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33-588: Stora Sjöfallet ( Swedish: [ˈstǔːra ˈɧø̂ːfalːɛt] , lit.   ' The Great Lake Falls ' ; Lule Sami : Stuor Muorkke , lit.   'Great Portage ') is a national park in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden , in Gällivare Municipality and Jokkmokk Municipality . The national park covers 1,278 km (493 sq mi) and is the third-largest in Sweden. The park

66-442: A negative verb . In Lule Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to tense (past and non-past), mood (indicative, imperative and optative), person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural). Flora Flora ( pl. : floras or florae ) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring ( indigenous ) native plants. The corresponding term for animals

99-461: A bit of luck, the unusual species lesser white-fronted goose , gyrfalcon , and great grey owl can be observed. Sjaunja , the largest bird reserve in Sweden , borders to the park in the east. Mammals that one can catch sight of are reindeer , moose , red fox , ermine , and rabbit . Among these, the reindeer is the most common, and two Sami communities ', Sörkaitum and Sirka, pastures are within

132-526: A certain region. It mainly describes medicinal plants growing in Denmark. The Flora Sinensis by the Polish Jesuit Michał Boym is another early example of a book titled "Flora". However, despite its title it covered not only plants but also some animals of the region, that is China and India. A published flora often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are dichotomous keys , which require

165-562: A fire or arrange protection is permitted. One may also pick berries and fungi. Lule Sami language The language was originally only spoken around the Lule River , in Sweden. During the 18th century some Sámi migrated to Nordland in Norway, and their descendants still live in Norway, and speak Lule Sámi. The first book written in Lule Sámi, Hålaitattem Ristagasa ja Satte almatja kaskan ,

198-413: A publication also known as a " flora " (often capitalized as "Flora" to distinguish the two meanings when they might be confused). Floras may require specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness. Traditionally they are books , but some are now published on CD-ROM or websites . Simon Paulli 's Flora Danica of 1648 is probably the first book titled "Flora" to refer to the plant world of

231-773: A short vowel in the following syllable is lengthened. Sammallahti divides Lule Sámi dialects as follows: Features of the northern dialects of Lule Sámi are: Features of the southern dialects of Lule Sámi are: The orthography used for Lule Sámi is written using an extended form of the Latin script . Traditionally, the character ⟨ Ń ⟩ has been used to represent / ŋ / . In place of n-acute (available in Unicode and mechanical type writers, but not in Latin-1 or traditional Nordic keyboards ), many have used ⟨ñ⟩ or even ⟨ng⟩ . In modern orthography, such as in

264-581: A word alternate in a process known as consonant gradation , where consonants appear in different quantities depending on the specific grammatical form. Normally, one of the possibilities is named the strong grade , while the other is named weak grade . The consonants of a weak grade are normally quantity 1 or 2, while the consonants of a strong grade are normally quantity 2 or 3. Throughout this article and related articles, consonants that are part of different syllables are written with two consonant letters in IPA, while

297-464: Is fauna , and for fungi , it is funga . Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora as in the terms gut flora or skin flora . The word "flora" comes from the Latin name of Flora , the goddess of plants , flowers , and fertility in Roman mythology . The technical term "flora" is then derived from a metonymy of this goddess at the end of the sixteenth century. It

330-408: Is always formally the same as the genitive singular. The genitive singular is unmarked and looks the same as the nominative plural. The genitive plural is marked by a -j . The genitive is used: The accusative is the direct object case and it is marked with -v in the singular. In the plural, its marker is -t , which is preceded by the plural marker -j . The inessive marker is -n in

363-411: Is an example. Cloudberry , which is also called "the gold of Lapland", can be found in the park from the middle of July to the end of August. About 125 different species of birds have been observed in the park. Some common species are European golden plover , meadow pipit , and northern wheatear . Eurasian whimbrel , long-tailed jaeger , eagle , and rough-legged buzzard can also be seen and, with

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396-513: Is easiest to reach from the road from Porjus . The road passes Vietas and continues to the west end of the park. It is most appropriate to visit the park between March and September, but other periods work as well. Kungsleden passes through the northern part of the national park. In the south part of the park there are no trails or cabins. Some attractions are the Count and the Countess, the Áhkká massif,

429-609: Is located about 20 km (12 mi) north of the Arctic Circle by the Norwegian border and surrounds the Akkajaure reservoir from the north, east and south. The area was declared a national park in 1909. The national park is part of the Laponian area , which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Stora Sjöfallet is also a part of Natura 2000 , which is a network for protected areas in

462-549: Is one of the reasons that the area became a national park. The bedrock is lime-poor, which has resulted in large areas covered with dwarf birch and crowberry . The park also has plenty of lichens and sjöfallskvartsiten or "the Sjöfalls' sandstone" is unique for the park. Of the approximately 400 species of flora that can be found in the mountains, about half of them have been found in Stora sjöfallet national park. Arenaria humifusa

495-555: The European Union . When the national park was created in 1909 the main reason was the great waterfall called Stuor Muorkkegårttje in the Sami languages . The great waterfalls at the heart of the park were historically among the most powerful and visually striking in Europe , but relatively soon after the area was given its protected status, the government permitted hydroelectric development of

528-527: The area. Rarer species that can also be observed are lynx , wolverine , Arctic fox , and brown bear . The large differences in altitude have resulted in large differences in the vegetation, for example old-growth forest , mountain birch forest, bare mountain, and boulder fields. In the hollows for example globe-flower and aconitum can be found, while the Ranunculus glacialis , snow bunting , and rock ptarmigan prefer higher altitudes. The national park

561-554: The book Om lappland och lapparne (transl. About Lapland and the Lapps), have also given their names to levels in the fall. The two last levels were named after Carl Anton Petterson , who presented the Stora sjöfallet to the Swedish people , and Henrik Adolf Widmark , who was strongly committed to the mountains of Lapland. The mountains were formed about 400 million years ago when two continents collided. The sea between them disappeared and

594-405: The consonant becomes quantity 3 or the vowel in the next syllable becomes long. The third type of umlaut, progressive umlaut, works in the other direction. It causes the unstressed vowels /a/ and /aː/ to be rounded to /o/ and /oː/ respectively, if the preceding stressed vowel is short /o/ . If a stressed syllable contains a short vowel followed by a single (quantity 1) consonant, then

627-415: The declension of a personal pronoun he/she (no gender distinction) in various cases: Lule Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons : Lule Sámi has five grammatical moods : Lule Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers : Lule Sámi verbs have two simple tenses : and two compound tenses : Lule Sámi, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages, and some Estonian dialects, has

660-434: The different patterns that occur with different following vowels: The second type of umlaut, called "diphthong simplification" or "monophthongization", is similar to its Northern Sami counterpart, but works differently. The diphthongs /ea̯/ and /oɑ̯/ become /eː/ and /oː/ respectively, if: The diphthongs /ie̯/ and /uo̯/ are unaffected. The reverse process also occurs, turning the long vowels back into diphthongs if

693-413: The falls, which deprived the sheer drop of most of its visible water flow except for a few times a year and damaged the shorelines of Akkajaure . Later developments in this part of the park include a power line, roads, and gravel banks. Already in the 1960s the status as national park was questioned due to these severe changes, and today the area of the falls is no longer a part of the national park. Today

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726-447: The lake Akkajaure, that divides the park into two, is artificial. The name of the park comes from a five-level waterfall on the Lule River . Each of the five levels is named after a man who has been important in the history of Lapland . The first is SG Hermelin (Hermelin's fall), who was a great entrepreneur in the industrial history of Norrbotten . Lars Levi Laestadius , the founder of Laestadianism , and Düben, doctor and author of

759-693: The lengthening of consonants in quantity 3 is indicated with an IPA length mark ( ː ). Not all consonants can occur in every quantity type. The following limitations exist: When a consonant can occur in all three quantities, quantity 3 is termed "overlong". Umlaut is a process whereby a diphthong in a stressed syllable changes depending on the vowel in the next syllable. The first type of umlaut causes an alternation between /ea̯/ and /ie̯/ in words whose stems end with unstressed /ie̯/ . For such words, these two diphthongs can be considered variants of each other, while in words whose stems end with another vowel, these vowels remain distinct. The following table shows

792-525: The official publications of the Swedish government and the translation of the New Testament published 2007, it is usually replaced with ⟨ ŋ ⟩ , in accordance with the orthography of many other Sámi languages. Lule Sámi has seven cases : Like the other Uralic languages , the nominative singular is unmarked and indicates the subject of a predicate . The nominative plural is also unmarked and

825-453: The plural marker -j . This case is used to indicate: The comitative marker in the singular is -jn and -j in the plural, which means that it looks like the genitive plural. The comitative is used to state with whom or what something was done. The personal pronouns have three numbers – singular, plural and dual . The following table contains personal pronouns in the nominative and genitive/accusative cases. The next table demonstrates

858-526: The purpose of phonology, since they are clearly composed of two segments and only the first of these lengthens in quantity 3. The terms "preaspirated" and "pre-stopped" will be used in this article to describe these combinations for convenience. Lule Sámi possesses the following vowels: Consonants, including clusters , that occur after a stressed syllable can occur in multiple distinctive length types, or quantities. These are conventionally labelled quantity 1, 2 and 3 or Q1, Q2 and Q3 for short. The consonants of

891-440: The sediment of the seabed was pressed into a mountain range. There are still traces from the ice age in the area, for example terminal moraines and outcrops polished by the ice. The part of the park south of the lake Akkajaure, which has been broken out of the park, is dominated by the mountain Áhkká , which is also called "the queen of Lapland" or " Nils Holgersson 's mountain" after Selma Lagerlöf 's story. The lower hills in

924-403: The singular and the plural, when it is then preceded by the plural marker -j . This case is used to indicate: The illative marker is -j in the singular and -da in the plural, which is preceded by the plural marker -i , making it look the same as the plural accusative . This case is used to indicate: The elative marker is -s in the singular and the plural, when it is then preceded by

957-472: The south of the park are covered by forests of fir trees. North of the lake is the mountain Kallaktjåkkå, whose north face faces the narrow and deep Teusa-valley . The park's highest peak is 2,015 m (6,611 ft) above sea level and is a part of the mountain massif Áhkká, which has thirteen peaks and ten glaciers. Global warming makes the glaciers melt 10 m (33 ft) each year. The flora

990-412: The two terms were used interchangeably. Plants are grouped into floras based on region ( floristic regions ), period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be distinct habitats like mountain vs. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of a historic era as in fossil flora . Lastly, floras may be subdivided by special environments: The flora of a particular area or time period can be documented in

1023-524: The Áhkká terraces, Seven sisters, and the Teusa valley. Cabins can be found in some parts of the park. Otherwise accommodation can be found in Vietas and at Stora Sjöfallet's mountain resort. Activities that are offered are fishing , skiing , snowmobiling , hiking , and ice climbing . There are special rules for people that visit the park. For example, it is forbidden to: However, gathering dead branches to make

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1056-436: Was first used in poetry to denote the natural vegetation of an area, but soon also assumed the meaning of a work cataloguing such vegetation. Moreover, "Flora" was used to refer to the flowers of an artificial garden in the seventeenth century. The distinction between vegetation (the general appearance of a community) and flora (the taxonomic composition of a community) was first made by Jules Thurmann (1849). Prior to this,

1089-621: Was published in 1839 by Lars Levi Læstadius . With 650 speakers, it is the second largest of all Sámi languages. It is reported that the number of native speakers is in sharp decline among the younger generations . The language has, however, been standardised in 1983 and elaborately cultivated ever since. Some analyses of Lule Sámi phonology may include preaspirated stops and affricates ( /hp/ , /ht/ , /ht͡s/ , /ht͡ʃ/ , /hk/ ) and pre-stopped or pre-glottalised nasals (voiceless /pm/ , /tn/ , /tɲ/ , /kŋ/ and voiced /bːm/ , /dːn/ , /dːɲ/ , /gːŋ/ ). However, these can be treated as clusters for

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