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22-418: Straževica is located in the central part of the neighborhood, on the 209-metre-high (686 ft) hill of the same name. The neighborhood is small and undeveloped, as most of the hill is turned into Belgrade's most important quarry , Kijevo, and on all sides of the hill already developed separate neighborhoods: Kneževac on the north, Jelezovac and Sunčani Breg on the east, Resnik on the south, Kijevo on

44-734: A higher, faster ramp that eventually bears left, but may be built as a right or left exit. A cloverleaf or partial cloverleaf contains some 270 degree loops, which can slow traffic and can be difficult to construct with multiple lanes. Where all such turns are replaced with flyovers (perhaps with some underpasses) only 90 degree turns are needed, and there may be four or more distinct levels of traffic. Depending upon design, traffic may flow in all directions at or near open road speeds (when not congested). For more examples, see Freeway interchange . A pedestrian overpass allows traffic to pass without affecting pedestrian safety. Railway overpasses are used to replace level crossings (at-grade crossings) as

66-581: A road only) in the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries, is a bridge , road , railway or similar structure that is over another road or railway. An overpass and underpass together form a grade separation . Stack interchanges are made up of several overpasses. The world's first railroad flyover was constructed in 1843 by the London and Croydon Railway at Norwood Junction railway station to carry its atmospheric railway vehicles over

88-590: Is excavated from the ground. The operation of quarries is regulated in some jurisdictions to manage their safety risks and reduce their environmental impact. The word quarry can also include the underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone . Types of rock extracted from quarries include: Stone quarry is an outdated term for mining construction rocks (limestone, marble, granite, sandstone, etc.). There are open types (called quarries, or open-pit mines) and closed types ( mines and caves). For thousands of years, only hand tools had been used in quarries. In

110-691: Is generally not recommended. Unexpectedly cold water can cause a swimmer's muscles to suddenly weaken; it can also cause shock and even hypothermia . Though quarry water is often very clear, submerged quarry stones, abandoned equipment, dead animals and strong currents make diving into these quarries extremely dangerous. Several people drown in quarries each year. However, many inactive quarries are converted into safe swimming sites. Such lakes, even lakes within active quarries, can provide important habitat for animals. S.K Duggal "Building Materials" (2003) 3rd revised edition Quarries Overpass An overpass , called an overbridge or flyover (for

132-405: Is pollution of roads from trucks leaving the quarries. To control and restrain the pollution of public roads, wheel washing systems are becoming more common. Many quarries naturally fill with water after abandonment and become lakes . Others are made into landfills . Water-filled quarries can be very deep, often 50 ft (15 m) or more, and surprisingly cold, so swimming in quarry lakes

154-477: The Brighton Main Line . In North American usage, a flyover is a high-level overpass, built above main overpass lanes, or a bridge built over what had been an at-grade intersection . Traffic engineers usually refer to the latter as a grade separation . A flyover may also be an extra ramp added to an existing interchange, either replacing an existing cloverleaf loop (or being built in place of one) with

176-529: The area was heavily bombarded in 1999, almost on daily basis, including some of the largest bombs available at that time (up to 3 tons), which used to shake the entire Belgrade. However, as the underground complex is projected to sustain the force of 20 kilotons, the military facility was intact as it wasn't damaged at all. It is dug underground several hundred meters into the granite terrain with 10 tons-heavy steel doors and includes bio, chemical and radiology filters, working and sleeping premises, depots, etc., plus

198-485: The borders of the quarry were set so that it wouldn't endanger the military complex, but the quarry was spreading more and more and in 2006 the army appealed to the government to stop the quarry's growth which resulted in the Ministry of the mining's request to the quarry management to stop the works and restore the area outside of the 1987 borders. However, the new owner of the quarry, Italian company of "Adige Bitumi" continued

220-521: The eighteenth century, the use of drilling and blasting operations was mastered. The term remains used to describe a method of cutting into a certain shape, such as for glass and tile, as a "quarry cut". The method of removal of stones from their natural bed by using different operations is called quarrying. Methods of quarrying include: Following steps are used in the blasting process; Many quarry stones such as marble , granite , limestone , and sandstone are cut into larger slabs and removed from

242-449: The elevated circular road was underway. Located a bit further from the eastern entry into the tunnel, the "Straževica" overpass will cross over the newly constructed beltway. 44°43′54″N 20°26′29″E  /  44.73167°N 20.44139°E  / 44.73167; 20.44139 Quarry A quarry is a type of open-pit mine in which dimension stone , rock , construction aggregate , riprap , sand , gravel , or slate

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264-457: The military complex. It was named "Glasnik" ("Herald"). The monument has the base in the shape of F 117 aircraft , surrounded by the large slabs of granite. At the bottom of the central part there is a relief , representing images of army officers Vlastimir Lazarević and Vladimir Vujović. They were repairing damaged antenna in 1999, trying to use the period after one wave of bombing, but the next wave ensued quickly killing them both. The sculpture

286-512: The quarry. The surfaces are polished and finished with varying degrees of sheen or luster . Polished slabs are often cut into tiles or countertops and installed in many kinds of residential and commercial properties. Natural stone quarried from the earth is often considered a luxury and tends to be a highly durable surface, thus highly desirable. Quarries in level areas with shallow groundwater or which are located close to surface water often have engineering problems with drainage . Generally

308-519: The radar antenna on the top of the hill. However, some other neighborhoods in the vicinity (most notably Rakovica and Miljakovac ) suffered heavy collateral damage from the bombing, while the settlement of Straževica was almost completely destroyed or damaged for the most part, including the Rakovica monastery. However, the complex is dangerously close to the Kijevo quarry which became operating in 1974. In 1987

330-616: The regulations of the European Union do not allow for highways to go right through the middle of the cities' urban tissue (which is the case with the Pan-European corridor X in Belgrade), Serbian government got 3 years to finish the beltway, but it wasn't finished in time. Since 2012, the right tube functioned as the two-way tunnel. Two sides of the left, 733 m (2,405 ft) long tube, were connected only on 9 June 2020. The deadline for

352-625: The southwest and Labudovo Brdo on the west. The Straževica slopes are made of rich deposits of sandy-detrital silicified limestone, which are even today exploited in the Kijevo Quarry, which was originally open to supply the railroad company, but also became the main stone source for Belgrade. The entrepreneurs Parapid, Tomić and Marković founded the quarry during the Interbellum . As underground Yugoslav Army facilities were located there ("Kneževac" underground joint chiefs of staff in war times),

374-475: The tube to become operational, so as the complete tunnel, was moved for the early 2022. On the western slopes of the hill, two 30 metres (98 ft) elevated bridges were built on the Orlovača-Straževica section of the beltway. They are crossing streams of Topčiderska reka and Kijevski potok, and two railway tracks. The left tube was officially opened for traffic on 15 June 2022. At the time, construction of

396-546: The unusual contraptions form. The first lane of the "Straževica tunnel", a 745 m (2,444 ft) long part of the projected Belgrade's outer beltway (47 km (29 mi) long Batajnica - Bubanj Potok section) was dug in January 2007 and the digging of the second lane was to begin soon. Digging of the tunnel originally began in 1992 (of the beltway itself in 1990), but was halted in 1996 and then resumed in September 2004. As

418-530: The water higher during removal; this can become the limiting factor in quarry depth. Some water-filled quarries are worked from beneath the water, by dredging. Many people and municipalities consider quarries to be eyesores and require various abatement methods to address problems with noise, dust, and appearance. One of the more effective and famous examples of successful quarry restoration is Butchart Gardens in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. A further problem

440-533: The water is removed by pumping while the quarry is operational, but for high inflows more complex approaches may be required. For example, the Coquina quarry is excavated to more than 60 feet (18 m) below sea level. To reduce surface leakage, a moat lined with clay was constructed around the entire quarry. Groundwater entering the pit is pumped up into the moat. As a quarry becomes deeper, water inflows generally increase and it also becomes more expensive to lift

462-508: The works, causing damages to the complex with the underground explosions. As Straževica was one of the first targets to be bombed in Serbia, one of the most attacked targets in general, and the first bombed location in Belgrade itself, there is a memorial on the hill, named "Herald of Straževica", commemorating the 1999 bombing. In the summer of 2002, the monument was built on top of the hill, within

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484-429: Was made by Slaviša Čeković. It is made of various metal debris, grenade shrapnel, parts of military antennae and pieces of metal constructions. On top of it is the antenna which is disconnected, but still operational, so it could be used eventually. Artistically, the sculpture is described as the "slightly tousled constructivism" with the touch of Vladimir Tatlin , while the style is characterized as Yves Tanguy 's play on

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