Muvva (1976), with a similar theme later explored in his film Swarnakamalam (1988). The film's screenplay and story were developed to highlight the consequences of the dowry system, continuing Viswanath's tradition of blending social commentary with accessible storytelling. The film
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