95-625: The Toyota bZ4X , also marketed in Japan, Australia, US, Canada, Europe, and China as the Subaru Solterra , is a battery electric compact crossover SUV manufactured by Toyota . The vehicle debuted in April 2021 as the "bZ4X Concept". It is the first vehicle to be based on the e-TNGA platform co-developed by Toyota and Subaru , and the brand's first model to be part of their Toyota bZ ("beyond Zero") series of zero-emissions vehicles . Worldwide sales of
190-546: A CLTC range of 400 km (250 mi) and 615 km (382 mi) respectively. After a series of price cuts due to slow sales, Toyota released an update for the bZ4X in November 2023. A four-wheel drive option became available, the 50.3 kWh battery option was removed, and the exterior plastic body claddings are now body colored. The vehicle received a Chinese name ( Chinese : 铂智4X ; pinyin : Bózhì 4X ; lit. 'Platinum 4X'). The 'Bozhi' name will be
285-517: A series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such as the Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma . Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs). The electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (aka all-combustion vehicles) belong to one of
380-536: A solar PV system on Adelaide's central bus station . Rides are zero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system. Proterra 's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy-duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of the available energy and returns it to
475-527: A Distributed and Integrated market using Sustainable energy and Open Networks', was a partially state funded research project on the island of Bornholm in Eastern Denmark. The consortium included IBM , Siemens , the hardware and software developer EURISCO, Denmark's largest energy company Ørsted (formerly DONG Energy), the regional energy company Østkraft, the Technical University of Denmark and
570-1008: A Subaru Solterra. The bZ4X and the Solterra also achieved a five-star 2022 Euro NCAP rating. Battery electric vehicle A battery electric vehicle ( BEV ), pure electric vehicle , only-electric vehicle , fully electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses energy exclusively from an on-board battery . This definition excludes hybrid electric vehicles . BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell , or fuel tank . BEVs include – but are not limited to – motorcycles, bicycles, scooters, skateboards, railcars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks, and cars. In 2016, there were 210 million electric bikes worldwide used daily. Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric car vehicles passed
665-492: A V2G aggregation server managed by Nuvve Corporation, were installed at a parking lot in Aichi Prefecture . The Edison Project intends to install enough turbines to accommodate 50% of Denmark's total power needs, while using V2G to protect the grid. The Edison Project plans to use PEVs while they are plugged into the grid to store additional wind energy that the grid cannot handle. During the hours of peak energy use, or when
760-648: A V2G solutions company. The company formed industry partnerships and implemented V2G pilot projects on five continents. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory developed V2G-Sim, a simulation platform used to model spatial and temporal driving and charging behavior of individual PEVs on the grid. Its models investigate the challenges and opportunities of V2G services, such as modulation of charging time and charging rate for peak demand response and utility frequency regulation. Preliminary findings indicated that controlled V2G service can provide peak-shaving and valley-filling services to balance daily electric load and mitigate
855-469: A combined capacity of 27 kWh, a DC charger and a PV system of 5.6 kWp ( kilowatt-peak ). A 40 kWh Nissan Leaf was used. In 2014, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) developed the first V2G aggregation system qualified by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). The system allows owners of electric delivery truck fleets to participate. When the grid frequency drops below 60 Hertz,
950-565: A consortium called Vehicle to Grid Britain (V2GB) released a research report on the potential of V2G technologies. Solaris opened a Charging Park in Bolechowo, Poland on September 29, 2022 intended to test charging and discharging of EVs. Since 2020, the Australian National University 's (ANU) Realising Electric Vehicle-to-grid Services (REVS) team has been studying the reliability and viability of V2G at scale, spinning off
1045-482: A distance of 3,100,000 kilometres (1,900,000 mi). They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a 16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus , an all-electric version of
SECTION 10
#17328770947081140-518: A fleet of PEVs for its Triton Rides shuttle service. In 2018 Nissan launched a pilot program under the Nissan Energy Share initiative in partnership with V2G systems company Fermata Energy to use V2G technology to partially power Nissan North America's headquarters in Franklin, Tennessee . In 2020 Fermata Energy's bidirectional electric vehicle charging system became the first to be certified to
1235-670: A maximum loaded weight of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg). The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the higher oil prices and the advancement of new battery technology ( lithium-ion ) that have higher power and energy density (i.e., greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries). Compared to older battery types such as lead-acid batteries. Lithium-ion batteries for example now have an energy density of 0.9–2.63 MJ/L whereas lead-acid batteries had an energy density of 0.36 MJ/L (so 2.5 to 7.3x higher). There
1330-477: A maximum rate of 150 kW for front-wheel drive models or 100 kW for all-wheel drive models. Using a fast charger can charge the PPES pack up to 80% capacity in 30 minutes, and an optional rooftop solar panel system may generate electricity to drive the vehicle for at least 1,800 km (1,100 mi) per year. The battery is estimated to retain 90% of its original capacity over a ten-year period. The car can act as
1425-447: A minor exterior redesign, it uses the same e-TNGA platform rebranded to "e-Subaru Global Platform" (e-SGP). The Solterra went on sale in mid-2022 in Japan, US, Canada, Europe, and China. In Japan, the Solterra is offered in ET-SS (FWD and AWD) and ET-HS (AWD only) grade levels. It is equipped with an active safety system marketed as "Subaru Safety Sense" as standard. Unlike the bZ4X in Japan,
1520-459: A power supply in V2H or V2L fashion. The Japanese market-spec bZ4X was announced in April 2022 and launched on 12 May 2022. The model is only available for lease through the company's Kinto service to "eliminate customer concerns" regarding battery electric vehicles while "taking the environment into consideration". In the first phase, up to 3,000 lease applications will be accepted starting from 12 May;
1615-432: A powered variant of the cycle rickshaw . The large-scale adoption of electric two-wheelers can reduce traffic noise and road congestion but may necessitate adaptations of the existing urban infrastructure and safety regulations. Ather Energy from India has launched their BLDC motor powered Ather 450 electric scooter with Lithium Ion batteries in 2018. Also from India, AVERA – a new and renewable energy company
1710-414: A program dedicated to deploying electric school buses with bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) flow capability”. The bill died in committee. In North America, at least two major school-bus manufacturers— Blue Bird and Lion—are working on proving the benefits of electrification and V2G technology. As of 2020, school buses in the U.S. used $ 3.2B of diesel a year. Their electrification could help to stabilize
1805-451: A second phase will follow in fall 2022, and Toyota/Kinto plan to lease up to 5,000 vehicles per year thereafter. The bZ4X is available in one grade, Z, with front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive options. Specific packages include a choice of roof (standard or panoramic moon roof) and wheel size (18- or 20-inch diameter). The car is available with one of two interior colors and one of eleven exterior colors. The North American market-spec bZ4X
1900-553: A single 1XM model e-Axle that produces 150 kW (201 hp; 204 PS), while all-wheel drive models use twin 1YM model e-Axles that each produce 80 kW (107 hp; 109 PS) for a combined output of 160 kW (215 hp; 218 PS). Front-wheel drive models have an estimated range of 510 km (317 mi) and a 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time of 7.5 seconds, while all-wheel drive models have an estimated range of 460 km (286 mi) and 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time in 6.9 seconds. On AWD models,
1995-467: A source of the UK newspaper The Guardian , 'It's never been tried at this scale' previously. The project concluded in 2013. In 2020, the utility company E.ON developed a V2H solution with gridX. The two companies implemented their solution in a private household to test the interaction of a photovoltaic (PV) system, battery storage and bidirectional charging. The house is equipped with three batteries with
SECTION 20
#17328770947082090-416: A system in which plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) sell demand response services to the grid . Demand services are either delivering electricity to the grid or reducing the rate of charge from the grid. Demand services reduce the peaks in demand for grid supply, and hence reduce the probability of disruption from load variations. Vehicle-to-load ( V2L ) and Vehicle-to-vehicle ( V2V ) are related, but
2185-557: Is a complex function of battery chemistry, charge/discharge rates, temperature, state of charge and age, but is improving as technology improves. Most studies of the effects of V2G on battery life show that slower V2G discharge rates lessen degradation, while one study suggested that using vehicles for grid storage could improve longevity. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) with tanks containing 5.6 kg of hydrogen can deliver more than 90 kWh of electricity. Vehicle batteries may hold 100 kWh or more . Uni-directional V2G (UV2G) charging
2280-465: Is consumed. A country with a high share of renewable energy in its electricity mix will have a low C.I. In the European Union, in 2013, the carbon intensity had a strong geographic variability but in most of the member states, electric vehicles were "greener" than conventional ones. On average, electric cars saved 50–60% of CO 2 emissions compared to diesel and gasoline fuelled engines. Moreover,
2375-467: Is going to launch two models of electric scooters at the end of 2018, with Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery technology. India is the world’s biggest market for bicycles at 22 million units per year. By 2024, electric two-wheelers will be a $ 2 billion market with over 3 million units being sold in India. The Indian government is launching schemes and incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles in
2470-425: Is needed. This DC power is supplied by the battery pack, and the controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type. The controller also handles regenerative braking , whereby electrical power is gathered as the vehicle slows down and this power recharges the battery. In addition to power and motor management,
2565-486: Is potentially a cheaper alternative. In addition, EV power can facilitate ancillary services such as load-balancing and frequency control, including primary frequency regulation and secondary reserve. V2G requires specialized hardware (such as bidirectional inverters ), has significant energy losses and limited round-trip efficiency, and the charge/discharge cycling may shorten battery life. A 2016 V2G project in California
2660-516: Is referred to as a battery pack , which is a group of multiple battery modules and cells. For example, the Tesla Model S battery pack has up to 7,104 cells, split into 16 modules with 6 groups of 74 cells in each. Each cell has a nominal voltage of 3–4 volts , depending on its chemical composition. Electric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form of brushed DC electric motor . Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of
2755-460: Is similar in size to the RAV4, but stood lower with sharper styling and a longer wheelbase that matches the larger Highlander 's. The vehicle has been developed in conjunction with Subaru, which is said to have had input into the car's all-wheel drive system. The overall size, at 4,690 mm (185 in) total length, is comparable to a RAV4 ( XA50 ), but the wheelbase of 2,850 mm (112 in)
2850-454: Is similar to that of the Land Cruiser ( J300 ), giving the bZ4X a large interior space. The e-TNGA platform was jointly developed by Toyota and Subaru, with Toyota receiving credit for battery and eAxle development and Subaru for all-wheel-drive control and collision safety. In some markets, the bZ4X is available with optional steer-by-wire system. The steer-by-wire system was developed for
2945-456: Is sometimes used to refer to the process of buying and selling power stored in a vehicle. Electric vehicles can generally store more than an average home's daily energy demand, and supply emergency power to a home for several days, using vehicle-to-home (V2H) transmission. Though the concept of V2H charging is simple, putting it into action requires a technologically complex system. Charging stations must integrate software that communicates with
Toyota bZ4X - Misplaced Pages Continue
3040-517: Is still a long way to go if comparing it to petroleum-based fuels and biofuels, however (gasoline having an energy density of 34.2 MJ/L -38x to 12.92x higher- and ethanol having an energy of 24 MJ/L -26x to 9.12x higher-). This is partially offset by higher conversion efficiency of electric motors – BEVs travel roughly 3x further than similar-size internal combustion vehicles per MJ of stored energy. BEVs include automobiles , light trucks , and neighborhood electric vehicles . Battery electric trains in
3135-440: Is technically simpler than delivering power from an EV battery, which many PEVs are not equipped to do. As of 2024 , most EVs require a separate inverter than the one used to power the propulsion motors in order to output AC power from the battery. UV2G can be extended by throttling other activities such as air heating and cooling. V2G began as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging, as introduced by California company AC Propulsion in
3230-467: Is used to charge the EVs while EVs supply the grid during demand peaks, reducing the use of fossil fuels. The project used ten vehicle charging stations. Smart energy redistribution measures were controlled by software. The results showed that electromobility can be used to flexibly control renewable generation sources that vary with the climate. Denmark 's Edison project, an abbreviation for 'Electric vehicles in
3325-597: Is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google. Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20 mins quick-charge,
3420-613: The Blue Bird TC/2000 . A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California , for 14 months ending in April 2004. The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use lithium-ion batteries , and consume about 1 kW⋅h/mi (0.62 kW⋅h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by
3515-639: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to demonstrate V2G. In 2013, SwRI researchers tested five DC fast-charge stations. The system passed integration and acceptance testing in August 2013. Prof. Dr. Ad van Wijk, Vincent Oldenbroek and Dr. Carla Robledo, researchers at Delft University of Technology , in 2016 conducted research on V2G technology with hydrogen FCEVs . Both experimental work with V2G FCEVs and techno-economic scenario studies for 100% renewable integrated energy and transport systems were done, using hydrogen and electricity as energy carriers. A Hyundai ix35 FCEV
3610-535: The United States , the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California , since September 2010 at Foothill Transit . The Proterra EcoRide BE35 uses lithium-titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes. In 2012, heavy-duty trucks and buses contributed 7% of global warming emissions in California. In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus
3705-405: The brushless DC electric motor . Once electric power is supplied to the motor (from the controller), the magnetic field interaction inside the motor will turn the drive shaft and ultimately the vehicle's wheels. EV battery storage is a key element for the global energy transition which is dependent on more electricity storage right now. As energy availability is the most important factor for
3800-519: The 'X-MODE' AWD-system from Subaru is "borrowed" from the Subaru Forester . Front-wheel drive models have a 71.4 kWh battery built by Prime Planet Energy & Solutions (PPES), a joint venture between Toyota and Panasonic. All-wheel drive models for the North American market have a 72.8 kWh battery built by CATL . Both models are a 355 volt pack that accepts DC fast charging at
3895-464: The 1890s. Battery vehicle milk floats expanded in 1931, and by 1967, gave Britain the largest electric vehicle fleet in the world. Hybrid electric vehicles use both electric motors and internal combustion engines, and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles whose batteries can be charged externally are called plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs with
Toyota bZ4X - Misplaced Pages Continue
3990-647: The 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats . The 21st century saw the massive development of BYD electric trucks. In March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster . BYD supplies DHL with electric distribution fleet of commercial BYD T3 . Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed,
4085-493: The AC phase is not synchronised with the grid, so the power is only available to "off-grid" load. Plug-in electric vehicles include battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), and hydrogen vehicles . They share the ability to generate electricity which is typically used to power the vehicle. However, because cars spend most of the time parked, their energy remains stored. V2G allows some of this stored power to be sent to
4180-535: The Battery Storage and Grid Integration Project initiative. In 2022 the first V2G charger became available to purchase in Australia, but delays in rolling them out occurred due to regulatory processes, each State Power Authority needing to certify them as compliant (following Australian government approval). There has also been limited uptake due to high prices and very few EVs being approved to use V2G (at 2023, only
4275-493: The Chinese market and will be available with a yoke in lieu of a conventional steering wheel. Combined with the low instrument panel, Toyota stated the yoke provides a more open interior. The bZ4X is powered by the e-Axle, which integrates an electric motor, gears and inverter , and is built by BluE Nexus , a joint venture of Toyota Group companies Aisin and Denso with investment from Toyota Motor. Front-wheel drive models use
4370-407: The Chinese sub-brand for GAC Toyota’s electric vehicles, mirroring the bZ sub-brand globally. The FAW Toyota version was discontinued. The rebadged version of the bZ4X is sold by Subaru as the Subaru Solterra ( Japanese : スバル・ソルテラ , Hepburn : Subaru Sorutera ) . The name Solterra derives from sol and terra , Latin words for ' sun ' and ' earth ' respectively. Featuring
4465-611: The Danish Energy Association. It explored how to balance the unpredictable electricity loads generated by Denmark's wind farms, then generating approximately 20 percent of the country's electricity, by using PEVs and their accumulators. The aim of the project was to develop necessary infrastructure. At least one rebuilt V2G-capable Toyota Scion will be used in the project. The project was important in Denmark's efforts to expand its wind-power generation to 50% by 2020. According to
4560-619: The EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to 80 percent), and 350 km (220 mi) under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland. Tindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia . The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International in New Zealand and gets its electricity from
4655-524: The Jinghua Coach. The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses. In France , the electric bus phenomenon is in development, but some buses are already operating in numerous cities. PVI, a medium-sized company located in the Paris region, is one of the leaders of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X ). In
4750-630: The Mexico City ePrix takes place on a road course, a modified version of the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. Special-purpose vehicles come in a wide range of types, ranging from relatively common ones such as golf carts , things like electric golf trolleys , milk floats , all-terrain vehicles , neighborhood electric vehicles , and a wide range of other devices. Certain manufacturers specialize in electric-powered "in plant" work machines. Three-wheeled vehicles include electric rickshaws ,
4845-618: The Nissan Leaf EV and some Mitsubishi hybrid EVs). This roll-out follows ANU researchers' production of a comprehensive review of international V2G projects. A project in Germany by The Mobility House in partnership with Nissan and TenneT used the Nissan Leaf to store energy, the main idea being to generate an essential solution for the German energy market: wind energy from the north of the country
SECTION 50
#17328770947084940-752: The North American safety standard, UL 9741, the Standard for Bidirectional Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging System Equipment. Japan planned to spend $ 71.1 billion to upgrade existing grid infrastructure. Average Japanese homes use 10 to 12 kWh/day. The Nissan Leaf 's 24 kWh battery capacity, could provide up to two days of power. In November 2018 in Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture, Toyota Tsusho Corporation and Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc initiated V2G demonstrations with electric vehicles. The demonstration examined how V2G systems balance demand and supply and power grid impacts. Two bidirectional charging stations, connected to
5035-565: The Solterra is available for purchase. On 23 June 2022, Toyota and Subaru recalled 2,700 bZ4Xs and 2,600 Solterras due to the possibility that wheels could come loose. They also halted production and sales of any new models. On 6 October 2022, Toyota reported it has found a fix to the loose wheel recall and has resumed production of the bZ4X and Solterra. The bZ4X and Solterra achieved a five star JNCAP rating from Japan's National Agency for Automotive Safety and Victim's Aid (NASVA) for comprehensive safety performance, based on testing conducted on
5130-541: The TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31–35 percent. It can travel 30–40 miles (48–64 km) on a single charge, is up to 600 percent more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44 percent less carbon than CNG. Proterra buses have had several problems, most notably in Philadelphia where the entire fleet was removed from service. For most of
5225-568: The all-wheel drive bZ4X 470 km (290 mi) (15.8 kWh/100 km). Deliveries of the first vehicles are expected to commence in summer 2022. The bZ4X was first announced in Singapore by Borneo Motors (Toyota's authorised retailer in Singapore) in June 2022 as part of an electric car-sharing program in the country's Tengah New Town . Although the car-sharing program would be rolled out in June 2023,
5320-443: The bZ4X commenced in mid-2022, with production planned in Japan and China. Sales in the United States also started in 2022. Toyota has also stated that there will be seven "bZ" models to be launched globally by 2025. According to Toyota, the meaning of the "bZ4X" nameplate breaks down into: The design of the bZ4X was previewed by pictures of a series of electric concept vehicles released by Toyota in June 2019. The company highlighted
5415-432: The battery, particularly power electronics such as inverters. One study found round-trip efficiency for V2G systems in the range of 53% to 62%. Another study reported efficiency of about 70%. Overall efficiency depends on many factors and can vary widely. According to a study by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the increasing use of plug-in electric vehicles and other electricity-dependent technologies could increase
5510-682: The bus batteries are aggregated with others in a nearby school district to form a participating resource under the Emergency Load Reduction Program ( ELRP ), which was initiated in 2021 by the California Public Utilities Commission . SDG&E, Pacific Gas and Electric and Southern California Edison to manage the pilot. In September 2022, the BIDIRECTIONAL Act was introduced in the US Senate, to "create
5605-532: The car has not been made available for sale in the country. The bZ4X was first showcased in Indonesia at the 29th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show , and launched to the market on 10 November 2022. It is imported from Japan. It was one of the official VIP vehicles used at the 2022 G20 Bali summit . The bZ4X was launched in Thailand on 9 November 2022. The bZ4X was planned to debut in Australia in 2021 but it
5700-486: The car, having the DC-to-AC converter in the station. In principle, EVs without hardware support for V2G could gain bidirectionality capability with only a software upgrade. Most modern EVs use lithium-ion cells that offer round-trip efficiency greater than 90%. Efficiency depends on factors like charge rate, charge state, battery state of health , and temperature. Most energy losses are from system components other than
5795-472: The central grid to monitor real-time system demand. California's grid operator, CAISO , defines four levels of Vehicle-Grid Interface (VGI): V1G involves varying the time and rate at which an electric vehicle is charged. It is also known as unidirectional managed charging services, unidirectional V2G or "smart charging". V1G approaches include charging in the middle of the day to absorb solar power that would otherwise be discarded (load shedding) and varying
SECTION 60
#17328770947085890-502: The charge rate to provide frequency response or load balancing services. Vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-load (V2L), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-building (V2B)—sometimes collectively termed vehicle-to-everything (V2X)—use the vehicle to provide power during a power outage or to displace grid energy with energy from possibly other energy sources stored in the vehicle's battery. The source energy may be renewable; for example, vehicles charged using solar power at work during
5985-722: The concept. An operational implementation in Europe was conducted through the German government-funded MeRegioMobil project with Opel as vehicle partner and utility EnBW providing grid expertise. Other investigators are the Pacific Gas and Electric Company , Xcel Energy , the National Renewable Energy Laboratory , and, in the United Kingdom , the University of Warwick . In 2010, Kempton and Poilasne co-founded Nuvve,
6080-490: The controller performs various safety checks such as anomaly detection, functional safety tests and failure diagnostics. Most electric vehicles today use an electric battery , consisting of electrochemical cells with external connections in order to provide power to the vehicle. Battery technology for EVs has developed from early lead-acid batteries used in the late 19th century to the 2010s, to lithium-ion batteries which are found in most EVs today. The overall battery
6175-554: The country, and is aiming to be a manufacturing hub for electric vehicles within the next five years. China has experienced an explosive growth of sales of non-assisted e-bikes including the scooter type, with annual sales jumping from 56,000 units in 1998 to over 21 million in 2008, and reaching an estimated 120 million e-bikes on the road in early 2010. China is the world's leading manufacturer of e-bikes, with 22.2 million units produced in 2009. An increasing variety of personal transporters are being manufactured, including
6270-445: The day could power a home through the night, without pulling power from the grid. By 2022, V2X had not yet reached market deployment, except in Japan where commercial V2H solutions have been available since 2012. In 2022, Utrecht was installing thousands of bidirectional chargers in anticipation of the arrival of vehicles that support bidirectional energy flows. By 2023, several vehicles supporting V2X energy transfer had come onto
6365-488: The de-carbonisation process is constantly reducing the GHG emissions due to the use of electric vehicles. In the European Union, on average, between 2009 and 2013 there was a reduction in the electricity carbon intensity of 17%. In a life-cycle assessment perspective, considering the GHG necessary to build the battery and its end-of-life, the GHG savings are 10–13% lower. Vehicle-to-grid Vehicle-to-grid ( V2G ) describes
6460-442: The duck curve. Uncontrolled vehicle charging was shown to exacerbate the duck curve. V2G-Sim reported that, assuming daily V2G service from 7pm to 9pm at a charging rate of 1.440 kW over ten years, V2G would have minor battery degradation impacts on PEVs compared with cycling losses and calendar aging, incremental capacity losses being 2.68%, 2.66%, and 2.62% respectively. In May 2016, Nissan and Enel power company announced
6555-647: The early 1990s. Their two-seater Tzero car featured two-way charging. V2G allows charging and discharging between vehicle and grid. V2G vehicles can provide power to help balance grid loads by "valley filling" (charging at night when demand is low) and " peak shaving " (sending power to the grid when demand is high; see duck curve ). Peak load leveling supports regulation services (keeping voltage and frequency stable) and provides spinning reserves (to meet sudden demands for power). Coupling these services with "smart meters" enables V2G. V2G could buffer variable power sources by storing excess energy and providing it to
6650-652: The economic and technical impacts of the applications on the power system and markets. The project started in August 2016 and ended in September 2018. Starting in January 2011, programs and strategies to assist in PEV adoption were implemented. In 2018, EDF Energy announced a partnership with Nuvve, to install up to 1,500 V2G chargers. The chargers were to be offered to EDF Energy's business customers and at its own sites to provide up to 15 MW of energy storage capacity. In October 2019,
6745-508: The electricity grid, lessen the need for power plants, and reduce gas and particulate pollution and carbon dioxide from exhaust emissions. In 2017, at the University of California San Diego , V2G technology provider Nuvve launched a pilot program called INVENT, funded by the California Energy Commission , with the installation of 50 V2G bidirectional charging stations around the campus. The program expanded in 2018 to include
6840-419: The electricity is generated. Electric cars are having a major impact in the auto industry given advantages in city pollution , less dependence on oil and combustion, and scarcity and expected rise in gasoline prices. World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. Formula E is a fully electric international single-seater championship. The series
6935-481: The electricity used to power them may do so in its generation. The two factors driving the emissions of battery electric vehicles are the carbon intensity of the electricity used to recharge the Electric Vehicle (commonly expressed in grams of CO 2 per kWh) and the consumption of the specific vehicle (in kilometers/kWh). The carbon intensity of electricity varies depending on the source of electricity where it
7030-670: The form of BEMUs (battery electric multiple units) are operated commercially in Japan . They are charged via pantographs , either when driving on electrified railway lines or during stops at specially equipped train stations. They use battery power for propulsion when driving on railway lines that are not electrified, and have successfully replaced diesel multiple units on some such lines. Other countries have also tested or ordered such vehicles. Chattanooga, Tennessee , operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered
7125-399: The grid during high-load periods. It has been proposed that public utilities would not have to build as many coal-fired and gas-fired power plants to meet peak demand or as an insurance policy against power outages . Local demand is easily measured, so dynamic load leveling can be provided as needed on a highly local basis. Carbitrage, a portmanteau of 'car' and ' arbitrage ',
7220-459: The grid, and reduces the need to take power from the grid. A 2015 report found that vehicle owners could receive significant payments by charging their EVs at off-peak times when electricity is cheaper, storing it in their car battery, and selling it back to the grid at peak times when electricity prices are higher. Batteries have a finite number of charging cycles, as well as a limited shelf-life, so V2G can reduce battery longevity. Battery capacity
7315-604: The lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2015 compared with carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are a fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give a relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight. Electric cars can significantly reduce city pollution by having zero emissions . Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how
7410-457: The market. The Ford F-150 Lightning supports 9.6 kW of V2L or V2H power. Tesla began deliveries of a new light truck Cybertruck offering 11.5 kW of V2H or V2L capability. V2G allows vehicles to supply electricity to the grid, with energy paid for by the operator of the utility or transmission system. In many jurisdictions meeting power demands during periods of peak demand is much more expensive than at other times. Power from EVs
7505-498: The one million unit milestone in September 2016. As of October 2020 , the world's top selling all-electric car in history is the Tesla Model 3 , with an estimated 645,000 sales, followed by the Nissan Leaf with over 500,000 sales as of September 2020 . During the 1880s, Gustave Trouvé , Thomas Parker and Andreas Flocken built experimental electric cars, but the first practical battery electric vehicles appeared during
7600-419: The one-wheeled self-balancing unicycles , self-balancing scooters , electric kick scooters , and electric skateboards . Several battery electric ships operate throughout the world, some for business. Electric ferries are being operated and constructed. The motor controller receives a signal from potentiometers linked to the accelerator pedal, and it uses this signal to determine how much electric power
7695-456: The plan to release six electric vehicles between 2020 and 2025, using the e-TNGA platform. The vehicle was also previewed by Subaru, which is developing the vehicle with Toyota as a concept mockup showcasing a similar concept design in January 2020. The bZ4X Concept was revealed on 19 April 2021 and was presented at Auto Shanghai the same day. While it is revealed as a concept vehicle , the vehicle appeared to be nearly production-ready. The bZ4X
7790-468: The strain on US power grids by as much as 38% by 2050. Coping with this heightened demand presents a significant challenge for both power companies and government agencies. In July 2022, eight electric school buses in the San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) service territory were part of a five-year pilot V2G project to boost reliability during electricity failures. Using V2G software from Nuvve,
7885-508: The system suspends vehicle charging, removing that load on the grid, allowing the frequency to rise towards normal. The system operates autonomously. The system was originally developed as part of the Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security (SPIDERS) Phase II program, led by Burns and McDonnell Engineering Company, Inc. In November 2012, SwRI was awarded a $ 7 million contract from
7980-628: The tax credit. Because Toyota plug-in hybrid vehicles also qualify for the tax credit, the credits are anticipated to be exhausted shortly after the launch of the bZ4X. The bZ4X is not eligible for electric vehicle incentives from the Inflation Reduction Act because it is made in Japan, not the US, Canada, or Mexico. Under the WLTP driving cycle , the front-wheel drive bZ4X achieves a range of 516 km (321 mi) (14.3 kWh/100 km consumption) and
8075-432: The two categories. In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs). However, in the United States, neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have
8170-401: The types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors or brushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including
8265-418: The vitality of an economy the mobile storage infrastructure of EV batteries can be seen as one of the most meaningful infrastructure projects facilitating the energy transition to a fully sustainable economy based on renewables. A meta-study graphically showing the importance of electricity storage depicts the technology in context. Electric vehicles produce no greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in operation, but
8360-582: The wind is calm, the power stored in these PEVs will be fed into the grid. To aid in the acceptance of PEVs, zero emission vehicles received government subsidies. Following the Edison project, the Nikola project was started which focused on demonstrating V2G technology in a laboratory setting at the Risø Campus of the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). DTU is a partner along with Nuvve and Nissan. The Nikola project
8455-580: Was completed in 2016, laying the groundwork for the Parker project, which used a fleet of EVs to demonstrate the technology in a real-life setting. This project was partnered by DTU , Insero, Nuvve, Nissan and Frederiksberg Forsyning (a Danish distribution system operator in Copenhagen). The partners explored commercial opportunities by systematically testing and demonstrating V2G services across car brands. Economic and regulatory barriers were identified as well as
8550-610: Was conceived in 2012, and the inaugural championship started in Beijing on 13 September 2014. The series is sanctioned by the FIA. Alejandro Agag is the current CEO of Formula E. The Formula E championship is currently contested by ten teams with two drivers each (after the withdrawal of Team Trulli, there are temporarily only nine teams competing). Racing generally takes place on temporary city-center street circuits which are approximately 2 to 3.4 kilometres (1.2 to 2.1 mi) long. Currently, only
8645-606: Was delayed. Imports from Japan are scheduled to begin in 2024 to Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia, with orders to be taken from late 2023. The bZ4X will be Toyota's first battery electric vehicle in the Australasian market. The Chinese market bZ4X was produced and marketed by two separate joint ventures, GAC Toyota and FAW Toyota . Introduced in October 2022, both versions are equipped with batteries produced by CATL . The capacity options were 50.3 kWh and 66.7 kWh with
8740-575: Was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's San Joaquin Valley . The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery-electric school bus, which has four sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state. In 2016, including the light heavy-duty vehicles, there were roughly 1.5 million heavy-duty vehicles in California. The same technology
8835-421: Was done as a pilot by Southern California Edison and found that revenues from the project were lower than project administration costs, eliminating its economic benefits. EVs typically allow fast DC-charging , with the transformer in a charging station connected directly to the vehicle battery. Technology is being developed for bidirectional DC-charging to and from the station, without needing extra hardware in
8930-401: Was modified to deliver up to 10 kW DC power while maintaining road readiness. With Accenda they developed a V2G unit converting the vehicle's DC power into 3-phase AC power and injecting it into the grid. The Future Energy Systems Group tested whether FCEVs could offer frequency reserves. Kempton, Advani, and Prasad conducted V2G research. Kempton published articles on the technology and
9025-454: Was unveiled at the 2021 Los Angeles Auto Show , with its specifications also detailed by that time, including its on-sale date set in mid-2022, for the 2023 model year. Toyota-estimated range for the front-wheel-drive XLE model is up to 400 km (250 miles). At launch, American buyers qualify for the full US$ 7,500 federal tax subsidy for purchasing an electric vehicle; each automobile manufacturer may sell up to 200,000 cars that qualify for
#707292