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88-552: Plans for a crossing arose in the 1960s; and until the 1990s proposals were for a pontoon bridge further north. The Stord Bridge was conceived after the decision to combine the crossing with the Bømlafjord Tunnel . The project was resisted both by local environmental groups and the Norwegian Public Roads Administration , the latter because the new plans would delay completion. Construction was undertaken by

176-675: A 100-meter-long pontoon bridge during the Battle of Berezina to allow the Grande Armée to escape to safety. During the Peninsular War the British army transported "tin pontoons" that were lightweight and could be quickly turned into a floating bridge. Lt Col Charles Pasley of the Royal School of Military Engineering at Chatham England developed a new form of pontoon which was adopted in 1817 by

264-406: A carrier which shuttles forward and back over the catwalk; it spins the upper side of the cable in the one direction and the lower side in the other direction. The system has two reel racks, each with four reels of wire. Each rack only uses one reel at a time, allowing for minimum down-time when changing reels. Wires were connected using pressure casing. The balance in the system is kept in place using

352-458: A counterbalance tower. Spinning of the main cable started on 2 March 2000 and was concluded on 14 April. In all 11,600 kilometers (7,200 mi) of steel wire were used to create the cables. The two bridges were the first time that on-site spinning was chosen in Norway, and it gave a cost saving of NOK 10 to 11 million. The cables consist of seven bundles which consist of 420 wires—each with

440-518: A deck built of balk, which were square, hollow aluminum beams. An Engineer Light Ponton Company consisted of three platoons: two bridge platoons, each equipped with one unit of M3 pneumatic bridge, and a lightly equipped platoon which had one unit of footbridge and equipment for ferrying. The bridge platoons were equipped with the M3 pneumatic bridge, which was constructed of heavy inflatable pneumatic floats and could handle up to 10 short tons (9.1 t); this

528-405: A diameter of 5.35 millimeters (0.211 in). When compressed, this gives a diameter of 320 millimeters (13 in) and a quality of 1,570 megapascals . The fastening poles were delivered five weeks after schedule; a new mounting method was developed which allowed them to be installed in a quarter of the time, in part by using a helicopter, and the whole five-week delay was eradicated. This allowed

616-593: A half years of work on a master plan had been wasted. A new master plan for the Triangle Link was published in early 1989. During late 1989, advance tolls on the ferries was approved by the municipal councils and the county council. They recommended that collection start on 1 July 1990, but this was not immediately supported by the government. In July 1991, the master plan was passed by the Council of State . On 10 December 1992, Parliament approved advanced payment of tolls on

704-495: A hazardous manner from the swell, from a storm, a flood or a fast moving load. Ice or floating objects ( flotsam ) can accumulate on the pontoons, increasing the drag from river current and potentially damaging the bridge. See below for floating pontoon failures and disasters. In ancient China , the Zhou dynasty Chinese text of the Shi Jing ( Book of Odes ) records that King Wen of Zhou

792-607: A horse across the Bay of Baiae". Caligula's construction of the bridge cost a massive sum of money and added to discontent with his rule. During the Middle Ages, pontoons were used alongside regular boats to span rivers during campaigns, or to link communities which lacked resources to build permanent bridges. The Hun army of Attila built a bridge across the Nišava during the siege of Naissus in 442 to bring heavy siege towers within range of

880-405: A joint venue between NCC and HBG Steel Structures. Construction started in 1999 and was the first bridge in Norway to have the cables spun on-site. The bridge cost 442 million Norwegian krone (NOK) and was taken into use on 27 December 2000. The motivation for the Triangle Link was the desire to have a fixed link between the islands of Stord and Bømlo. The first documented proposals were made in

968-480: A large floating pontoon bridge at Lanzhou (constructed earlier in 1372) as he crossed the Yellow River on this day. He wrote that it was: ... composed of twenty three boats, of great excellence and strength attached together by a long chain of iron as thick as a man's thigh, and this was moored on each side to an iron post as thick as a man's waist extending a distance of ten cubits on the land and planted firmly in

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1056-795: A large pontoon bridge built across the Yangtze River in 974 in order to secure supply lines during the Song dynasty 's conquest of the Southern Tang . On October 22, 1420, Ghiyasu'd-Din Naqqah , the official diarist of the embassy sent by the Timurid ruler of Persia , Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404–1447), to the Ming dynasty of China during the reign of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424), recorded his sight and travel over

1144-573: A long pontoon bridge built 1943 in Hobart , Tasmania was only replaced after 21 years. The fourth Galata Bridge that spans the Golden Horn in Istanbul , Turkey was built in 1912 and operated for 80 years. Provisional and lightweight pontoon bridges are easily damaged. The bridge can be dislodged or inundated when the load limit of the bridge is exceeded. The bridge can be induced to sway or oscillate in

1232-520: A pontoon bridge across the Arno during the siege of Pisa in 1406. The English army of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury crossed the Oise across a pontoon bridge of portable leather vessels in 1441. Ottoman engineers built a pontoon bridge across the Golden Horn during the siege of Constantinople (1453) , using over a thousand barrels. The bridge was strong enough to support carts. The Ottoman Army constructed

1320-617: A pontoon bridge at the Battle of Mohi in 1241 to outflank the Hungarian army. The French army of King Louis IX of France crossed the Charente on multiple pontoon bridges during the Battle of Taillebourg on 21 July 1242. Louis IX had a pontoon bridge built across the Nile to provide unimpeded access to troops and supplies in early March 1250 during the Seventh Crusade . A Florentine army erected

1408-564: A pontoon bridge during the siege of Rhodes (1480) . Venetian pioneers built a floating bridge across the Adige at the Battle of Calliano (1487) . Before the Battle of Worcester , the final battle of the English Civil War , on 30 August 1651, Oliver Cromwell delayed the start of the battle to give time for two pontoon bridges to be constructed, one over the River Severn and the other over

1496-555: A pontoon bridge to cross the Po river prior to the Battle of Montebello (1800) . Napoleon 's Grande Armée made extensive use of pontoon bridges at the battles of Aspern-Essling and Wagram under the supervision of General Henri Gatien Bertrand . General Jean Baptiste Eblé 's engineers erected four pontoon bridges in a single night across the Dnieper during the Battle of Smolensk (1812) . Working in cold water, Eblé's Dutch engineers constructed

1584-463: A series of cross planks called chesses to form the road surface, and the chesses were secured with side guard rails . A floating bridge can be built in a series of sections, starting from an anchored point on the shore. Modern pontoon bridges usually use pre-fabricated floating structures. Most pontoon bridges are designed for temporary use, but bridges across water bodies with a constant water level can remain in place much longer. Hobart Bridge ,

1672-533: Is a Norwegian government agency responsible for the water transport infrastructure along the 9,200 km Coast of Norway . It is responsible for coastal navigation infrastructure, pilotage and harbour and port infrastructure, including lighthouses . The agency is led by the Coastal Directorate ( Kystdirektoratet ) and is subordinate to the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs . The main office

1760-610: Is in Ålesund . It has 1100 employees. The administration was created in 1974 when the Norwegian Directorate of Harbours , Naval Pilot Authority and the Norwegian Coastal Navigation Administration were merged. It took its present name in 1981, after it had been reorganised into five regional offices, located in Arendal , Haugesund , Ålesund , Kabelvåg and Honningsvåg . In 2002 the head office

1848-408: Is not considered economically feasible to suspend a bridge from anchored piers . Such bridges can require a section that is elevated or can be raised or removed to allow waterborne traffic to pass. Pontoon bridges have been in use since ancient times and have been used to great advantage in many battles throughout history, such as the Battle of Garigliano , the Battle of Oudenarde , the crossing of

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1936-460: The divisional , corps , or army level. American engineers built three types of floating bridges: M1938 infantry footbridges, M1938 ponton bridges, and M1940 treadway bridges, with numerous subvariants of each. These were designed to carry troops and vehicles of varying weight, using either an inflatable pneumatic ponton or a solid aluminum-alloy ponton bridge. Both types of bridges were supported by pontons (known today as "pontoons") fitted with

2024-490: The American Civil War various forms of pontoon bridges were tried and discarded. Wooden pontoons and India rubber bag pontoons shaped like a torpedo proved impractical until the development of cotton-canvas covered pontoons, which required more maintenance but were lightweight and easier to work with and transport. From 1864 a lightweight design known as Cumberland Pontoons , a folding boat system, were widely used during

2112-570: The Atlanta Campaign to transport soldiers and artillery across rivers in the South . In 1872 at a military review before Queen Victoria , a pontoon bridge was thrown across the River Thames at Windsor, Berkshire , where the river was 250 feet (76 m) wide. The bridge, comprising 15 pontoons held by 14 anchors, was completed in 22 minutes and then used to move five battalions of troops across

2200-477: The Conservative Party . It cost 729 million Norwegian krone (NOK) to move the seven agencies. An official report from 2009 concluded that the agencies had lost 75 to 90% of their employees, mostly those with long seniority, and that for a while critical functions for society were dysfunctional. No costs reductions had been made, there was no significant impact on the target area, and there was little impact on

2288-646: The European Theater of Operations . The United States was the principal user, with Britain next. In the United States, combat engineers were responsible for bridge deployment and construction. These were formed principally into Engineer Combat Battalions , which had a wide range of duties beyond bridging, and specialized units, including Light Ponton Bridge Companies , Heavy Ponton Bridge Battalions , and Engineer Treadway Bridge Companies ; any of these could be organically attached to infantry units or directly at

2376-475: The Fitjar Archipelago and a crossing via Spissøy and Føyno. There were protests from the shipping industry, who wished to continue to use the strait for ship traffic. The islands were connected with a network of five ferry services: Skjersholmane–Valevåg connected Stord and Sveio, Skjersholmane–Utbjoa connected Stord and Vindafjord, Sagvåg–Siggjarvåg connected Stord and Bølmo, and Bømlo was connected to

2464-599: The River Teme , close to their confluence. This allowed Cromwell to move his troops West of the Severn during the action on 3 September 1651 and was crucial to the victory by his New Model Army . The Spanish Army constructed a pontoon bridge at the Battle of Río Bueno in 1654. However, as the bridge broke apart it all ended in a sound defeat of the Spanish by local Mapuche-Huilliche forces. French general Jean Lannes 's troops built

2552-625: The Sava during the siege of Sirmium in 580 to completely surround the city with their troops and siege works. Emperor Heraclius crossed the Bosporus on horseback on a large pontoon bridge in 638. The army of the Umayyad Caliphate built a pontoon bridge over the Bosporus in 717 during the siege of Constantinople (717–718) . The Carolingian army of Charlemagne constructed a portable pontoon bridge of anchored boats bound together and used it to cross

2640-781: The Seine to seize Les Andelys from the English at the siege of Château Gaillard in 1203. During the Fifth Crusade , the Crusaders built two pontoon bridges across the Nile at the siege of Damietta (1218–1219) , including one supported by 38 boats. On 27 May 1234, Crusader troops crossed the river Ochtum in Germany on a pontoon bridge during the fight against the Stedingers . Imperial Mongol troops constructed

2728-507: The crane ship Uglen , allowing up to nine and an average of four sections to be installed per day and completed in June 2000. The section of the bridge built as a beam bridge on the Føyno side was built by filling in the shallow fjord under the bridge with earthwork, building the bridge and then removing the earthwork again. Construction took 700,000 man-hours and cost NOK 442 million. The bridge

Stord Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-502: The 1890s. It continued to be spelled in that fashion through World War II, when temporary floating bridges were used extensively throughout the European theatre . U.S. combat engineers commonly pronounced the word "ponton" rather than "pontoon" and U.S. military manuals spelled it using a single 'o'. The U.S. military differentiated between the bridge itself ("ponton") and the floats used to provide buoyancy ("pontoon"). The original word

2904-463: The 1960s and involved building a pontoon bridge across Stokksundet , inspired by the plans to build what would become the Nordhordland Bridge north of Bergen . In 1973, the municipal councils of Bømlo, Stord and Fitjar decided to launch a planning process, which concluded that a pontoon bridge between Sørstokken and Foldrøyholmen would be optimal. The report also considered bridges across

2992-476: The British Army. Each pontoon was split into two halves, and the two pointed ends could be connected together in locations with tidal flow. Each half was enclosed, reducing the risk of swamping, and the sections bore multiple lashing points. The "Palsey pontoon" lasted until 1836 when it was replaced by the "Blanshard pontoon" which comprised tin cylinders 3 feet wide and 22 feet long, placed 11 feet apart, making

3080-753: The Danube during campaigns against the Avar Khaganate in the 790s. Charlemagne's army built two fortified pontoon bridges across the Elbe in 789 during a campaign against the Slavic Veleti . The German army of Otto the Great employed three pontoon bridges, made from pre-fabricated materials, to rapidly cross the Recknitz river at the Battle on the Raxa in 955 and win decisively against

3168-706: The Greek Mandrocles of Samos once engineered a 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) pontoon bridge that stretched across the Bosporus , linking Asia to Europe, so that Darius could pursue the fleeing Scythians as well as move his army into position in the Balkans to overwhelm Macedon . Other spectacular pontoon bridges were Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges across the Hellespont by Xerxes I in 480 BC to transport his huge army into Europe: and meanwhile other chief-constructors proceeded to make

3256-493: The Public Road Administration recommended a bridge solution. SBT changed its name to Sunnhordland Bru- og Tunnelselskap, and a majority of the board shifted towards being in favor of a fixed link. The Norwegian Coastal Administration stated that they would not allow a pontoon bridge. On 26 June 1987, SBT decided to work towards permission to collect advanced tolls on the ferry services. The board unanimously supported

3344-648: The Rhine during World War II , the Yom Kippur War , Operation Badr , the Iran–Iraq War 's Operation Dawn 8 , and most recently, in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , after crossings over the Dnipro River had been destroyed. A pontoon bridge is a collection of specialized, shallow draft boats or floats , connected together to cross a river or canal, with a track or deck attached on top. The water buoyancy supports

3432-660: The Slavic Obotrites . Tenth-Century German Ottonian capitularies demanded that royal fiscal estates maintain watertight, river-fordable wagons for purposes of war. The Danish Army of Cnut the Great completed a pontoon bridge across the Helge River during the Battle of Helgeå in 1026. Crusader forces constructed a pontoon bridge across the Orontes to expedite resupply during the siege of Antioch in December 1097. According to

3520-563: The United States used cylinders split into three. In 1862 the Union forces commanded by Major General Ambrose Burnside were stuck on the wrong side of the Rappahannock River at the Battle of Fredericksburg for lack of the arrival of the pontoon train, resulting in severe losses. The report of this disaster resulted in Britain forming and training a Pontoon Troop of Engineers. During

3608-635: The Zhou people invented it and used it whenever they had occasion to do so, but the Qin people, to whom they handed it down, were the first to fasten it securely together (for permanent use). During the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD), the Chinese created a very large pontoon bridge that spanned the width of the Yellow River . There was also the rebellion of Gongsun Shu in 33 AD, where a large pontoon bridge with fortified posts

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3696-484: The armored division. Stream-crossing equipment included utility powerboats, pneumatic floats, and two units of steel treadway bridge equipment, each of which allowed the engineers to build a floating bridge about 540 feet (160 m) in length. The United States Army Corps of Engineers designed a self-contained bridge transportation and erection system. The Brockway model B666 6 short tons (5.4 t) 6x6 truck chassis (also built under license by Corbitt and White )

3784-470: The assignment of producing a new report. He launched three proposals: a pontoon or suspension bridge between Foldrøyholmen and Litlaneset ; a suspension bridge between Setraneset and Sokkbleikjo , which would terminate just south of the new airport; and a combined fixed link between Spissøy and Digernes, without passing via the Fitjar Archipelago. The latter proposal was the first time a fixed link to

3872-489: The boats, limiting the maximum load to the total and point buoyancy of the pontoons or boats. The supporting boats or floats can be open or closed, temporary or permanent in installation, and made of rubber, metal, wood, or concrete. The decking may be temporary or permanent, and constructed out of wood, modular metal, or asphalt or concrete over a metal frame. The spelling "ponton" in English dates from at least 1870. The use continued in references found in U.S. patents during

3960-449: The boats, singing as they walked, to give the armada a spectacular farewell. The late Roman writer Vegetius , in his work De Re Militari , wrote: But the most commodious invention is that of the small boats hollowed out of one piece of timber and very light both by their make and the quality of the wood. The army always has a number of these boats upon carriages, together with a sufficient quantity of planks and iron nails. Thus with

4048-411: The bridge they laid them above the stretched ropes, and having set them thus in order they again fastened them above. When this was done, they carried on brushwood, and having set the brushwood also in place, they carried on to it earth; and when they had stamped down the earth firmly, they built a barrier along on each side, so that the baggage-animals and horses might not be frightened by looking out over

4136-795: The bridge to be weighted down more heavily than the other parts. The roadway across the pontoons should be relatively light, so as not to limit the carrying capacity of the pontoons. The connection of the bridge to shore requires the design of approaches that are not too steep, protect the bank from erosion and provide for movements of the bridge during (tidal) changes of the water level. Floating bridges were historically constructed using wood. Pontoons were formed by simply lashing several barrels together, by rafts of timbers, or by using boats. Each bridge section consisted of one or more pontoons, which were maneuvered into position and then anchored underwater or on land. The pontoons were linked together using wooden stringers called balks . The balks were covered by

4224-592: The bridges; and thus they made them: They put together fifty-oared galleys and triremes, three hundred and sixty to be under the bridge towards the Euxine Sea, and three hundred and fourteen to be under the other, the vessels lying in the direction of the stream of the Hellespont (though crosswise in respect to the Pontus), to support the tension of the ropes. They placed them together thus, and let down very large anchors, those on

4312-462: The catwalks was achieved by building connections between the two. The cables were spun on-site using a reel because of the problems which had arisen using a bundle on the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark. This also allowed for cost savings, as the reels could be used two times. The cables were spun using air spinning with controlled tension, which allowed spinning with little space and with a crew with limited spinning experience. This involved installing

4400-412: The chronicles, the earliest floating bridge across the Dnieper was built in 1115. It was located near Vyshhorod , Kiev . Bohemian troops under the command of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor crossed the Adige in 1157 on a pontoon bridge built in advance by the people of Verona on orders of the German Emperor. The French Royal Army of King Philip II of France constructed a pontoon bridge across

4488-402: The city. Sassanid forces crossed the Euphrates on a quickly built pontoon bridge during the siege of Kallinikos in 542. The Ostrogothic Kingdom constructed a fortified bridge across the Tiber during the siege of Rome in 545 to block Byzantine general Belisarius ' relief flotillas to the city. The Avar Khaganate forced Syriac-Roman engineers to construct two pontoon bridges across

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4576-419: The communication between the agencies and the ministries. In a 2010 report, Professor Jarle Trondal concluded that none of the agencies had become more independent after the move, despite this being one of the main arguments from the minister. Norman successor, Heidi Grande Røys of the Socialist Left Party , stated that the moving had had an important symbolic effect on the target areas, and that she did not see

4664-442: The deck sections to be installed as scheduled. There arose problems with small holes being created in the coating; as these had also been found on the Great Belt Bridge, it was decided that nothing would be done with the issue. The deck sections were produced by HBG in Schiedam , Netherlands, and transported by Barge to Stord. Each section is 36 meters (118 ft) long and consisted of two welded subsections. They were mounted using

4752-426: The ferry between Bømlo and Stord. It was estimated to cost NOK 190 million, in addition to auxiliary roads for NOK 40 million. In 1982, plans were launched for a fixed link to the mainland further south, which would include a bridge over Digernessundet, a causeway and low bridge across Spissøysundet and a low bridge over Gassasundet. In addition, a tunnel would have to be built from Føyno to Sveio. This proposal

4840-418: The ferry, which were made effective from 1 January 1993. Ticket prices increased with between NOK 10 and 12. This resulted in protests from the ferry employees who stated that they would have to collect the tolls which would remove their jobs. Work on the development plan started in 1992. It included safety and environmental improvements which increased the project's cost by NOK 200 million. In May 1994,

4928-409: The first secure and permanent ones (and linked with iron chains) in China came first during the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC). The later Song dynasty (960–1279 AD) Chinese statesman Cao Cheng once wrote of early pontoon bridges in China (spelling of Chinese in Wade-Giles format): The Chhun Chhiu Hou Chuan says that in the 58th year of the Zhou King Nan (257 BC), there was invented in the Qin State

5016-461: The floating bridge (fou chhiao) with which to cross rivers. But the Ta Ming ode in the Shih Ching (Book of Odes) says (of King Wen) that he 'joined boats and made of them a bridge' over the River Wei . Sun Yen comments that this shows that the boats were arranged in a row, like the beams (of a house) with boards laid (transversely) across them, which is just the same as the pontoon bridge of today. Tu Yu also thought this. ... Cheng Khang Chheng says that

5104-433: The ground, the boats being fastened to this chain by means of big hooks. There were placed big wooden planks over the boats so firmly and evenly that all the animals were made to pass over it without difficulty. The Greek writer Herodotus in his Histories , records several pontoon bridges. Emperor Caligula built a 2-mile (3.2 km) bridge at Baiae in 37 AD. For Emperor Darius I The Great of Persia (522–485 BC),

5192-417: The help of cables to lash the boats together, a bridge is instantly constructed, which for the time has the solidity of a bridge of stone. The emperor Caligula is said to have ridden a horse across a pontoon bridge stretching two miles between Baiae and Puteoli while wearing the armour of Alexander the Great to mock a soothsayer who had claimed he had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding

5280-422: The islands of Stord and Føyno. The bridge has a width of 13.5 meters (44 ft) and a clearance below of 18 meters (59 ft). It has two concrete pylons, each 97 meters (318 ft) tall, one on Digernesklumpen on Stord, the other on a small islet just off Føyno. The pylons consist of 2,800 cubic meters (99,000 cu ft) of concrete and 700 tonnes (690 long tons; 770 short tons) of steel. The deck between

5368-407: The mainland both by the Mosterhamn–Valevåg Ferry and the Langevåg–Buavåg Ferry . In the early 1980s, plans for Stord Airport, Sørstokken were launched. Thus, the plans for a bridge crossing Stokksundet were again raised in 1982, this time by the industry on Bømlo, who would have to travel by ferry to reach the new airport. A committee was established in May 1983, which gave Engineer Harald Møyner

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5456-423: The mainland was proposed. The Norwegian Civil Aviation Administration protested against a possible suspension bridge near the airport, but stated that one further away would be fine. Surveys of traffic patterns on Bømlo were undertaken by Vestland Public Roads Administration in 1984. Based on it and other feedback, the agency stated that it preferred a pontoon bridge between Foldrøyholmen and Sørstokken, north of

5544-407: The municipal councils and name committees. The construction of the Stord Bridge was undertaken as part of the same contract as the Bømla Bridge, which was awarded in December 1998 to Triangle Contractors, a joint venture between NCC and HBG Steel Structures. Most of the work was carried out by NCC with HBG having responsibility for the steel parts of the deck and the cables. HBG had previously built

5632-480: The narrower, lighter jeeps and trucks drove across the bridge with one wheel in the steel treadway and the other on the plywood. An Engineer Treadway Bridge Company consisted of company headquarters and two bridge platoons. It was an organic unit of the armored force, and normally was attached to an Armored Engineer Battalion. Each bridge platoon transported one unit of steel treadway bridge equipage for construction of ferries and bridges in river-crossing operations of

5720-467: The one side towards the Pontus because of the winds which blow from within outwards, and on the other side, towards the West and the Egean, because of the South-East and South Winds. They left also an opening for a passage through, so that any who wished might be able to sail into the Pontus with small vessels, and also from the Pontus outwards. Having thus done, they proceeded to stretch tight the ropes, straining them with wooden windlasses, not now appointing

5808-511: The original and cut it into two halves, was still in use with the British Army in 1924. The First World War saw developments on "trestles" to form the link between a river bank and the pontoon bridge. Some infantry bridges in WW1 used any material available, including petrol cans as flotation devices. The Kapok Assault Bridge for infantry was developed for the British Army, using kapok fibre -filled canvas float and timber foot walks. America created their own version. Folding Boat Equipment

5896-410: The plans was made subject to consultative statements. In May, SBT proposed building a culvert on Digernes as a compromise to avoid a new plan which could have postponed the project several years. On 11 June 1996, Parliament approved with 144 against 20 votes to build the Triangle Link. The original name proposal for the bridge was Stordbrua ; this was later changed to Stordabrua after input from

5984-814: The pontoon very buoyant. The pontoon was tested with the Palsey pontoon on the Medway. An alternative proposed by Charles Pasley comprised two copper canoes, each 2 foot 8 inches wide and 22 foot long and coming in two sections which were fastened side by side to make a double canoe raft. Copper was used in preference to fast-corroding tin. Lashed at 10 foot centres, these were good for cavalry, infantry and light guns; lashed at 5 foot centres, heavy cannon could cross. The canoes could also be lashed together to form rafts. One cart pulled by two horse carried two half canoes and stores. A comparison of pontoons used by each nations army shows that almost all were open boats coming in one, two or even three pieces, mainly wood, some with canvas and rubber protection. Belgium used an iron boat;

6072-405: The public. Gisle Tjong stated that the risk in the project was large and that it was uncertain how long the tolls would last: they could just as well be 60 as 15 years. He instead wanted to collect tolls in advance. The Triangle Link was passed by the various municipal councils in February and March 1988. Hordaland Public Roads Administration still supported a pontoon bridge, and stated that two and

6160-502: The railroad was abandoned in 1961, when it was removed. The British Blanshard Pontoon stayed in British use until the late 1870s, when it was replaced by the " Blood Pontoon". The Blood Pontoon returned to the open boat system, which enabled use as boats when not needed as pontoons. Side carrying handles helped transportation. The new pontoon proved strong enough to support loaded elephants and siege guns as well as military traction engines . The British Blood Pontoon MkII, which took

6248-419: The river. It was removed in 34 minutes the next day. At Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin , the Pile-Pontoon Railroad Bridge was constructed in 1874 over the Mississippi River to carry a railroad track connecting that city with Marquette, Iowa . Because the river level could vary by as much as 22 feet, the track was laid on an adjustable platform above the pontoons. This unique structure remained in use until

6336-495: The road would have serious consequences for the local boat traffic to the recreational islands of Føyno and Nautøy. Instead, they recommended that the municipalities chose a pontoon bridge. Another opponent to the project was the Action Committee Against a Hasty Construction of the Triangle Link, who argued to delay the decision until after the 1991 municipal elections , to ensure that the municipal councils had backing in

6424-594: The sea. According to John Hale's Lords of the Sea , to celebrate the onset of the Sicilian Expedition (415 - 413 B.C.), the Athenian general, Nicias , paid builders to engineer an extraordinary pontoon bridge composed of gilded and tapestried ships for a festival that drew Athenians and Ionians across the sea to the sanctuary of Apollo on Delos . On the occasion when Nicias was a sponsor, young Athenians paraded across

6512-464: The steel for the Osterøy Bridge , which opened in 1997. The responsibility for the cables was given to Brown Beach Associates and Hordaland Mekaniske Verksted. Construction started on 20 February 1999. After the pylons were completed on 25 September 1999, two catwalks were erected between them, with the constructors choosing two continuous catwalks instead of three separate pairs. Extra stability to

6600-458: The towers consists of 19 pre-built steel sections, each 36 meters (118 ft) long and 2.6 meters (8 ft 6 in) tall. They are connected to the main suspended cable, which is 360 millimeters (14 in) thick and 1,142 meters (3,747 ft) long, by vertical cables every 12 meters (39 ft). The bridge's vertical curvature has a radius of 11,640 meters (38,190 ft). In 2012, the bridge had an average 5,284 vehicles per day. The bridge

6688-568: The triangular proposal on 16 September, which was estimated to cost NOK 660 million. This was criticized by Hordaland Public Roads Administration, who stated that it would take longer time to plan, and thus complete, the Triangle Link. From 1988, environmentalists started actively opposing the Triangle Link. The most active were the local chapter of the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature and Nature and Youth , who stated that

6776-403: The two kinds of rope to be used apart from one another, but assigning to each bridge two ropes of white flax and four of the papyrus ropes. The thickness and beauty of make was the same for both, but the flaxen ropes were heavier in proportion, and of this rope a cubit weighed one talent. When the passage was bridged over, they sawed up logs of wood, and making them equal in length to the breadth of

6864-426: Was an organic unit of army and higher echelons. The M1940 could carry up to 25 short tons (23 t). The M1 Treadway Bridge could support up to 20 short tons (18 t). The roadway, made of steel, could carry up to 50 short tons (45 t), while the center section made of 4 inches (100 mm) thick plywood could carry up to 30 short tons (27 t). The wider, heavier tanks used the outside steel treadway while

6952-656: Was constructed across the Yangtze River , eventually broken through with ramming ships by official Han troops under Commander Cen Peng. During the late Eastern Han into the Three Kingdoms period, during the Battle of Chibi in 208 AD, the Prime Minister Cao Cao once linked the majority of his fleet together with iron chains, which proved to be a fatal mistake once he was thwarted with a fire attack by Sun Quan 's fleet. The armies of Emperor Taizu of Song had

7040-505: Was derived from Old French ponton , from Latin ponto ("ferryboat"), from pons ("bridge"). When designing a pontoon bridge, the civil engineer must take into consideration Archimedes' principle : Each pontoon can support a load equal to the mass of the water that it displaces . This load includes the mass of the bridge and the pontoon itself. If the maximum load of a bridge section is exceeded, one or more pontoons become submerged. Flexible connections have to allow for one section of

7128-566: Was developed in 1928 and went through several versions until it was used in WW2 to complement the Bailey Pontoon . It had a continuous canvas hinge and could fold flat for storage and transportation. When assembled it could carry 15 men and with two boats and some additional toppings it could transport a 3-ton truck. Further upgrades during WW2 resulted in it moving to a Class 9 bridge. Pontoon bridges were used extensively during World War II, mainly in

7216-459: Was moved from Oslo to Ålesund and in 2006 the construction division, Secora , was demerged and became a separate limited company owned by the Ministry of Trade and Industry . The maritime radio service is provided by Telenor Maritime Radio . In 2002, the agency was moved from Oslo to Ålesund, along with six other directorates and inspectorates, in a program initialized by Victor Norman , Minister of Government Administration and Reform of

7304-576: Was paid off and the tolls removed on 30 April 2013. Pontoon bridge A pontoon bridge (or ponton bridge), also known as a floating bridge , uses floats or shallow- draft boats to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and vehicle travel. The buoyancy of the supports limits the maximum load that they can carry. Most pontoon bridges are temporary and used in wartime and civil emergencies. There are permanent pontoon bridges in civilian use that can carry highway traffic. Permanent floating bridges are useful for sheltered water crossings if it

7392-470: Was similar to the finalized Triangle Link. In 1985, an all-tunnel proposal, following the same route, was proposed. Hordaland Public Roads Administration stated that the proposals were unrealistic. The limited company Ytre Sunnhordland Bru- og Tunnelselskap AS (SBT) was founded in October 1986 by the municipalities of Bømlo, Stord, Fitjar and Sveio, Hordaland County Municipality and five banks. In December 1986,

7480-417: Was suitable for all normal infantry division loads without reinforcement, greater with. A Heavy Ponton Bridge Battalion was provided with equipage required to provide stream crossing for heavy military vehicles that could not be supported by a light ponton bridge. The Battalion had two lettered companies of two bridge platoons each. Each platoon was equipped with one unit of heavy ponton equipage. The battalion

7568-474: Was taken into use along with the Bømlafjord Tunnel on 27 December 2000. The bridge allowed, along with the rest of the Triangle Link, four ferry services to terminate. The Stord Bridge is a 1,077-meter (3,533 ft) long suspension bridge with a 677-meter (2,221 ft) long main span. It carries two lanes of European route E39 and a combined pedestrian and bicycle path across Digernessundet, connecting

7656-537: Was the first to create a pontoon bridge in the 11th century BC. However, the historian Joseph Needham has pointed out that in all likely scenarios, the temporary pontoon bridge was invented during the 9th or 8th century BC in China, as this part was perhaps a later addition to the book (considering how the book had been edited up until the Han dynasty , 202 BC – 220 AD). Although earlier temporary pontoon bridges had been made in China,

7744-485: Was used to transport both the bridge's steel and rubber components. A single Brockway truck could carry material for 30 feet (9.1 m) of bridge, including two pontons, two steel saddles that were attached to the pontons, and four treadway sections. Each treadway was 15 feet (4.6 m) long with high guardrails on either side of the 2 feet (0.61 m) wide track. Norwegian Coastal Administration Norwegian Coastal Administration ( Norwegian : Kystverket )

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