117-614: The 2023–2024 European windstorm season was the ninth season of the European windstorm naming in Europe. The new season's storm names were announced on 1 September 2023. Storms that occur up until 31 August 2024 will be included in this season. This was the fifth season where the Netherlands participated (through KNMI ), alongside the United Kingdom's Met Office and Ireland 's Met Éireann in
234-649: A 33-year-old woman was killed on the German island of Fehmarn when her car was hit by a falling tree, and a woman in her 80s in Chesterfield died in floods. A man trapped in a vehicle in floodwater near the Aberdeenshire village of Marykirk was later found dead. Damage in Schleswig-Holstein was estimated to be 200 Million Euro. Storm Aline was named by Spain's state weather forecast agency AEMET , while Wolfgang
351-1048: A 64-year-old woman from falling branches. A 23-year-old woman died in Spain from a fallen tree. In France two deaths were reported, including a 72-year-old man who was blown off his balcony. And in the Netherlands a person was killed when a tree fell on their car. As of 3 November 2023, six more died in Italy and one in Albania. Six people were killed during heavy rains in the region of Tuscany , Italy, with rivers flooding and causing damage. Several roads and highways are closed amid landslides . Severe damage also occurred in Campobasso , Molise , evacuations were being made in Veneto with highways being closed, and emergency calls occurred in Rome . In Sardinia , strong winds fueled fires that burned hectares of vegetation, while
468-597: A free university in Berlin", the committee appealed to the public for support. The municipal authorities of Berlin granted the foundation of a free university and requested the opening for the coming 1948/49 winter semester . Meanwhile, the students' committee in the German Democratic Republic protested against the formation, the GDR described the new university as the "so-called free university" in official documents until
585-682: A man was killed in Capoterra , and in Tortolì an entire sawmill burned down. In total there were more than 1 million power outages, and in Cornwall around 4,000 properties were left without power. Storm Domingos was named and reported on 3 November 2023 by the Spanish Met Service ( AEMET ). The storm was subsequently named Fred by the Free University of Berlin on 4 November 2023 at 12:00 UTC. It
702-467: A phone in poll on 17 July 1991 and claimed that 72% of the 40,000 responses favored keeping the names. This made the DWD pause and think about the naming system and these days the DWD accept the naming system and request that it is maintained. During 1998 a debate started about whether it was discriminatory to name areas of high pressure with male names and the areas of low pressure with female names. The issue
819-472: A reference. Therefore, an assignment of a storm name does not mean that a storm will actually develop. In 2015, the Met Office and Met Éireann announced a project to name storms as part of the "Name our Storms" project for windstorms and asked the public for suggestions. The meteorological offices produced a full list of names for 2015–2016 through 2017–2018, common to both the United Kingdom and Ireland, with
936-413: A regular Bachelor called "Mono-Bachelor", a combined Bachelor ("Kombi-Bachelor") consisting of two fields of studies and a combined Bachelor with a teaching option. Besides the core subject(s), all students are required to complete a series of courses related to general professional skills (ABV). The old Diplom and Magister artium programs are still running, but do not accept new admissions anymore. In
1053-499: A season on the 31 August of that year, they end the season on the 30 September of that year. These are the names that were chosen for the 2023–24 season in Greece, Israel and Cyprus. This naming group, like the naming from the Free University of Berlin , does not use a naming list but names storms when it has not received a name by any other meteorological service in Europe and is projected to affect Denmark, Iceland, Norway or Sweden. Like
1170-420: A significant impact to infrastructures. In Denmark , a windstorm must have an hourly average windspeed of at least 90 km/h (55 mph). The Meteorology Department of the Free University of Berlin (FUB) names all high and low pressure systems that affect Europe, though they do not assign names to any actual storms. A windstorm that is associated with one of these pressure systems will at times be recognized by
1287-490: A storm can also be named for amber warnings of rain and snow (e.g. Storm Arwen in 2021). This was the seventh year in which the meteorological agencies of France, Spain and Portugal named storms that affected their areas. The following names were chosen for the 2023–2024 season in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta. The Eastern Mediterranean Group works slightly differently compared to other naming lists, instead of ending
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#17328698229031404-562: A strong emphasis on interdisciplinarity , whereas research in the humanities focuses on the current economical, political and cultural development of society (transformation processes, effects of globalization and environmental politics). In the field of Earth sciences, the FU has contributed to various aeronautical missions, e.g. the Mars Express and the Cassini-Huygens to Saturn . Excluding
1521-600: A variety of leafy courtyards. It has been complemented in 2005 by a new centerpiece, the brain-shaped Philological Library , designed by British architect Lord Norman Foster . With 43 ha and around 22,000 species of plants, FU's Berlin Botanical Garden in nearby Lichterfelde West is one of the largest of its kind. The main campus in Dahlem is well connected to central Berlin by public transportation. The stations Dahlem Dorf and Freie Universität (Thielplatz) connect
1638-524: A weak and small system, Storm Alexis was assigned by the Italian Servizio Meteorologico , on 22 November 2023. The storm was assigned for potential flash flooding due to heavy rain with orange warnings. It was also predicted that Alexis would turn into an anticyclone by 24 November 2023, Friday. The national meteorological service predicted the arrival of cold air mass from Scandinavia , heading straight down for Central Mediterranean and
1755-782: Is a public research university in Berlin , Germany . It was founded in West Berlin in 1948 with American support during the early Cold War period as a Western continuation of the Friedrich Wilhelm University , or the University of Berlin , whose traditions and faculty members it retained. The Friedrich Wilhelm University (which was renamed the Humboldt University ), being in East Berlin , faced strong communist repression;
1872-634: Is aligned with the NAO state during the cyclones' development phase. The strongest storms are embedded within, and form in large scale atmospheric flow. It should be kept in mind that, on the other hand, the cyclones themselves play a major role in steering the NAO phase. Aggregate European windstorm losses show a strong dependence on NAO, with losses increasing/decreasing 10-15% at all return periods. A connection between wintertime cold air outbreaks in North America and European windstorms has been hypothesized in
1989-608: Is an important location for the Berlin State Museums group, housing the Ethnological Museum of Berlin and the Museum of Asian Art . During the 1960s, a student village with 27 buildings was constructed near Schlachtensee lake serving as housing opportunities for students. With an inventory of 8.5 million volumes and over 25,000 journals distributed in the central university library (UB) and 49 specialized libraries of
2106-650: Is defined by a contract with the local transportation company, the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg and allows students to move freely in the ABC zones of Berlin. In the winter semester of 2013/14, students are required to pay €285.83 in total. Since 2011, Free University of Berlin participates in the national "Germany Scholarship" program organized by the federal government, universities and numerous private companies. Highly talented and committed students can get €300 monthly. In terms of external endowments by
2223-718: Is no universal definition of what constitutes a windstorm in Europe, nor is there a universally accepted system of naming storms. For example, in the Western Group, consisting of the UK, Ireland, and the Netherlands, a storm is named if one of the meteorological agencies in those countries issues an orange warning (amber in the UK), which generally requires a likelihood of widespread sustained wind speeds greater than 65 km/h (40 mph), or widespread wind gust speeds over 110 km/h (70 mph). (Required wind speeds vary slightly by agency and by season.) Both
2340-498: Is not in reference to the structurally different tropical cyclone of the same name, but to the hurricane strength of the wind on the Beaufort scale (winds ≥ 118 km/h or ≥ 73 mph). In English, use of term hurricane to refer to European windstorms is mostly discouraged, as these storms do not display the structure of tropical storms. Likewise the use of the French term ouragan
2457-758: Is similarly discouraged as hurricane is in English, as it is typically reserved for tropical storms only. European windstorms in Latin Europe are generally referred to by derivatives of tempestas ( tempest , tempête , tempestado , tempesta ), meaning storm, weather, or season, from the Latin tempus , meaning time. Globally storms of this type forming between 30° and 60° latitude are known as extratropical cyclones . The name European windstorm reflects that these storms in Europe are primarily notable for their strong winds and associated damage, which can span several nations on
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#17328698229032574-587: Is used by the meteorology department to maintain weather observations at the Free University. Names are listed alphabetically beginning in January. Several European languages use cognates of the word huracán ( ouragan , uragano , orkan , huragan , orkaan , ураган , which may or may not be differentiated from tropical hurricanes in these languages) to indicate particularly strong cyclonic winds occurring in Europe. The term hurricane as applied to these storms
2691-584: The Balkans and southern Black Sea coasts such as Turkey. Orange and yellow wind and snow warnings were put up for parts of the Balkans particularly, Romania, Serbia and Bulgaria. The system brought heavy rain and some snowfall to western parts of Turkey. The eastern Mediterranean is forecast to also be impacted by Frederico, with yellow flood warnings for parts of Israel and a orange 'coastal event' warning issued. The storm moved out of Europe by 21 November 2023. Though
2808-641: The Charité medical school, which is co-administered by the university with the Humboldt University , Free University of Berlin is currently the lead university for eight collaborative research centers of the German Research Foundation and also has five DFG research units. It is part of the Berlin University Alliance . As part of the MATHEON – Mathematics for Key Technologies research center of
2925-547: The Collegium Musicum has around 500 members from all fields of studies who spend their leisure time making music. It currently consists of five ensembles: a big choir , a chamber choir , two symphony orchestras and a big band . There are frequently events on which the Collegium Musicum plays, for instance on ceremonies. With 12 academic departments ( Fachbereiche ) and three interdisciplinary central institutes,
3042-580: The DFG , Free University of Berlin ranks third behind the RWTH Aachen University and LMU Munich . Between 2009 and 2013, 289 foreign guest researchers came to the university through fellowships granted by the renowned Alexander von Humboldt Foundation , making the FU the most popular destination for foreign researchers in Germany. In the field of natural sciences , research focuses on basic research with
3159-527: The Dutch Headwind Cycling Championships at the last minute due to safety. There was a lot of disruption due to cancelled flights and trains. People were advised to work from home, and to not drive unless absolutely necessary. There were 15 fatalities as a result of the storm. A 46-year-old woman died in Germany when a tree fell on her. There were two deaths in Belgium, a 5-year-old child and
3276-409: The Free University of Berlin named this system Helmoe the very next day. Heavy rain was forecast to fall in northern France between Le Havre and Calais with 80–100 millimetres to fall in the region. This caused rivers to burst their banks causing some flooding with 20–50 more widely. No deaths were recorded from Storm Elisa. Storm Debi was identified by Met Éireann on 12 November 2023, while
3393-544: The Free University of Berlin will not be issuing a name for this system as it neither impacted Denmark, Sweden nor Norway. It heavily impacted Ireland on 12 November (Sunday night), before it made its way to the United Kingdom on 13 November, (Monday morning). Met Éireann placed in effect a red wind warning for 14 counties: Kerry , Limerick , Tipperary , Clare , east Galway , south Roscommon , Dublin , Kildare , Laois , Louth , Meath , Wicklow , Offaly , and Westmeath , and yellow and orange wind and rain warnings for
3510-737: The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , but the event at Hunterston was rated as International Nuclear Event Scale 2. A year later in 1999 during the Lothar storm Flooding at the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant resulted in a "level 2" event on the International Nuclear Event Scale. Cyclone Lothar and Martin in 1999 left 3.4 million customers in France without electricity, and forced Électricité de France to acquire all
3627-547: The Hotel Esplanade . By the end of April, the governor of the United States Army Lucius D. Clay gave the order to legally examine the formation of a new university in the western sectors of Berlin. On 19 June 1948, the "preparatory committee for establishing a free university" consisting of politicians, professors, administrative staff members and students, met. With a manifesto titled "Request for establishing
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3744-825: The United Kingdom , Ireland , the Netherlands , Norway , Germany , the Faroe Islands and Iceland . The strong wind phenomena intrinsic to European windstorms, that give rise to "damage footprints" at the surface, can be placed into three categories, namely the "warm jet", the "cold jet" and the "sting jet". These phenomena vary in terms of physical mechanisms, atmospheric structure, spatial extent, duration, severity level, predictability and location relative to cyclone and fronts. On average, these storms cause economic damage of around €1.9 billion per year and insurance losses of €1.4 billion per year (1990–1998). They cause
3861-497: The fall of the Berlin Wall . The council-manager government accepted the by-law on 4 November 1948. The by-law achieved prominence under its alias "the Berlin model": The university was founded as a statutory corporation ( Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts ) and was not directly subjected to the state, as it was controlled by a supervisory board consisting of six representatives of the state of Berlin, three representatives of
3978-635: The "Steglitz Clinic", located in Lichterfelde West about 3 km southeast of Dahlem, was built with large financial supports of the United States. The medical center became one of the biggest European medical establishments unifying all institutes, clinics and lecture halls. In honor of the support by the United States, the clinic was renamed "University Clinic Benjamin Franklin". In 1994, it consists of 36 scientific institutes and 1,200 hospital beds. After
4095-503: The 1970s and the 1980s, the university became a Massenuniversität ( mass/mega university ) with 50,298 registered students in 1983. After reunification , the Free University of Berlin was the second-largest university in Germany (after the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich ) with 62,072 students in the winter term of 1991/92. Shortly thereafter, the senate of Berlin decided to drastically reduce enrollment until 2003,
4212-613: The Balkans which would result in drastic temperature drop, especially countries on the Adriatic side. This cold spell is also exacerbated by the formation and naming of the next storm, Storm Bettina. Storm Bettina was assigned by the Servizio Meteorologico , the Italian Meteorological Service, as a cold plunge from northern Europe impacted much of the continent. The Free University of Berlin named this system Phil
4329-566: The Director of Administration and Finance (Dr.-Ing. Andrea Bör). There are also supporting offices for Public Affairs and the General Counsel for legal affairs. There are currently eight central service institutions (ZE) of the FU: The ISQ ("Institut für Schulqualität der Länder Berlin und Brandenburg", Institute for Quality of Schools in Berlin and Brandenburg ) is an independent facility on
4446-579: The FU creates a new library with about 12,250 m of usable space. It is planned to include all libraries of the natural science departments and the smaller institutes in the humanities (e.g. Egyptology). The projected costs are around 51 million euros . Construction work started in March 2012 with plans on finishing at the end of 2014. The executive board consists of the president (Prof. Dr. Günter M. Ziegler ), an executive vice president (Prof. Dr. Klaus Hoffmann-Holland) and three other vice presidents, as well as
4563-571: The FU is the possibility to study a vast number of "small subjects" (e.g. theater and film studies , Egyptology , Byzantine studies , Jewish studies , Turkology , Sinology , Communication studies , Meteorology , Bioinformatics , Biochemistry ) with a high level of specialization. Due to the Bologna process , most of the undergraduate programs are now leading to the three-year Bachelor's degree with 180 ECTS . At Free University of Berlin, Bachelor programs are generally divided into three categories:
4680-500: The Free University of Berlin seal to this day bears the Latin terms for Truth, Justice, and Liberty. The designer of the seal was art historian and former president of the Free University of Berlin, Edwin Redslob . Most of the facilities of Free University of Berlin are located in the residential garden district of Dahlem in southwestern Berlin. Around the beginning of the 20th century, Dahlem
4797-627: The Free University of Berlin was the historian Friedrich Meinecke . By 1949, the Free University had registered 4,946 students. Until the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, many students came from the Soviet sector, often supported through the Währungsstipendium of the senate. On 26 June 1963, the same day he delivered his Ich bin ein Berliner speech at Rathaus Schöneberg , John F. Kennedy
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4914-590: The Free University's name referred to West Berlin's status as part of the Western Free World , contrasting with communist-controlled East Berlin . In 2008, as part of a joint effort, the Free University of Berlin, along with the Hertie School of Governance , and WZB Social Science Research Center Berlin , created the Berlin Graduate School for Transnational Studies . The Free University of Berlin
5031-571: The German media started to commonly use the names, however, they were not officially approved by the German Meteorological Service Deutscher Wetterdienst . The DWD subsequently banned the usage of the names by their offices during July 1991, after complaints had poured in about the naming system. However, the order was leaked to the German press agency, Deutsche Presse-Agentur , who ran it as its lead weather story. Germany's ZDF television channel subsequently ran
5148-537: The Italian Peninsula as well as much of the Balkans much of Greece and the island of Sardinia . Turkey was also expected to see impacts from this system with a heavy band of rain with strong winds in association especially in the west and northwest of the country. Multiple districts and municipalities in Bulgaria declared states of emergency on 26 November 2023 due to heavy snowfalls and strong winds causing severe traffic disruptions and widespread power outages to estimated 800,000 households in Bulgaria. By 27 November 2023,
5265-416: The NC can be invited to a selective interview or an entry exam, depending on the department/faculty. Applicants at Charité medical school who do not directly fulfill the NC-criteria have to pass an entry exam, which covers the basic fields of Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry and Physics in addition to passing a selective interview. Both results are then added to the Abitur grade. The final decision depends on
5382-478: The Netherlands taking part from 2019 onwards. Names in the United Kingdom will be based on the National Severe Weather Warning Service . The following names were chosen for the 2023–2024 season in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Netherlands. For a windstorm to be named, the United Kingdom's Met Office , Ireland's Met Eireann , or the Netherlands' Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) have to issue an amber weather warning , preferably for wind, but
5499-483: The Northern Group, the Free University of Berlin names storms based on low pressures across the continent and does not use a naming list. The storms listed below were strong enough or were anticipated to cause equal or more disruption than if it were named either by one of the other groups. All storms named by European meteorological organisations in their respective forecasting areas, as well as Atlantic hurricanes that transitioned into European windstorms and retained
5616-448: The UK and France was interrupted, and the storm caused a domino-effect of power outages throughout the Southeast of England. Conversely windstorms can produce too much wind power. Cyclone Xynthia hit Europe in 2010, generating 19000 megawatts of electricity from Germany's 21000 wind turbines. The electricity produced was too much for consumers to use, and prices on the European Energy Exchange in Leipzig plummeted, which resulted in
5733-422: The United Kingdom's needs via the Langeled pipeline . However, the disruption came at a time of low demand. The same storm also saw the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant also affected, as algae and mud stirred up by the storm were sucked into the cooling system, resulting in one of the generators being shut down. A similar situation was reported in the wake of Storm Angus in 2016 (though not linked specifically to
5850-464: The United States, Free University of Berlin was able to construct several new central building complexes including the Benjamin Franklin university clinic complex. The largest single complex of university buildings is the Rost- und Silberlaube , which translates roughly to the "Rust and Silver Lodges". This complex consists of a series of interlinked structures corresponding to either a deep bronze (hence, "rust") or shiny white ("silver") hue, surrounding
5967-418: The archive of the MPG), the campus is home to the Zuse Institute Berlin as well as some federal institutions like the Federal Institute for Materials Research (BAM) and the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). The Berlin Geography Society founded in 1828, the Berlin University for Professional Studies and the German Archeological Institute (DAI) are also located on the campus. In addition, Dahlem
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#17328698229036084-409: The available portable power generators in Europe, with some even being brought in from Canada. These storms brought a fourth of France's high-tension transmission lines down and 300 high-voltage transmission pylons were toppled. It was one of the greatest energy disruptions ever experienced by a modern developed country. Following the Great Storm of 1987 the High Voltage Cross-Channel Link between
6201-441: The beginning of the Cold War period. The University of Berlin was located in the former Soviet sector of Berlin and was granted permission to continue teaching by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) in January 1946. The university came under increased communist influence and repression, as it became a battlefield for the political disputes of the postwar period . This led to protests by students critical of
6318-505: The buildings of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science . The actual foundation took place on 4 December 1948 in the Titania Palace , the film theater with the biggest hall available in the western sectors of Berlin. Attendants of the event were not only scientists, politicians (the Governing Mayor Ernst Reuter amongst others) and students, but also representatives of American universities, among them Stanford University and Yale University . The first elected president of
6435-440: The campus. It consults local schools and the senate to achieve and develop a high standard of school quality in Berlin and Brandenburg and closely cooperates with the Department of Education and Psychology of the FU. The Collegium Musicum of Free University of Berlin was founded during the first semester in 1948/49. Under conductor Karl Forster, it merged with the ensemble of Technische Universität Berlin in 1954. Today,
6552-402: The classical sense. Since 2003, public universities in Berlin introduced the model of semester contributions ( Semesterbeiträge ). It consists of an enrollment/re-registration fee, a contribution to the student union ( Studentenwerk ), a contribution for the student government and the fee for the semester ticket (public transportation pass) for the current semester. The fees for the semester ticket
6669-401: The continent. The strongest cyclones are called windstorms within academia and the insurance industry. The name European windstorm has not been adopted by the UK Met Office in broadcasts (though it is used in their academic research ), the media or by the general public, and appears to have gained currency in academic and insurance circles as a linguistic and terminologically neutral name for
6786-464: The country's meteorological agency issued Code Yellow warning for low temperatures to Blagoevgrad , Kyustendil , Pernik and Sofia while others were still in the Green. European windstorm European windstorms are powerful extratropical cyclones which form as cyclonic windstorms associated with areas of low atmospheric pressure . They can occur throughout the year, but are most frequent between October and March, with peak intensity in
6903-406: The date, or the Saint's day of their occurrence. Although standardised naming schemes now exist, a storm may still be named differently in different countries. For instance, the Norwegian weather service also names independently notable storms that affect Norway , which can result in multiple names being used in different countries they affect, such as: In 2011, a social media campaign resulted in
7020-456: The fields of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Dentistry , Pharmacy and the law, students enroll in programs with Staatsexamen . Free University of Berlin also offers a variety of graduate degrees, from the master's degree to doctoral degrees . Apart from the regular Master 's programs, there are a variety of international programs taught in English, especially in the life sciences . Free University of Berlin does not charge any tuition fees in
7137-457: The greatest impact is on the southeastern North Sea, which has coastlines that are far better protected by taller, more extensive levees and other systems. There were at least six recorded fatalities: a 57-year-old woman died after being swept into a river in Angus (Scotland), a 56-year-old man died after his van hit a tree near Forfar in Angus, a man in his 60s was killed after being swept away by flood waters near Cleobury Mortimer (England),
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#17328698229037254-425: The grid operators having to pay over 18 euros per megawatt-hour to offload it, costing around half a million euros in total. Disruption of the gas supply during Cyclone Dagmar in 2011 left Royal Dutch Shell 's Ormen Lange gas processing plant in Norway inoperable after its electricity was cut off by the storm. This left gas supplies in the United Kingdom vulnerable as this facility can supply up to 20 per cent of
7371-443: The highest amount of natural catastrophe insurance loss in Europe. The state of the North Atlantic Oscillation relates strongly to the frequency, intensity, and tracks of European windstorms. An enhanced number of storms have been noted over the North Atlantic region during positive NAO phases (compared to negative NAO phases) and is due to larger areas of suitable growth conditions. The occurrence of extreme North Atlantic cyclones
7488-399: The highest floods in more than a century, with some places in Denmark having sea levels that were up to 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in) above normal and in the Germany up to 2.22 m (7 ft 3 in) above normal. In certain, particularly exposed places, people were evacuated after levees broke and houses were flooded. On the opposite, western side of Jutland and Schleswig-Holstein,
7605-422: The institutes, the library system of the FU is the largest in Germany. Items published since 1990 are fully digitalized and accessible through an OPAC . The UB is granted the status United Nations Depository Library and is linked to the global library system of the UN under direction of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library in New York. The European Union also uses the UB as a European Documentation Center . As part of
7722-711: The issuance of yellow rain warnings. Storm Celine was named and reported on 28 October 2023 by the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere ( IPMA ), at around 1 pm local time that same afternoon. The cold front moved down south, causing heavy rain accompanied by thunderstorms. IPMA also predicted wind gusts as high as 90 km/h (55 mph) in the highlands and waves up to 6 m in height. The storm passed through central Portugal on 29 October. By 30 October, it had swept through southern Portugal and prompted yellow weather warnings for heavy rain in nine provinces in five autonomous communities in Spain. Weather warning were issued in western France until 31 October. One death
7839-555: The last years. Cold spells over Central Canada and Eastern US appear to be associated with more frequent windstorms and flash floods over Iberia, whereas cold spells over Eastern Canada show a connection to windstorms over Northern Europe and the British Isles. The reason behind those teleconnections is not fully clear yet, but changes in the behavior of the Polar jet stream are likely to be at least related to this effect. Temporal clustering of windstorm events has also been noted, with eight consecutive storms hitting Europe during
7956-472: The library of the UN and the EU, it contains all publications of the UN General Assembly , the UN Security Council , the International Court of Justice as well as publications from the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . Although the UB is generally a lending library , some smaller libraries of the departments are so called Präsenzbibliotheken , where students are only able to read books or journals. Since 2005,
8073-423: The likelihood of impact and the potential severity of the system are considered when naming a storm. The Southwest Group of Spain, Portugal, and France share a similar storm-naming scheme, though their names differ from those used by the Western Group. In Greece, however, naming criteria were established for storms when the storm's forecast winds are above 50 km/h (30 mph) over land, with the wind expected to have
8190-526: The losses of the 2007 United Kingdom floods . On average, some 200,000 buildings are damaged by high winds in the UK every year. European windstorms wipe out electrical generation capacity across large areas, making supplementation from abroad difficult (windturbines shut down to avoid damage and nuclear capacity may shut if cooling water is contaminated or flooding of the power plant occurs). Transmission capabilities can also be severely limited if power lines are brought down by snow, ice or high winds. In
8307-445: The merger in 2003, it became part of the Charité medical school . Today, the district of Dahlem is a hotspot for research and culture: Beside several institutes of the Max Planck Society (amongst others: The Max Planck Institute for Research in Education (MPIB), the MPI for the History of Science , the MPI for Molecular Genetics , the Fritz Haber Institute (FHI) working in the fields of molecular physics and physical chemistry and
8424-494: The name European cyclones , with North-Atlantic cyclone and North-Atlantic windstorms also being used. Though with the advent of the "Name our Storms" project, they are generally known as storms. Insurance losses from European windstorms are the second greatest source of loss for any natural peril globally. Only Atlantic hurricanes in the United States are larger. Windstorm losses exceed those caused by flooding in Europe. For instance one windstorm, Kyrill in 2007, exceeded
8541-631: The name assigned by the National Hurricane Center : Storm Agnes was named by the UK's Met Office on 25 September 2023 and was forecast to bring strong winds and heavy rain to much of the UK and Ireland. The storm, which was also named Kilian by the Free University of Berlin and the Deutscher Wetterdienst, impacted the British Isles on 27 September. Storm Babet, which was named by the United Kingdom's Met Office on 16 October, and
8658-460: The name assigned to the associated pressure system by the FUB. Named windstorms that have been recognized by a European meteorological agency are described in this article. Naming conventions used in Europe are generally based on conditions that are forecast, not conditions that have actually occurred, as public awareness and preparedness are often cited as the main purpose of the naming schemes–for example,
8775-409: The next day on 26 November 2023. Up to 60 cm of snow was forecast for Ukraine and Romania with blizzards possible for parts of southern Europe. Many red and orange snow, rain, wind and ice warnings were force for many parts of south, central and southeastern parts of Europe. Red wind warnings were also in place for coastal parts of Croatia with orange and yellow wind warnings in force for parts of
8892-523: The night, strong gale will reach Provence and Corsica . overnight with significant gusts between 110 km/h and 120 km/h (70 to 75 mph) The Met Office issued yellow rain warnings in association with the storm system for the south coast of England and Wales where flooding is possible. It is also reported that Météo-France already placed 55 departments on yellow alert, including Île-de-France . The system then tracked through southeastern central parts of Europe bringing heavy rain and strong winds to
9009-515: The number of students shrank to 43,885 in the winter term of 2002/03. Since 2000, the Free University of Berlin has revamped itself. The university's research performance increased markedly with regard to the number of graduates, PhDs granted, and publications. Since 2003, the FU Berlin has been regrouping its research capacities into interdisciplinary research focus areas called clusters. Due to financial cutbacks and restructuring of medical schools in
9126-703: The phenomena. In contrast to some other European languages there is a lack of a widely accepted name for these storms in English. The Met Office and UK media generally refer to these storms as severe gales . The current definition of severe gales (which warrants the issue of a weather warning) are repeated gusts of 70 mph (110 km/h) or more over inland areas. European windstorms are also described in forecasts variously as winter storms , winter lows , autumnal lows , Atlantic lows and cyclonic systems . They are also sometimes referred to as bullseye isobars and dartboard lows in reference to their appearance on weather charts. A Royal Society exhibition has used
9243-655: The present-day Max Planck Society – was founded in 1911 and established several institutes in Dahlem. A dynamic group of researchers carried out pioneering research resulting in numerous Nobel Prizes. Since its foundation, the Free University of Berlin has been using buildings formerly belonging to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and, in addition, has added numerous architecturally innovative buildings. The Free University of Berlin central campus consists of building ensembles within walking distance of each other (about 1.5 km radius). The planners oriented themselves along
9360-479: The prevailing system. Between 1945 and 1948, more than 18 students were brutally beaten and arrested or persecuted, and some were even executed by the Soviet secret police (NKVD) . At the end of 1947, students demanded a university free from political influence. The climax of the protests was reached on 23 April 1948: after three students were expelled from the university without a trial, about 2,000 students protested at
9477-469: The rest of the country. The Met Office issued a yellow wind warning for regions of East Midlands , North East England , North West England , Wales , West Midlands (region) , Yorkshire , Humber , Midlands , Tayside , Fife and Grampian . The Tornado and Storm Research Organization issued a tornado watch for much of Ireland, Wales, Midlands and East Anglia on Sunday evening, starting from midnight to midday Monday. On Monday morning 13 November,
9594-467: The results of the competitors. Free University of Berlin operates on a semester calendar where the winter term begins on 1 October and ends on 31 March. The exact same model can be found at almost every university in Germany. The time where lectures are being held varies each year, normally beginning around mid-October and ending as early as mid-February. Free University of Berlin offers a broad spectrum of subjects in over 190 degree programs. A speciality of
9711-483: The same year, Free University of Berlin dedicated a monument to the founding students who were murdered during the protests. The university presents its Freedom Award to personalities who have made a special contribution toward the cause of freedom. The university received a total of 108 million euros from the Excellence Initiative for its approved projects between 2007 and 2012. Based on its founding tradition,
9828-605: The same year, the medical institutions of the Free and Humboldt Universities of Berlin merged to create a joint department, the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin . The year 2007 was another crucial year for the Free University of Berlin as it was the university with the most approved funding applications in the German Universities Excellence Initiative , and it is now one of nine elite German universities to receive funding for its future development strategy. In
9945-404: The sea. When the grid connection was restored, the generators that had powered the station during the blackout were shut down and left on "manual start", so when the power failed again the station was powered by batteries for a short time of around 30 minutes, until the diesel generators were started manually. During this period the reactors were left without forced cooling, in a similar fashion to
10062-404: The storm officially called Cyclone Friedhelm being widely referred to as Hurricane Bawbag and Hurricane Fannybaws. Such usage of the term Hurricane is not without precedent, as the 1968 Scotland storm was referred to as "Hurricane Low Q". The UK Met Office and Ireland's Met Éireann held discussions about developing a common naming system for Atlantic storms. In 2015 a pilot project by
10179-517: The storm reached the Netherlands. Storm Frederico was identified by Météo-France on 15 November 2023 around 17:50 CET as a new depression, and the Free University of Berlin announced on 16 November 2023 that this system will be named Linus . Météo-France predicted this system will travel from the Gulf of Saint-Malo towards north of Germany, morning of 16 November 2023 near the Channel Islands and by
10296-501: The storm reaching around over 160 km/h (100 mph). The southern coast of England and France were severely affected by the storm, with record wind gusts in France being reported around 208 km/h (129 mph). The storm also caused flooding and huge waves. An IF3 tornado also touched down in Bulgaria . In the Netherlands, an orange weather warning was given for the coastal provinces for high winds. Events were cancelled, including
10413-770: The storm) when reactor 1 at Torness Nuclear Power Station in Scotland was taken offline after a sea water intake tripped due to excess seaweed around the inlet. Also following Storm Angus the UK's National Grid launched an investigation into whether a ship's anchor damaged four of the eight cables of the Cross Channel high voltage interconnector , which would leave it only able to operate at half of its capacity until February 2017. Free University of Berlin The Free University of Berlin (German: Freie Universität Berlin , often abbreviated as FU Berlin or simply FU )
10530-490: The two forecasters was launched as " Name our storms " which sought public participation in naming large-scale cyclonic windstorms affecting the UK and/or Ireland over the winter of 2015/16. The UK/Ireland storm naming system began its first operational season in 2015/2016, with Storm Abigail. During 1954, Karla Wege, a student at the Free University of Berlin's meteorological institute suggested that names should be assigned to all areas of low and high pressure that influenced
10647-636: The type of campus found in the United States – a novelty in post-war Germany. The first independent structure to be completed on campus was the Henry Ford building, funded by the Ford Foundation . To that point, the university was housed in several older structures around the neighborhood, including the Otto Hahn building, which houses the Department of Biochemistry to this day. Thanks to further donations from
10764-407: The university and students. This form was unique in Germany at that time, as the students had much more influence on the system than before. Until the 1970s, the involvement of the students in the committees was slowly cut back while adapting to the model of the western German universities in order to be fully recognized as an equivalent university. On 15 November 1948, the first lectures were held in
10881-491: The university can be seen as an universitas litterarum (a traditional university where studies in all basic sciences is possible). Despite the variety of subjects, apart from computer science, studies in the field of engineering can only be done at Technische Universität Berlin or universities of applied science (Fachhochschulen) . With 33,000 applicants for the undergraduate programs ( Bachelor ) in 2013, admissions at Free University of Berlin remain highly competitive as
10998-586: The university in 1962 for the first time and in June 1964 for receiving his honorary degree from the Department of Philosophy . The speech he held at the event was dedicated to John F. Kennedy , who was assassinated the year before. In the late 1960s, the Free University of Berlin was one of the main scenes of the German student movement of '68 as a reaction to the global student protests during that time. Significant issues included better living standards and education at
11115-493: The university only offers about 4,300 places each year. Due to the high numbers of applicants, most undergraduate programs at Free University of Berlin have limitations determined through the NC . In some cases (especially Medicine, Psychology and Political Science), the NC every year is as high as 1.0 ( see Grades in Germany and Abitur ). Critical applicants which just scored slightly below
11232-723: The university to the Berlin U-Bahn system's U3 line. The Lichterfelde West station of the S1 line of the Berlin S-Bahn connects the university to Berlin Mitte . The campus in Lankwitz , formerly part of a teacher training college, is now home to the department of earth sciences and a part of the university archives. Until their move to Dahlem in 2008, the Institute for Media and Communication Studies
11349-566: The university, the Vietnam War , the presence of former Nazi Party members in the government as epitomized by the Globke affair , and continuing institutional authoritarianism. After the assassination of student Benno Ohnesorg and the attempt on the life of Rudi Dutschke , protests quickly escalated to violence throughout Germany. The events of the 68-movement provided the impulse for more openness, equality, and democracy in German society. During
11466-566: The wake of Cyclone Gudrun in 2005 Denmark and Latvia had difficulty importing electricity, and Sweden lost 25% of its total power capacity as the Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant and Barsebäck nuclear power plant nuclear plants were shut down. During the Boxing Day Storm of 1998 the reactors at Hunterston B nuclear power station were shut down when power was lost, possibly due to arcing at pylons caused by salt spray from
11583-415: The waters were forced away from the shore by the wind, with sea levels up to 3 m (9.8 ft) below normal, stranding boats and preventing several ferries from running because of insufficient water depths. This flooding was unusual because it was caused by easterly winds and mainly impacted the westernmost Baltic Sea. In Denmark and Germany, large storm floods are most often caused by westerly stoms where
11700-426: The weather of Central Europe. The university subsequently started to name every area of high or low pressure within its weather forecasts, from a list of 260 male and 260 female names submitted by its students. The female names were assigned to areas of low pressure while male names were assigned to areas of high pressure. The names were subsequently exclusively used by Berlin's media until February 1990, after which
11817-424: The western group. The Portuguese, Spanish, French and Belgian meteorological agencies collaborated for the seventh time, joined by Luxembourg 's agency (Southwestern group). This is the third season where Greece, Israel and Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean group), and Italy, Slovenia , Croatia , Montenegro , North Macedonia and Malta (Central Mediterranean group) named storms which affected their areas. There
11934-750: The winter months. Deep areas of low pressure are common over the North Atlantic, and occasionally start as nor'easters off the New England coast. They frequently track across the North Atlantic Ocean towards the north of Scotland and into the Norwegian Sea , which generally minimizes the impact to inland areas; however, if the track is further south, it may cause adverse weather conditions across Central Europe , Northern Europe and especially Western Europe . The countries most commonly affected include
12051-401: The winter of 1989/90. Cyclones Lothar and Martin in 1999 were separated by only 36 hours. Cyclone Kyrill in 2007 followed only four days after Cyclone Per . In November 2011, Cyclone Berit moved across Northern Europe, and just a day later another storm, named Yoda, hit the same area. Up to the second half of the 19th century, European windstorms were usually named either by the year,
12168-527: Was a storm surge , with large amounts of seawater being pushed by the wind into the westernmost Baltic Sea and Danish straits (unlike floods in Great Britain, Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula that primarily were caused by heavy rain). In parts of Denmark (southeastern Jutland , southern Funen , southern Zealand and smaller islands in the area) and Germany (eastern Schleswig-Holstein ), it caused
12285-571: Was awarded honorary citizen status by the Free University and gave a ceremonial speech in front of the Henry Ford building, in which he addressed the future of Berlin and Germany under the consideration of the motto of the FU. Amongst the attendant crowd are also the Governing Mayor of Berlin Willy Brandt and the Chancellor of Germany Konrad Adenauer . His brother, Robert F. Kennedy visited
12402-545: Was conferred the title of "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative , of which it is part. As an institution of the Berlin University Alliance, the FU Berlin was included in the second funding line in 2019 as part of the Excellence Strategy. The Free University of Berlin was established by students and scholars on 4 December 1948. The foundation is strongly connected to
12519-571: Was destroyed. Other places in Dorset affected included Loders , Easton and West Bay . A caravan park at Tenby in Wales was evacuated due to flooding. The Met Office stated Storm Ciarán was undergoing explosive cyclogenesis as of 1 November. The storm especially affected the Isle of Jersey , where a freak thunderstorm created spawned an IF2.5/T6 tornado alongside the golf ball sized hail with windspeeds of
12636-525: Was established as a center for research of the highest caliber. Academic activity in Dahlem was supported by Friedrich Althoff, Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Culture, who initially proposed the foundation of a "German Oxford ". The first new buildings housed government science agencies and new research institutes of the University of Berlin. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society – forerunner of
12753-408: Was expected to bring strong winds to France, Spain and Portugal with wind warnings in force for parts of those countries. The United Kingdom had a yellow rain warning for the south coast, issued by the Met Office . One death was reported; an employee from Enedis was killed in the French region of Brittany , on 5 November 2023. Storm Elisa was identified by Météo-France on 9 November 2023, while
12870-528: Was expected to fall which would exacerbate the flooding from Storm Babet a week prior. A large yellow weather warning for rain and wind was placed for the South Wales , Devon and Cornwall , south coast and the east coast of East Anglia . In Cornwall, 4,000 properties were left without power. In Devon, 250 schools were closed. In Dorset , the Freshwater Beach Holiday Park at Burton Bradstock
12987-558: Was issued for eastern parts of Scotland. Met Éireann issued Yellow rain warnings for most of Ireland. An orange rain warning for southwestern Ireland was also issued, and there was flooding in the south of the Island, especially the east of County Cork ; Midleton was particularly badly hit. A rare red warning for rainfall was issued across portions of eastern Scotland by the Met Office on 19 October. A wind gust of 124 km/h (77 mph)
13104-473: Was located there. Most of the divisions of the Department of Veterinary Medicine are based in Düppel . It is 2 km southwest of the main campus and consists of numerous clinics and institutes, amongst them a small animal clinic, a clinic for horses and an institute of poultry diseases . Since the formation of the FU in 1948, it has used public hospitals as part of the medical faculty. Between 1959 and 1969,
13221-450: Was named Viktor by the Free University of Berlin , affected large parts of western and northern Europe. It first affected Portugal and southwestern Spain with strong winds, heavy rains and floods on 16–17 October, subsequently moving to northern Europe. The Met Office issued several yellow rain and wind warnings for large parts of the UK, along with amber rain warnings for parts of northeastern England and Scotland. A rare red weather warning
13338-457: Was registered at the coast in Inverbervie . In the highlands, Cairn Gorm summit recorded a gust of 185 km/h (115 mph). In Brechin , Scotland, residents were asked to evacuate their homes by the local council. In Denmark, southern Sweden and northern Germany, the wind caused some material damages, fallen trees and cancellations of ferries, trains and planes, but the most serious effect
13455-414: Was reported, namely a 70-year-old woman was killed by a falling tree in France on 29 October. Storm Ciarán was named by the United Kingdom's Met Office on 29 October, while the Free University of Berlin gave this system Emir on 30 October 2023. It was expected to bring winds of 90 to 120 km/h (56 to 75 mph) widely with > 130 km/h (80 mph) on some coasts. More heavy rainfall
13572-422: Was subsequently resolved by alternating male and female names each year. In November 2002 the "Adopt-a-Vortex" scheme began, which allows members of the public or companies to buy naming rights for a letter chosen by the buyer that are then assigned alphabetically to high and low pressure areas in Europe during each year. The naming comes with the slim chance that the system will be notable. The money raised by this
13689-701: Was the name given by the Free University of Berlin both on 18 October 2023. The storm caused heavy rainfall across several parts of Spain and France. More than 20 flights were diverted from Málaga Airport and a gust of 100 km/h (60 mph) was reported in Cabrera . Storm Bernard was named by the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere ( IPMA ) on 22 October 2023, but the Free University of Berlin noticed and named this system, Xanthos , on 21 October 2023 instead. The system impacted Spain and Portugal prompting
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