Stuffo is the name of a supposed Germanic god , who originates from various late medieval legends from Germany related to Saint Boniface .
59-584: Stuffo first appears in a few late medieval/early modern Bonifacian legends. A 1756 image of the god being overthrown by the saint is found in the village of Küllstedt . The legend was taken up by German Romanticism in the 18th and 19th centuries, which saw in Stuffo even a legendary origin for noble families like the Stauffenbergs . Such etymologies and myths of origin are no longer accepted. Two mountain-top locations have been proposed as sites of worship for Stuffo:
118-685: A German accent. He also acquired a lifelong love for Rhenish folklore. In 1814 Heine went to a business school in Düsseldorf where he learned to read English, the commercial language of the time. The most successful member of the Heine family was his uncle Salomon Heine , a millionaire banker in Hamburg . In 1816 Heine moved to Hamburg to become an apprentice at Heckscher & Co, his uncle's bank, but displayed little aptitude for business. He learned to hate Hamburg, with its commercial ethos, but it would become one of
177-500: A break and set off on a trip through the Harz mountains. On his return he started writing an account of it, Die Harzreise . On 28 June 1825 Heine was baptized as an Evangelical Lutheran Christian in Heiligenstadt . The Prussian government had been gradually restoring discrimination against Jews. In 1822 it introduced a law excluding Jews from academic posts and Heine had ambitions for
236-459: A censored press. The opponents of the conservatives, the liberals, wanted to replace absolutism with representative, constitutional government, equality before the law and a free press. At the University of Bonn , liberal students were at war with the conservative authorities. Heine was a radical liberal and one of the first things he did after his arrival was to take part in a parade which violated
295-497: A cultural richness unavailable in the smaller cities of Germany. He made many famous acquaintances (the closest were Gérard de Nerval and Hector Berlioz ) but he always remained something of an outsider. He had little interest in French literature and wrote everything in German, subsequently translating it into French with the help of a collaborator. In Paris, Heine earned money working as
354-540: A distance. His publisher was able to find some ways of getting around the censors and he was still free to publish in France. Heine's relationship with his fellow dissident Ludwig Börne was troubled. Since Börne did not attack religion or traditional morality like Heine, the German authorities hounded him less, although they still banned his books as soon as they appeared. Börne was the idol of German immigrant workers in Paris. He
413-485: A flesh wound in the hip. Before fighting, he decided to safeguard Mathilde's future in the event of his death by marrying her. Heine continued to write reports for Cotta's Allgemeine Zeitung , and, when Cotta died, for his son and successor. One event which really galvanised him was the 1840 Damascus Affair in which Jews in Damascus had been subject to blood libel and accused of murdering an old Catholic monk. This led to
472-753: A god through which a demon called Stauff spoke, and at the mountain he defeated an army of unbelievers, which is why he named the mountain Hülfensberg"). A nineteenth-century Eichsfeld historian, Dr. Konrad Zehrt, combines the Donar Oak and the Stuffo accounts, and locates them both on the Hülfensberg. Various etymologies were offered for the name, including derivation from the Middle High German word sûfen ("drinking to excess"), which led to Stuffo being associated with drunkenness. Graf's Gardenstone , which accepts Stuffo's existence, lists Becher ("drinking cup") as
531-673: A leading salon. Another friend was the satirist Karl Immermann , who had praised Heine's first verse collection, Gedichte , when it appeared in December 1821. During his time in Berlin Heine also joined the Verein für Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden , a society which attempted to achieve a balance between the Jewish faith and modernity. Since Heine was not very religious in outlook he soon lost interest, but he also began to investigate Jewish history . He
590-494: A more explosive force than the French Revolution. Heine had had few serious love affairs, but in late 1834 he made the acquaintance of a 19-year-old Paris shopgirl, Crescence Eugénie Mirat, whom he nicknamed "Mathilde". Heine reluctantly began a relationship with her. She was illiterate, knew no German, and had no interest in cultural or intellectual matters. Nevertheless, she moved in with Heine in 1836 and lived with him for
649-425: A new social order in which meritocracy would replace hereditary distinctions in rank and wealth. There would also be female emancipation and an important role for artists and scientists. Heine frequented some Saint-Simonian meetings after his arrival in Paris but within a few years his enthusiasm for the ideology – and other forms of utopianism – had waned. Heine soon became a celebrity in France. Paris offered him
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#1732869836229708-414: A new style of German travel-writing, mixing Romantic descriptions of nature with satire. Heine's Buch der Lieder [ de ] followed in 1827. This was a collection of already published poems. No one expected it to become one of the most popular books of German verse ever published, and sales were slow to start with, picking up when composers began setting Heine's poems as Lieder . For example,
767-529: A new synthesis of art, philosophy, and science, by viewing the Middle Ages as a simpler period of integrated culture; however, the German Romantics became aware of the tenuousness of the cultural unity they sought. Late-stage German Romanticism emphasized the tension between the daily world and the irrational and supernatural projections of creative genius. In particular, the critic Heinrich Heine criticized
826-617: A novel, Wally die Zweiflerin ("Wally the Sceptic"), which contained criticism of the institution of marriage and some mildly erotic passages. In November of that year, the German Diet consequently banned publication of works by the Young Germans in Germany and – on Metternich's insistence – Heine's name was added to their number. Heine, however, continued to comment on German politics and society from
885-587: A physician in Saint Petersburg . Heine was a third cousin once removed of philosopher and economist Karl Marx , also born to a German Jewish family in the Rhineland , with whom he became a frequent correspondent in later life. Düsseldorf at the time was a town with a population of around 16,000. The French Revolution and subsequent Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars involving Germany complicated Düsseldorf's political history during Heine's childhood. It had been
944-429: A possible etymology. However, as early as 1802, Eichsfeld historian Johann Vinzenz Wolf had stated that "seine Gottheit hat Stuffo der falschen Deutung des Wortes Stuffenberg zu verdanken" ("Stuffo owes his divinity to a false interpretation of the name Stuffenberg"). German Romanticism German Romanticism (German: Deutsche Romantik ) was the dominant intellectual movement of German-speaking countries in
1003-620: A priest to teach Christianity to the locals. Later versions expand on the account, conflating it with popular myth about Charlemagne; Erfurt bishop Nikolaus Elgard wrote in 1575 that "der heilige Bonifatius dort ein Götzenbild, durch das ein Dämon redete mit Namen Stauff, zerstört und bei dem Berge ein Heer der Ungläubigen geschlagen habe. Darum nannte er den Berg Hülfensberg ( Inde salvatus salvatoris montem vocavit )" ("there, Saint Boniface destroyed an image of
1062-762: A secret word, A garland of cypress for token. I wake; it is gone; the dream is blurred, And forgotten the word that was spoken. (Poetic translation by Hal Draper ) Starting from the mid-1820s, Heine distanced himself from Romanticism by adding irony, sarcasm, and satire into his poetry, and making fun of the sentimental-romantic awe of nature and of figures of speech in contemporary poetry and literature. An example are these lines: Das Fräulein stand am Meere Und seufzte lang und bang. Es rührte sie so sehre der Sonnenuntergang. Mein Fräulein! Sein sie munter, Das ist ein altes Stück; Hier vorne geht sie unter Und kehrt von hinten zurück. A mistress stood by
1121-477: A sympathetic critic for his early verses. Heine began to acquire a reputation as a poet at Bonn. He also wrote two tragedies, Almansor and William Ratcliff , but they had little success in the theatre. After a year at Bonn, Heine left to continue his law studies at the University of Göttingen . Heine hated the town. It was part of Hanover , then also rulers of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
1180-402: A university career. As Heine said in self-justification, his conversion was "the ticket of admission into European culture". In any event, Heine's conversion, which was reluctant, never brought him any benefits in his career. A quarter of a century later, he declared: "I make no secret of my Judaism, to which I have not returned, because I never left it." Heine now had to search for a job. He
1239-668: A wave of anti-Semitic persecution. The French government, aiming at imperialism in the Middle East and not wanting to offend the Catholic party, had failed to condemn the outrage. In contrast, the Austrian consul in Damascus had assiduously exposed the blood libel as a fraud. For Heine, this was a reversal of values: reactionary Austria standing up for the Jews while France temporised. Heine responded by dusting off and publishing his unfinished novel about
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#17328698362291298-532: The Carlsbad Decrees , a series of measures introduced by Metternich to suppress liberal political activity. Heine was more interested in studying history and literature than law. The university had engaged the famous literary critic and thinker August Wilhelm Schlegel as a lecturer and Heine heard him talk about the Nibelungenlied and Romanticism . Though he would later mock Schlegel, Heine found in him
1357-684: The Donar Oak near Geismar (now in Fritzlar , Hesse ) he traveled to the Stuffenberg in Eichsfeld, where the god Stuffo was worshiped by the local population. Boniface fought and defeated the god, who fell into a hole, still called "Stuffo's hole," a story retold by Johann Nepomuk Seppin Die Religion der alten Deutschen (1890). Afterward, Boniface turned the pagan place of worship into a church in which he placed
1416-804: The First French Empire . Several major Romantic thinkers, especially Ernst Moritz Arndt , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Heinrich von Kleist , and Friedrich Schleiermacher, embraced many elements of Counter-Enlightenment political philosophy and were hostile to Classical liberalism , rationalism , neoclassicism , and cosmopolitanism , Other Romantics , like Heine, were fully in support of the German Revolutions of 1848 . Defunct Defunct [REDACTED] Category Heinrich Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Heine ( / ˈ h aɪ n ə / ; German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈhaɪnə] ; born Harry Heine ; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856)
1475-741: The German Confederation of 1815 and the German Empire of 1871. German Romanticism was accordingly rooted in both the quest, epitomized by Baron Joseph von Laßberg , Johann Martin Lappenberg , and the Brothers Grimm , for decolonisation , a distinctly German culture , and national identity , and hostility to certain ideas of The Enlightenment , the French Revolution , the Reign of Terror , and
1534-613: The Staufenberg near Gießen , in Hesse ; and the Stuffenberg, now Hülfensberg , in the Eichsfeld district , Thuringia . At any rate, there are over half a dozen mountains of a similar name in Hesse alone ( stouf meaning something like "sharp mountain peak"). The source for the latter designation comes from the 1602 Historia S. Bonifacii by Johannes Letzner , who claims that after Boniface destroyed
1593-599: The French correspondent for one of Cotta's newspapers, the Allgemeine Zeitung . The first event he covered was the Salon of 1831. His articles were eventually collected in a volume entitled Französische Zustände ("Conditions in France"). Heine saw himself as a mediator between Germany and France. If the two countries understood one another there would be progress. To further this aim he published De l'Allemagne ("On Germany") in French (begun 1833). In its later German version,
1652-627: The French for introducing the Napoleonic Code and trial by jury. He glossed over the negative aspects of French rule in Berg: heavy taxation, conscription, and economic depression brought about by the Continental Blockade , which may have contributed to his father's bankruptcy. Heine greatly admired Napoleon as the promoter of revolutionary ideals of liberty and equality and loathed the political atmosphere in Germany after Napoleon's defeat, marked by
1711-619: The Sanskritist Franz Bopp and the Homer critic F. A. Wolf , who inspired Heine's lifelong love of Aristophanes . Most important was the philosopher Hegel , whose influence on Heine is hard to gauge. He probably gave Heine and other young students the idea that history had a meaning which could be seen as progressive. Heine also made valuable acquaintances in Berlin, notably the liberal Karl August Varnhagen and his Jewish wife Rahel , who held
1770-567: The book is divided into two: Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland ("On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany") and Die romantische Schule ("The Romantic School"). Heine was deliberately attacking Madame de Staël 's book De l'Allemagne (1813) which he viewed as reactionary, Romantic and obscurantist. He felt de Staël had portrayed a Germany of "poets and thinkers", dreamy, religious, introverted and cut off from
1829-430: The book was published in 1840 it was universally disliked by the radicals and served to alienate Heine from his public. Even his enemies admitted that Börne was a man of integrity, so Heine's ad hominem attacks on him were viewed as being in poor taste. Heine had made personal attacks on Börne's closest friend Jeanette Wohl , so Jeannette's husband challenged Heine to a duel. It was the last Heine ever fought – he received
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1888-687: The capital of the Duchy of Jülich-Berg , but was under French occupation at the time of his birth. It then passed to the Elector of Bavaria before being ceded to Napoleon in 1806, who turned it into the capital of the Grand Duchy of Berg , one of three French states he established in Germany. It was first ruled by Joachim Murat , then by Napoleon himself. Upon Napoleon's downfall in 1815 it became part of Prussia . Thus Heine's formative years were spent under French influence. The adult Heine would always be devoted to
1947-416: The conservative policies of Austrian chancellor Klemens von Metternich , who attempted to reverse the effects of the French Revolution. Heine's parents were not particularly devout. They sent him as a young child to a Jewish school where he learned a smattering of Hebrew , but thereafter he attended Catholic schools. Here he learned French, which became his second language – although he always spoke it with
2006-426: The cross-road will be buried He who killed himself; There grows a blue flower, Suicide’s flower. I stood at the cross-road and sighed The night was cold and mute. By the light of the moon moved slowly Suicide’s flower. Heine became increasingly critical of despotism and reactionary chauvinism in Germany, of nobility and clerics but also what he viewed as “narrow mindedness” of ordinary people and of
2065-466: The last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris. Heine was born on 13 December 1797, in Düsseldorf , in what was then the Duchy of Berg , into a Jewish family. He was called "Harry" in childhood but became known as "Heinrich" after his conversion to Lutheran Christianity in 1825. Despite his conversion, Heine was never a devout Lutheran Christian. Heine's father, Samson Heine (1764–1828),
2124-766: The late 18th and early 19th centuries, influencing philosophy, aesthetics, literature, and criticism. Compared to English Romanticism , the German variety developed relatively early, and, in the opening years, coincided with Weimar Classicism (1772–1805). The early period, roughly 1797 to 1802, is referred to as Frühromantik or Jena Romanticism . The philosophers and writers central to the movement were Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder (1773–1798), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854), Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829), August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845), Ludwig Tieck (1773–1853), and Friedrich von Hardenberg (Novalis) (1772–1801). The early German Romantics strove to create
2183-629: The news that his cousin Amalie had become engaged. When Heine challenged another student, Wiebel, to a duel, the first of ten known incidents throughout his life, the authorities stepped in and he was suspended from the university for six months. His uncle then decided to send him to the University of Berlin . Heine arrived in Berlin in March 1821. It was the biggest, most cosmopolitan city he had ever visited, with its population of about 200,000. The university gave Heine access to notable cultural figures as lecturers:
2242-667: The newspaper congenial, and instead tried to obtain a professorship at Munich University, with no success. After a few months he took a trip to northern Italy, visiting Lucca , Florence and Venice, but was forced to return when he received news that his father had died. This Italian journey resulted in a series of new works: Die Reise von München nach Genua ( Journey from Munich to Genoa ), Die Bäder von Lucca ( The Baths of Lucca ) and Die Stadt Lucca ( The Town of Lucca ). Die Bäder von Lucca embroiled Heine in controversy. The aristocratic poet August von Platen had been annoyed by some epigrams by Immermann which Heine had included in
2301-902: The poem "Allnächtlich im Traume" was set to music by Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn . It contains the ironic disillusionment typical of Heine: Allnächtlich im Traume seh ich dich, Und sehe dich freundlich grüßen, Und laut aufweinend stürz ich mich Zu deinen süßen Füßen. Du siehst mich an wehmütiglich, Und schüttelst das blonde Köpfchen; Aus deinen Augen schleichen sich Die Perlentränentröpfchen. Du sagst mir heimlich ein leises Wort, Und gibst mir den Strauß von Zypressen. Ich wache auf, und der Strauß ist fort, Und das Wort hab ich vergessen. Nightly I see you in dreams – you speak, With kindliness sincerest, I throw myself, weeping aloud and weak At your sweet feet, my dearest. You look at me with wistful woe, And shake your golden curls; And stealing from your eyes there flow The teardrops like to pearls. You breathe in my ear
2360-474: The poles of his life alongside Paris. When he was 18 Heine almost certainly had an unrequited love for his cousin Amalie, Salomon's daughter. Whether he then transferred his affections, equally unsuccessfully to her sister Therese is unknown. This period in Heine's life is not clear but it seems that his father's business deteriorated, making Samson Heine effectively the ward of his brother Salomon. Salomon realised that his nephew had no talent for trade, and it
2419-461: The power Heine blamed for bringing Napoleon down. Here the poet experienced an aristocratic snobbery absent elsewhere. He hated law as the Historical School of law he had to study was used to bolster the reactionary form of government he opposed. Other events conspired to make Heine loathe this period of his life: he was expelled from a student fraternity due to anti-Semitism , and he heard
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2478-556: The publication of this work. In London he cashed a cheque from his uncle for £ 200 (equal to £21,870 today), much to Salomon's chagrin. Heine was unimpressed by the English: he found them commercial and prosaic, and still blamed them for the defeat of Napoleon. On his return to Germany, Cotta , the liberal publisher of Goethe and Schiller , offered Heine a job co-editing a magazine, Politische Annalen , in Munich . Heine did not find work on
2537-586: The remainder of his life. His move was prompted by the July Revolution of 1830 that had made Louis-Philippe the "Citizen King" of the French. Heine shared liberal enthusiasm for the revolution, which he felt had the potential to overturn the conservative political order in Europe. Heine was also attracted by the prospect of freedom from German censorship and was interested in the new French utopian political doctrine of Saint-Simonianism . Saint-Simonianism preached
2596-423: The rest of his life. Their stormy relationship has been compared to a marriage. Campe was a liberal who published as many dissident authors as he could. He had developed various techniques for evading the authorities. The laws of the time stated that any book under 320 pages had to be submitted to censorship. The authorities thought long books would cause little trouble as they were unpopular. One way around censorship
2655-437: The rest of his life. They were married in 1841. Heine and his fellow radical exile in Paris, Ludwig Börne , had become the role models for a younger generation of writers who were given the name " Young Germany ". They included Karl Gutzkow , Heinrich Laube , Theodor Mundt and Ludolf Wienbarg . They were liberal, but not actively political. Nevertheless, they still fell foul of the authorities. In 1835, Gutzkow published
2714-533: The revolutionary currents of the modern world. Heine thought that such an image suited the oppressive German authorities. He also had an Enlightenment view of the past, seeing it as mired in superstition and atrocities. "Religion and Philosophy in Germany" describes the replacement of traditional "spiritualist" religion by a pantheism that pays attention to human material needs. According to Heine, pantheism had been repressed by Christianity and had survived in German folklore. He predicted that German thought would prove
2773-480: The rising German form of nationalism , especially in contrast to the French and the revolution . Nevertheless, he made a point of stressing his love for his Fatherland : Plant the black, red, gold banner at the summit of the German idea, make it the standard of free mankind, and I will shed my dear heart's blood for it. Rest assured, I love the Fatherland just as much as you do. The first volume of travel writings
2832-696: The sea sighing long and anxiously. She was so deeply stirred By the setting sun My Fräulein!, be gay, This is an old play; ahead of you it sets And from behind it returns. The blue flower of Novalis , "symbol for the Romantic movement ", also received withering treatment from Heine during this period, as illustrated by the following quatrains from Lyrisches Intermezzo : Am Kreuzweg wird begraben Wer selber brachte sich um; dort wächst eine blaue Blume, Die Armesünderblum'. Am Kreuzweg stand ich und seufzte; Die Nacht war kalt und stumm. Im Mondschein bewegte sich langsam Die Armesünderblum'. At
2891-511: The second volume of Reisebilder . He counter-attacked by writing a play, Der romantische Ödipus , which included anti-Semitic jibes about Heine. Heine was stung and responded by mocking Platen's homosexuality in Die Bäder von Lucca . This back-and-forth ad hominem literary polemic has become known as the Platen affair [ de ] . Heine left Germany for France in 1831, settling in Paris for
2950-513: The tendency of the early German Romantics to look to the medieval Holy Roman Empire for a model of unity in the arts, religion, and society. A major product of the invasion and military occupation, beginning under the First French Republic and continuing under Napoleon , of the traditionally politically and religiously balkanized Germanosphere was the development of Pan-Germanism and romantic nationalism , which eventually created
3009-572: Was a German poet, writer and literary critic . He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry , which was set to music in the form of Lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert . Heine's later verse and prose are distinguished by their satirical wit and irony. He is considered a member of the Young Germany movement. His radical political views led to many of his works being banned by German authorities —which, however, only added to his fame. He spent
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#17328698362293068-404: Was a republican, while Heine was not. Heine regarded Börne, with his admiration for Robespierre , as a puritanical neo-Jacobin and remained aloof from him in Paris, which upset Börne, who began to criticise him, mostly semi-privately. In February 1837, Börne died. When Heine heard that Gutzkow was writing a biography of Börne, he began work on his own, severely critical "memorial" of the man. When
3127-460: Was a textile merchant. His mother Peira (known as "Betty"), née van Geldern (1771–1859), was the daughter of a physician. Heinrich was the eldest of four children. He had a sister, Charlotte (later Charlotte Embden [ de ] ), and two brothers, Gustav , later Baron Heine-Geldern and publisher of the Viennese newspaper Fremden-Blatt [ de ] , and Maximilian , who became
3186-461: Was closed. Campe was reluctant to publish uncensored books as he had bad experiences with print runs being confiscated. Heine resisted all censorship; this issue became a bone of contention between the two. However, the relationship between author and publisher started well: Campe published the first volume of Reisebilder ("Travel Pictures") in May 1826. This volume included Die Harzreise , which marked
3245-517: Was decided that Heine should enter law. So, in 1819, Heine went to the University of Bonn , then in Prussia. Political life in Germany was divided between conservatives and liberals. The conservatives, who were in power, wanted to restore things to the way they were before the French Revolution . They were against German unification because they felt a united Germany might fall victim to revolutionary ideas. Most German states were absolutist monarchies with
3304-669: Was only really suited to writing but it was extremely difficult to be a professional writer in Germany. The market for literary works was small and it was only possible to make a living by writing virtually non-stop. Heine was incapable of doing this so he never had enough money to cover his expenses. Before finding work, Heine visited the North Sea resort of Norderney which inspired the free verse poems of his cycle Die Nordsee . In Hamburg one evening in January 1826 Heine met Julius Campe [ de ] , who would be his chief publisher for
3363-594: Was particularly drawn to the Spanish Jews of the Middle Ages . In 1824 Heine began a historical novel, Der Rabbi von Bacherach , which he never finished. In May 1823 Heine left Berlin for good and joined his family at their new home in Lüneburg . Here he began to write the poems of the cycle Die Heimkehr ("The Homecoming"). He returned to Göttingen where he was again bored by the law. In September 1824 he decided to take
3422-1297: Was such a success that Campe pressed Heine for another. Reisebilder II appeared in April 1827. It contains the second cycle of North Sea poems, a prose essay on the North Sea as well as a new work, Ideen: Das Buch Le Grand , which contains the following satire on German censorship: The German Censors —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— idiots —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— Heine went to England to avoid what he predicted would be controversy over
3481-490: Was to publish dissident works in large print to increase the number of pages beyond 320. The censorship in Hamburg was relatively lax but Campe had to worry about Prussia, the largest German state and largest market for books. It was estimated that one-third of the German readership was Prussian. Initially, any book which had passed the censor in a German state was able to be sold in any of the other states, but in 1834 this loophole
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