Misplaced Pages

#743256

53-785: In 1785, a decree proclaimed that Brazilian factories could only produce cloth that would be used for clothing slaves or to make sacks for food goods. This decree was lifted in 1808, accompanied by an open ports policy. To help recover their internal industry, Brazil imposed Tariff protection on imports. During this period, the British had helped the Portuguese government to flee the invading Napoleonic army and find refuge in Rio de Janeiro . The Anglo-Irish diplomat, Percy Smythe, 6th Viscount Strangford , negotiated an agreement to grant Britain trade privileges with Brazil. In return for these Brazilian concessions,

106-659: A botanical garden , an art academy , and an opera house . All these measures advanced Brazil's independence from Portugal. Less beneficial were the crown's policies continuing the Atlantic slave trade , attacks on indigenous peoples, and land grants to court favorites. He blocked the entry of ideas of political independence expressed in the U.S. and the former Spanish American colonies, now independent republics. Britain's influence in Brazil increased, with favorable terms of trade, but also extraterritoriality for British merchants. Owing to

159-540: A period of political upheaval in Portugal, wherein the loss of Brazil started a series of revolts. The retention of immigrants demonstrated the newfound economic opportunities of the newly independent Brazil, while waves of anti-Portuguese sentiment among the masses of Rio de Janeiro revealed the nation's lingering resentment towards its former rulers. Graham Moore (Royal Navy officer) Admiral Sir Graham Moore GCB , GCMG (1764 – 25 November 1843)

212-475: A Spanish treasure fleet of four frigates – Medea (40), Clara (34), Fama (34) and Mercedes (36) – carrying bullion from the Caribbean back to Spain off Cadiz in the action of 5 October 1804 . Moore was then attached to Sir Robert Calder 's squadron blockading Ferrol . In 1808, he served as commodore , flying his broad pennant in the new ship Marlborough assisting Admiral Sir Sidney Smith with

265-715: A decree which opened Brazil's ports, allowing commerce between Brazil and "friendly nations". This was particularly beneficial for Great Britain and can be seen as one of many ways Prince John found to reward Britain for its assistance. This new law, however, broke the colonial pact that had forced Brazil to maintain direct commercial relations with Portugal only. This transformed the Brazilian economy, and subsequently, its demographics and society. Secret negotiations at London in 1807 by Portuguese ambassador Domingos António de Sousa Coutinho guaranteed British military protection in exchange for British access to Brazil's ports and to Madeira as

318-799: A naval base. Sousa Coutinho's secret negotiations paved the way for John's law to come to fruition in 1808. On 1 April 1808, in attempts to modernize the economy and diversify the production of the colony, John allowed for the establishment of manufacturing industries through the signing of the Alvará de Liberdade para as Indústrias . This meant that Brazil would no longer only be an agricultural producer. In this decree, John said that in an attempt to promote national wealth and recognize that manufacturing, industrial labor, and multiplication of labor promote means of subsistence for subjects, Brazil should heavily invest in those sectors effective immediately. He abolished any prohibition to industrial development; which expanded

371-517: A unified way to control the state and effectively manage territory, the government put in efforts to connect city centers through road development. The monarchy also encouraged internal trade. The isolation of cities had once been used by the Portuguese Empire to keep Brazilians subordinate and unable to organize against the crown. Now, having to manage the territory directly, that was no longer useful. All of these infrastructural developments came at

424-642: Is estimated that the enslaved population in Rio, at its height, was more than half of the total population. After the successful slave revolution that took place in Haiti a few years before, the court started to worry about the small elites regarding potential rebellion and revolution. This led to the creation of the Military Division of the Guarda Real de Polícia , or Royal Police Guard, in charge of urban policing that before

477-431: Is most likely because that was the year John was crowned king, with 17 noble titles being granted on the day of his coronation. As it can be expected, these titles did not benefit Brazilians much and did not create tight bonds between Brazilians and the new nobility. It was a reality unknown to many, even the wealthiest Brazilians. An argument can be made of this: nobility titles were made exclusively for Europeans to preserve

530-590: The Liberal Revolution of 1820 led to the return of John VI of Portugal on 26 April 1821. For thirteen years, Rio de Janeiro functioned as the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in what some historians call a metropolitan reversal (i.e., a colony exercising governance over the entirety of an empire). The period in which the court was located in Rio brought significant changes to

583-533: The Portuguese Empire and their expanding economic relationship with the colony, titles of nobility were also given to British individuals. Furthermore, the titles of nobility served as a means to consolidate the rule of the Portuguese court and confirm the power status of the monarchy in the colony. When John elevated the status of Brazil from colony to a co-kingdom as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and

SECTION 10

#1732875963744

636-510: The Algarves to participate in the Congress of Vienna away from Europe, there was a sharp increase in the number of titles granted. Not only did this change affect nobility titles, it also increased the power of the Portuguese in Brazilian affairs. Rio became an important center for world trade and grew immensely, having its demographics changed incessantly. The monarchy, as expected, favored the Portuguese to be in command of political offices, and with

689-840: The Baltic for a short time, flying his flag in HMS ; Fame . In 1814 he served as captain of the fleet to Lord Keith in the Channel, and, having been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815, he became second-in-command, Mediterranean Fleet in 1815. He joined the Board of Admiralty as First Naval Lord in the Liverpool ministry in May 1816. Promoted to vice-admiral on 12 August 1819, he left

742-626: The Board of the Admiralty in March 1820. He was Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet between 1820 and 1823 and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 11 March 1836. Promoted to full admiral on 10 January 1837, he served as Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth from 1839 to 1842 flying his flag in Impregnable . Moore died at his home, Brook Farm, Cobham, Surrey , on 25 November 1843, and

795-425: The British flotilla. Commodore Graham Moore continued escorting the Portuguese royal family to Brazil with the British ships Marlborough , London , Bedford , and Monarch . Brazil was very sparsely populated, with a little over 3 million inhabitants. Around one-third of the colony's population consisted of enslaved peoples, most having been captured and shipped from Africa. The indigenous population at

848-425: The British would convince the Portuguese government to recognise Brazilian independence. The result of the treaty was that exports from the United Kingdom came to dominate the markets in Brazil. Imported British goods would only receive a 15% duty , compared to 25% for goods from other nations. It also limited Brazilian legal recourse against British subjects and allowed British agents to become established throughout

901-720: The North Sea and the coast of France. He then commanded the 36-gun frigate Melampus from September 1795. In her he took part in the Battle of Tory Island on 12 October 1798, capturing the Résolue two days later. In February 1800 he went out to the West Indies , but was invalided home after eighteen months. On the renewal of the war in 1803 he was appointed to Indefatigable (44), and with three other frigates – Medusa (32), Lively (38) and Amphion (32) – under his command, captured

954-778: The Portuguese Court to Brazil The Portuguese royal court transferred from Lisbon to the Portuguese colony of Brazil in a strategic retreat of Queen Maria I of Portugal , prince regent John , the Braganza royal family , its court, and senior officials, totaling nearly 10,000 people, on 27 November 1807. The embarkment took place on 27 November, but due to weather conditions, the ships were only able to depart on 29 November. The Braganza royal family departed for Brazil just days before Napoleonic forces invaded Portugal on 1 December 1807 . The Portuguese crown remained in Brazil from 1808 until

1007-737: The Portuguese royal family's escape to Brazil , and was subsequently made a Knight of the Order of the Tower and Sword . He later served as part of the North Sea fleet for several years. At the close of the Walcheren campaign in December 1809, he was entrusted with destroying the basin, arsenal, and sea defences of Flushing (Vlissingen) . Moore commanded Chatham from March 1812, until promoted to rear-admiral on 12 August 1812, and served as Commander-in-Chief in

1060-539: The Rio de Janeiro Municipal Senate ( Senado da Câmara ), refused to return to Portugal during the Dia do Fico (9 January 1822). Brazil declared its independence on 7 September 1822, forming the Empire of Brazil and ending 322 years of colonial dominance of Portugal over Brazil. Pedro was crowned the first emperor in Rio de Janeiro on 12 October 1822, taking the name Dom Pedro I. The Portuguese court's tenure in Rio de Janeiro created

1113-495: The absence of the King and the economic independence of Brazil, Portugal entered a severe political crisis that obliged John VI and the royal family to return to Portugal on 25 April 1821; otherwise he risked loss of his Portuguese throne. The heir of John VI, Pedro I , remained in Brazil. The Portuguese Cortes demanded that Brazil return to its former status as a colony and the return of the heir to Portugal. Prince Pedro, influenced by

SECTION 20

#1732875963744

1166-528: The aftermath of Napoleon's defeat and the meeting of the Congress of Vienna , convened to restore European political arrangements, the Portuguese monarch declared Brazil a co-equal to Portugal to increase Portugal's bargaining power. In 1816, with the death of Queen Maria, Prince John became king of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. After several delays, the ceremony of his acclamation took place in Rio de Janeiro in 1818. Beyond having to go through infrastructural expansion to accommodate for

1219-490: The arrival of 15,000 people, Rio continued to be modified and upgraded in the early stages of the transferring of the court. The city lacked basic sanitation and structured sewer systems. There were very few roads. The goal was to “construct an ideal city; a city in which both mundane and monumental architecture, together with its residents’ social and cultural practices projected an unequivocally powerful and virtuous image of royal authority and government.” The city had to reflect

1272-421: The arrival of the royal family consisted of informal guards, watchmen, and sentinels. This further isolated and oppressed enslaved peoples and was the beginning of a phenomenon that proceeded in the 19th and 20th centuries of the criminalization of poverty. It reemphasized racial discrimination on an official level and associated disorder with lack of money and social ascension. This is also when King John VI decreed

1325-402: The city and its residents, and can be interpreted through several perspectives. It had profound impacts on Brazilian society, economics, infrastructure, and politics. The transfer of the prince regent and the royal court "represented the first step toward Brazilian independence , since the prince regent immediately opened the ports of Brazil to foreign shipping and turned the colonial capital into

1378-539: The conditions which led to Brazil's independence. With the court's arrival, Rio de Janeiro saw an immediate increase in its population. This, coupled with increases in trade and subsequent immigration, transformed the city into a major economic center in the New World. In 1815, this resulted in Brazil being declared a co-kingdom with Portugal, raising it from its former colonial status. This was an embodiment of Brazil's growing independence from Portugal, which intensified after

1431-508: The contrast in power and superiority of Europeans in Brazil. By granting titles to Portuguese individuals and those with close ties with Portugal, the court guaranteed the financial support to sustain themselves halfway across the Atlantic. Importantly, this meant an increase in the demand for slave labor. With the end of the colonial pact, the coffee industry boomed and the sugar industry continued to flourish. Now, being able to manufacture goods,

1484-492: The cost of slaves’ hard work and lives. It is estimated that between 1808 and 1822, “Rio’s slave population increased by 200 percent. As a consequence, remaking Rio de Janeiro into the court meant reconciling the larger quest to metropolitanise the city with slavery and with the African and African-Brazilian residents who made up the majority of its population.” Among the important measures taken by John VI (in attempts to Europeanize

1537-456: The country) were creating incentives for commerce and industry, allowing newspapers and books to be printed, even though the Imprensa Régia , Brazil's first printing press was highly regulated by the government, establishing two medical schools, establishing military academies , and creating the first Bank of Brazil ( Banco do Brasil ). In Rio de Janeiro, he also established a powder factory,

1590-415: The country. As a result, low cost imported goods manufactured by machine industry began to swamp the market that had previously been dominated by the local handicrafts industry. Exports of tobacco and sugar from Brazil were prohibited, which protected British producers in the West Indies . The treaty was written so as to expire in 1825 unless renewed. It remained in effect until 1844. Transfer of

1643-447: The creation of new government positions, departments, and military branches, almost every official was Portuguese. Out of all 145 nobility titles granted during this time period, only six were granted to Brazilians. Consistently, Brazilians were given the lowest royal title, that of baron. To somewhat make up for the fact that the Portuguese not only got more titles but also got more prestigious titles that made them more influential with

Strangford Treaty - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-418: The critiques and desires of the Brazilian population, only a select few could attend audiences with King John. He implemented the ceremony of beija-mão , a daily ritual where subjects got the chance to go to the royal residence, kiss the king's hand, and express their grievances. This practice to supposedly stay in touch with common people allowed for the social elites to voice their agendas, including white men,

1749-457: The economic and cultural strides made since the royal court's first arrival, resulted in a thriving time for the young nation. Throughout the royal court's stay in Rio de Janeiro and during the early part of its independence, Brazil saw a huge influx of immigrants and imported slaves. The immigrants were largely young Portuguese, the majority of whom elected to stay in Brazil permanently, rather than return to Portugal. This migration also mirrored

1802-403: The establishment of a mounted guard. In addition, the penal system was used to take control of lower classes by using minor infractions considered public disorder; for example, "disrespecting curfew, playing games of luck, drinking alcohol and begging" could be punishable with prison. Furthermore, while attempts to "civilize" the city were made, it also meant that the biggest difference between

1855-538: The flourishing of the empire and institutions like public libraries, botanic gardens, opera houses, palaces and government buildings were created. Rio was to be modern and secure. Architecture physically changed to reflect modern times. Furthermore, before the arrival of the royal family and court, Brazil consisted of very disconnected conglomerates of people. Vast amounts of empty land and dense tropical forest separated cities like Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador, Pernambuco, Rio Grande, and Porto Alegre. Needing to create

1908-486: The migration of 800,000 individuals that ensued. In addition, it is estimated that 2 million enslaved Africans were brought to Brazil to work in mines and power the sugar industry. Brazilians were illiterate, poor, and lacking several basic needs, including medical care and public health services. Only 2.5% of free men were literate. On 22 January 1808, Prince John and his court arrived in Salvador, Brazil . There, John signed

1961-500: The motivations for ennobling so many people, and these titles had consequences to the political scene of Brazil, including the systematic isolation of Brazilians from politics. Between 1811 and 1821, a vast majority of noble titles were granted to those who had travelled with the court in 1807 or had fought the French in Portugal and somehow had made their way to Brazil. As an additional way to thank Great Britain for their efforts to protect

2014-415: The naval and iron industries started to develop. The arrival of enslaved individuals increased dramatically during the period that the court was in Brazil and then during the decade following their absence, with the arrival of approximately 328,000 enslaved individuals to Brazil. This drastically changed the demographics of Brazil and of Rio, where most of these enslaved individuals would arrive and remain. It

2067-431: The need for labor in the colony, along with attracting foreign investment. Between 1808 and 1821, John of Braganza, serving as prince regent until 1816 and then as king from 1816 onwards, granted 145 nobility titles. During the time that the court was located in Brazil, the Portuguese royal family collectively granted more titles of nobility than it had in its past 300 years of existence in Portugal. Much can be said about

2120-725: The nobility, Brazilians were also granted land and seats in the Conselho da Fazenda . These were surreptitious ways to keep Brazilians content with the monarchy and appease the population without jeopardizing Portuguese high society, both in Brazil and in Portugal. The first title of nobility granted to a Brazilian was in 1812 to the Baroness of São Salvador de Campos dos Goytacazes. Out of the 26 titles of nobility granted in 1818, only three Brazilian men were graced: José Egídio Álvares de Almeida, Pedro Dias Paes Leme, and Paulo Fernandes Carneiro Viana. The reason so many noble titles were granted in 1818

2173-484: The nobility, and the clergy . On 16 December 1815, John created the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves ( Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves ), elevating Brazil to the same rank as Portugal and increasing the administrative independence of Brazil. Brazilian representatives were elected to the Portuguese Constitutional Courts ( Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas ). In 1815, in

Strangford Treaty - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-414: The old court and the one in Brazil was that half of it now consisted of enslaved peoples. Slavery was not legal in Portugal but allowed in the New World, and continued for several decades even after Brazil achieved independence from Portugal. Imperial relocation also meant the stratification of hierarchy. Those who were already rich, usually because of their connections to nobility, got richer (usually for

2279-501: The population: nobility, wealthy families, Brazilians, indigenous peoples, and enslaved Africans. The stability and prosperity of the Brazilian state, resulting from the royal court's presence, allowed for it to declare independence from Portugal without the violence and destabilization characteristic of similar movements in neighboring countries. This was in part because its burgeoning independent identity had had an effect on Pedro, King John's oldest son and first emperor of Brazil. Pedro

2332-449: The royal family's return to Europe in 1821. The relocation of the Portuguese nobility and administrative core to Brazil in 1808 had tremendous ramifications and resulted in a multi-faceted approach to change. Brazilian politics were initiated and affected, society and demographics were altered, the economy developed, and the city of Rio de Janeiro physically changed. The impact was felt in different ways and degrees by different sections of

2385-527: The royal party navigated under the protection of the British Royal Navy , and eight ships of the line, five frigates, and four smaller vessels of the Portuguese Navy , under the command of Rear-Admiral Sir Sidney Smith . On 5 December, almost halfway between Lisbon and Madeira , Sidney Smith, along with Britain's envoy to Lisbon, Percy Smythe, 6th Viscount Strangford , returned to Europe with part of

2438-429: The same reasons they had been rich in the first place) and the poorer got even poorer, now having to compete for resources, services, and physical space . With the Portuguese government now in Brazil, Portuguese immigration retention increased and this led to further disapproval of Cariocas (the term given to those native to the city of Rio de Janeiro . While the court and nobility wanted to portray itself as open to hearing

2491-555: The seat of government." In 1807, at the outset of the Peninsular War , Napoleonic forces invaded Portugal due to the Portuguese alliance with Great Britain . The prince regent of Portugal at the time, John of Braganza, had formally governed the country on behalf of his mother, Queen Maria I of Portugal , since 1799. Anticipating the French invasion, John ordered the transfer of the Portuguese royal court to Brazil before he could be deposed. Setting sail for Brazil on 29 November 1807,

2544-416: The time was of around 800,000 people, having been dramatically reduced and isolated during the first 300 years of exploration and colonization. Population density was concentrated along the Atlantic coastline. Rio de Janeiro, around the start of the 19th century, was experiencing a sizeable population boom. Over the 18th century, the population had increased tenfold due to the discovery of gold and diamonds and

2597-689: Was a Royal Navy officer. As a junior officer he took part in the Great Siege of Gibraltar during the American Revolutionary War . As captain of the frigate Melampus , he took part in the Battle of Tory Island in October 1798, capturing the Résolue two days later, during the French Revolutionary Wars . He went on to be First Naval Lord , then Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet , and finally, Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth . He

2650-515: Was buried at St. Andrew's Church. In 1812 he married Dora Eden, daughter of Thomas Eden, and niece of William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland ; they had one son, Captain John Moore, RN (d. 1866). Moore kept a detailed diary from 1784 until 1843, comprising thirty-four volumes, which provide a unique account of his service as a lieutenant, commander and captain. The diary is held at Cambridge University Library . Several places were named in his honour:

2703-501: Was nine years old when the family fled Portugal, meaning he was raised in Rio de Janeiro. Coming of age in Brazil rather than Portugal led to Pedro identifying as a Brazilian, a sentiment which influenced his defiance of the Cortes in 1821. Due to his position as heir of the Portuguese crown, Pedro was able to prevent any serious efforts on the part of the Portuguese to retake Brazil. The relatively smooth transition into independence, along with

SECTION 50

#1732875963744

2756-544: Was recalled to serve aboard Perseus , Dido , and then Adamant , the flagship of Sir Richard Hughes on the North American Station . On 22 November 1790 he was promoted to commander in the sloop Bonetta , before finally returning to England in 1793. Moore was promoted to post-captain on 2 April 1794, soon after the start of the Revolutionary War , with command of the 32-gun frigate Syren , in

2809-535: Was the younger brother of General Sir John Moore . Moore was born in Glasgow , Scotland, the son of Jean Simson and John Moore , doctor and author. He entered the Navy in 1777 at the age of 13. He was promoted to lieutenant on 8 March 1782 to serve aboard Crown , taking part in the relief of Gibraltar under Lord Howe, and the subsequent battle of Cape Spartel in October. During the peace he travelled through France, but

#743256