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102-642: Stony Mountain Institution is a federal multi-security complex located in the Rural Municipality of Rockwood immediately adjacent to the community of Stony Mountain, Manitoba , about 24 km (15 mi) from Winnipeg . The Institution (medium-security) began operations in 1877, making it the oldest running federal prison in Canada following the closure of Ontario's Kingston Penitentiary on 30 September 2013. Immediately adjacent to Stony Mountain Institution

204-766: A "goal of a 50/50 split of offenders between institutions and the community". Lawrence MacAulay , who was the Solicitor General in charge of the CSC when the documents were written, denied that there were any quotas, stating that: "There are no quotas. There never was ... If anybody has the idea of a quota, they forgot to check with the minister." However, shortly after this interview, MacAulay resigned and Wayne Easter took over as solicitor general. An internal Corrections audit reported that parole officers are overwhelmed. A senior union official said some parole officers, especially in cities, have caseloads of 40 or more instead of

306-568: A Citizens' Advisory Committee (CAC) who are mandated to "contribute to the public safety by actively interacting with staff of the Correctional Service of Canada, the public and offenders, providing impartial advice and recommendations, thereby contributing to the quality of the correctional process." Each institution and parole office forms the 'local committee' for which the CSC consult with on matters regarding correctional operations, programs, policies, and plans. They in turn participate in

408-559: A Guard of Honour, the CSC Community Pipes and Drums Band and a Ceremonial Guard. Through their activities, the Unit is a proud public face for the Service's Correctional Officers, Parole Officers, and other staff, who play an important role in keeping communities safe for Canadians. Ceremonial rank structure is as follows, typically worn as epaulets on the dress uniform shirt and tunic. Among

510-761: A big issue, the Correctional services of Canada developed the Integrated Police-Parole Initiative (IPPI). Also known as the Community Correctional Liaison Officer (CCLO) program. The IPPI received funding to begin operations in 16 locations across Canada in 2006-2007. This program places police officers in Correctional Services of Canada offices, where they support the activities of the parole staff. The officers specifically work with high-risk offenders in their transition to

612-562: A community parole officer . As of 2006 the incarceration rate in Canada was 107 per 100,000 people; one seventh that of the United States' . There are three levels of security within Correctional Service Canada. They include maximum, medium, and minimum. Case management is completed by institutional parole officers (POs) within institutions, and by community parole officers in the community. The Parole Board of Canada has

714-525: A custodial role, but also to provide programs that would promote "worthwhile and creative activity" and address the basic behaviour, attitudes and patterns of inmates. This meant prisons had to change to support such programs and provide opportunities for vocational training , pre-release and after-care programs. The Fauteux Report recommended hiring more, and better-trained, personnel, including those with professional qualifications in social work, psychology, psychiatry, criminology and law. An important legacy of

816-430: A guard during an escape attempt on October 5, 1912. Wilson was injured during the attempt and died from his injuries before his trial; Smith was tried and convicted of murder. The official reasoning for conducting the execution at BC Penitentiary was that it was easier to continue to house Smith there rather than transfer him to a provincial institution. However, it is likely that this was intended to serve as an example to

918-469: A guard hostage. Starting September 9, there was a 12-day state of emergency when guards refused to work overtime. Three inmates died during this period. The largest major incident in BC Penitentiary's history started on September 27, 1976. A large percentage of the inmate population started rioting as they were released from their cells for showers. Over the next few days, the inmates destroyed most of

1020-429: A kitchen, work and school facilities, and two chapels (one Catholic , one Protestant ). One peculiarity was that there was no dining hall ; the inmates thus had to eat their meals in their cells. The BC Penitentiary site included a prison cemetery called Boot Hill. The remains of most inmates who died at BC Penitentiary were claimed by their families; those that were not were buried at Boot Hill. All work relating to

1122-464: A person who has been convicted of an offence and, as a result, is undergoing imprisonment... It is a transitional step between close confinement in an institution and absolute freedom in society (Fauteux 1956, 51).'" The Penitentiary Act was amended in 1961 and a plan enacted to build ten new penitentiaries across Canada to implement the Fauteaux Committee's recommendations. In the 1970s, there

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1224-401: A prison staff member was held hostage by one prisoner for eight hours. In February, three prisoners took three guards hostage for almost 15 hours. In April, four prisoners took three guards hostage for 13 hours. Two prisoners were also found dead that month. In June, prisoners attempted to take two guards hostage; they escaped with minor injuries. On August 31, one prisoner briefly took

1326-406: A result they were frequently subject to mass arrests , which resulted in mass convictions. In 1931, over 600 BC Doukhobors were sentenced to three-year prison terms for public nudity. BC Penitentiary was unable to handle such a spike in the inmate population, so a satellite prison under the authority of the BC Penitentiary was constructed on Piers Island specifically to house these prisoners. When

1428-513: A supervisory role, which starts at Staff Training Officer (CX-03, formerly Correctional Supervisor), the uniform shirt colour is changed from navy blue to light blue. The Correctional Manager (CX-04), or CM, is the Institutional Supervisor, and historically had been referred to as the "Keeper of the Keys", or in short the "Keeper". All rank insignia is worn as shoulder epaulets attached to

1530-442: A total of 41 hours, when an armed tactical squad of prison officers stormed the prison. One of the inmates, convicted murderer Andy Bruce, grabbed a hostage, classification officer Mary Steinhauser , to use as a human shield. The 32-year-old Steinhauser was killed by friendly fire, while Bruce was shot twice, but survived. A Commission of Inquiry was appointed to determine the causes of the incident. Its findings included: On July 4,

1632-481: Is a big push in Correctional Services to get more offenders out of penitentiaries and onto the street in what is called "The Reintegration Project". Although this policy is cheaper than keeping convicts imprisoned, Newark's office contends convicts are being shoved out the door to meet a release quota. Newark stated that he had obtained documents to prove this, including memos, minutes, and confidential Corrections correspondence, and an internal memorandum talk about setting

1734-414: Is a sentence with a completion date (example five years, seven months), called a "Warrant Expiry". This date is court imposed, at which time Correctional Service Canada no longer has jurisdiction over the offender. An indeterminate sentence is a sentence that is commonly referred to as a " life sentence ". Correctional Service Canada has jurisdiction over the offender until the offender passes away. Although

1836-603: Is an employee of the Public Service of Canada. All CSC Correctional Officers are uniformed and are designated as federal Peace Officers under Section 10 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act [2] . The rank structure in CSC begins at entry as a Correctional Officer 1 (CX-01), also known as COI. These officers are responsible for security functions at the institution including patrols, security posts, first response, and escorts. A Correctional Officer 2 (CX-02), or COII,

1938-514: Is particularly true of women prisoners, who are given gendered work that gives them few marketable skills in the labour market once released. Many Black prisoners have reported experiencing discrimination during the employment process for CORCAN jobs, and Black prisoners are more likely to receive lower pay for the work they perform. Under section 7 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Regulations and further by Commissioner's Directives CD 023, each institution and parole office must establish

2040-562: Is the Rockwood Institution , a minimum-security facility established in 1962. The newest addition to Stony Mountain, the maximum-security unit, opened in 2014. In the years immediately following Canada's Confederation in 1867, several new institutions were established in Canada, joining the existing Kingston Penitentiary (est. 1835): the establishment of the Manitoba Penitentiary (renamed Stony Mountain Institution in 1972)

2142-437: Is typically assigned to positions requiring a more experienced officer that works various posts including living units, communications, or visits. Correctional Officers who are specifically designated for Federally Sentenced Women (FSW) are called Primary Workers and have an entry rank of COII. A COII is not in any way a supervisory role to a COI, but are used to coordinate officers within their sector. Once officers move into

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2244-453: The 1967 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, inmates created much of the equipment in 1965, including the mats, target frames, and the winner's podium for the swimming pool. In 1982, four maximum-security inmates, armed with improvised knives , jumped four guards, bringing them into a cell block with more than 30 other prisoners. No casualties came as result, following 35 hours of negotiation. In

2346-557: The Canadian Army restored order to the prison, except for the auditorium. The hostage-takers' only demand was that they be transferred out of BC Pen; the incident ended after this demand was acceded to. A three-day riot started on October 5, 1973. Twenty-three cells were destroyed. In February 1975, a staff member was held hostage for four hours. On June 9, 1975, at approximately 8:00 am, 15 prison staff were taken hostage by three inmates. The incident lasted until June 11 at 1:00 am,

2448-551: The Federal Identity Program , CSC is one of several federal departments (primarily those involved with law enforcement, security, or having a regulatory function) that has been granted heraldic symbols. The badge (described below) was officially granted by the Canadian Heraldic Authority on October 15, 2009. The torch symbolizes learning, knowledge and hope, while the key represents the eventual unlocking of

2550-506: The Harper government implemented a series of room and board fees amounting to a 30% cut in pay for inmates enrolled in the CORCAN program. The CORCAN program has been criticized for offering few meaningful work and training opportunities, as many of the jobs available to inmates are in industries with little relevance to current labour market needs, such as laundry, textiles and manufacturing. This

2652-604: The Order of Canada , was contracted to develop the new Coat of Arms for the Commissioning of the Correctional Service of Canada. Lochnan filed a research document that stated in part the background philosophy on the given development: In principle, there is no reason why the corporate graphic image of the [Correctional Service of Canada] should not take the familiar form of an institutional Coat-of-Arms, i.e. an heraldic shield emblazoned with appropriate symbolism … [c]ustom favors, instead,

2754-710: The Prime Minister and approved by an Order in Council . This appointed position reports directly to the Minister of Public Safety, Democratic Institutions and Intergovernmental Affairs and is accountable to the public via the Parliament . The current Commissioner of the CSC is Anne Kelly, who served as the senior deputy commissioner prior to the retirement of Don Head in February 2018. In addition to using generic identifiers imposed by

2856-547: The gaol at Upper Fort Garry . Construction of the penitentiary was finished soon after in February. Despite efforts to avoid wastage due to difficulties in transporting materials, by the time the facility was completed, the final cost was $ 125,000—some $ 9000 over budget. Samuel Lawrence Bedson became the first warden of the new penitentiary on 2 February 1877. On 15 August 1877, with Lord Dufferin (the Governor General of Canada ) and his wife Hariot Georgina presiding,

2958-462: The incarceration and rehabilitation of convicted criminal offenders sentenced to two years or more. The agency has its headquarters in Ottawa , Ontario . The CSC officially came into being on April 10, 1979, when Queen Elizabeth II signed authorization for the newly commissioned agency and presented it with its armorial bearings. The Commissioner of the CSC is recommended for appointment by

3060-562: The "crossed-keys" device … (Lochnan, 1978, July 21st). On December 21, 1978, Commissioner Donald R. Yeomans approved the chosen design. In early 1979, the Coat-of-Arms was forwarded by Solicitor General Jean-Jacques Blais to the Governor General requesting the Queen's approval (Blais, March 29, 1979). On April 10, Queen Elizabeth II gave Royal Assent and authorization of the new Coat-of-Arms (Joly de Lotbiniere, April 20, 1979). The operation of

3162-767: The "rehabilitative process," a value which was progressively gaining importance for CSC. By the 1950s the focus on prison labour shifted away from its role as a form of punishment and transitioned towards this being a integral part of offenders' rehabilitation, and thus increases public safety. In 1980, CSC launched CORCAN, an employment program for prisoners designed to rehabilitate inmates by offering them work skills that they can use to find employment after they are released, thus decreasing their likelihood of recidivism. CORCAN operates through partnerships with public, private and non-profit firms, which provide work to inmates in industries such as manufacturing, textiles, construction and services for which they are remunerated. In 2013,

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3264-766: The Alberta Penitentiary was opened in Edmonton, and the Saskatchewan Penitentiary was opened in Prince Albert in 1911. Buildings for these latter two facilities were constructed by forced labour performed by prisoners. The regime of these prisons included productive labour during the day, solitary confinement during leisure hours and the rule of silence at all times. While there was no parole, prisoners with good conduct could have three days per month remitted from their sentence. The Royal Commission to Investigate

3366-1106: The Auburn System, was built in 1835. Initially operated as a provincial jail, the penitentiary came under federal jurisdiction following the passage of the British North America Act in 1867. In 1868, the first Penitentiary Act brought prisons in Saint John, New Brunswick and Halifax , along with Kingston, under federal jurisdiction. Over the next twelve years, the federal government built Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Penitentiary in Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Quebec (1873), Manitoba Penitentiary , in Stoney Mountain, Manitoba (1877), British Columbia Penitentiary , in New Westminster, British Columbia (1878) and Dorchester Penitentiary , in Dorchester, New Brunswick (1880). In 1906

3468-555: The BC Penitentiary began in 1874. The site selected was a hillside overlooking the Fraser River in the Sapperton neighbourhood of New Westminster. The prison received its first inmates in 1878 and opened without fanfare. The buildings and structures that made up the BC Penitentiary site were added gradually. The original complex comprised the main gate house and a few brick and wooden buildings. The large cell blocks, which housed most of

3570-718: The CSC is governed by federal statute under the Corrections and Conditional Release Act and Corrections and Conditional Release Regulations . In addition, the statute provides for discretion under the directive of the Commissioner. However, all Commissioner's Directives must remain within the parameters of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Corrections and Conditional Release Act . Correctional Service Canada only has jurisdiction over offenders in Canada for court-imposed sentences 24 months (two years) or greater. There are two types of court-imposed sentences: A determinate sentence

3672-657: The CSC, stating that "It gets really frustrating especially when you see violent offenders who are out several times over and we've gone after them two and three times in an eight-month period." British Columbia Penitentiary The British Columbia Penitentiary ( BC Penitentiary , commonly referred to as the BC Pen and the Pen ) was a federal maximum security prison located in New Westminster , British Columbia, Canada. The BC Penitentiary operated for 102 years, from 1878 until it

3774-634: The City of New Westminster. Staffing requirements increased over time in accordance with standards dictated by the Canadian Penitentiary Service . They were 171 in the mid-1950s, and had increased to 363 in 1976, despite a decrease in the prison population during this period. BC Penitentiary experienced severe overcrowding starting in the 1950s holding as many as 765 prisoners in 1958. The Canadian Penitentiary Service attempted to alleviate this by transferring inmates to other institutions, such as

3876-540: The Committee was the creation of the National Parole Board in 1959 and the development of a system of parole to replace the former ticket of leave system. While stating that parole was not to be a reduction, or undermining, of the sentence, the committee emphasized its strong support for parole: Parole is a well-recognized procedure which is designed to be a logical step in the reformation and rehabilitation of

3978-673: The IPPI program to pay special attention to parolees with the highest level of risk; in the first months following release; and returning to locations with the highest levels of criminality. IPPI realized that there needed to be a different approach and make the parole officers more involved on a face-to-face basis which resulted in a more successful transition to the real world for ex-prisoners. Most personnel are plain clothed including, Parole Officers, Program Facilitators, Psychologists, Staff Training Officers, Assessment and Intervention Managers, Security Intelligence Officers, Assistant/Deputy Wardens, and

4080-560: The Institutional Head, called the " Warden ". Each Region of Canada has a "Regional Deputy Commissioner" who reports directly to the Commissioner of Correctional Service Canada, who is based in the National Capital Region ( Ottawa , Ontario ). Employees working at federal penitentiaries are designated as federal Peace Officers under Section 10 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act [1] . A Correctional Officer

4182-536: The Manitoba Penitentiary was officially opened. 14 inmates, including a female " lunatic ," comprised the original prison population transferred from Fort Garry. The original prison building was soon joined by a number of other buildings, as a period of rapid growth commenced. Structures such as stables, schoolhouse, staff quarters, hospital, chapels, forge , and slaughterhouse were built. By 1885, some 44 cells were in use. Growth tended to be decentralized and

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4284-537: The Penal System of Canada (the Archambault Commission) was formed in response to a series of riots and strikes in the 1930s. The Archambault report , published in 1938, proposed sweeping changes for Canadian penitentiaries, with emphasis on crime prevention and the rehabilitation of prisoners. The Commission recommended a complete revision of penitentiary regulations to provide "strict but humane discipline and

4386-445: The SCU for disciplinary or administrative reasons would be confined to their cells for 23.5 hours per day. They would be given half an hour of exercise, which consisted of walking alone in the corridor between cells in the SCU. A rubber pad and blanket would be delivered in the evening and collected each morning. The inmates would not have any opportunity to see the outdoors. Inmates who were in

4488-411: The SCU for protective custody would be allowed to retain the rubber pad and blanket throughout the day, and would sometimes be permitted to exercise outdoors for half an hour per day. Inmates were not permitted to speak to one another, work, attend school, visit the library, watch TV, or engage in any other interactive activities. In addition to the harsh conditions, harassment and abuse by the guards in

4590-410: The SCU was widespread and endemic. Only one execution was ever carried out at BC Penitentiary. Before the abolition of the death penalty in Canada , executions were carried out at provincial gaols rather than federal prisons. An exception was made in the case of Joseph Smith, aged 24, who was executed by hanging on January 31, 1913. Smith and another inmate at BC Penitentiary, Herman Wilson, killed

4692-522: The Service in abbreviated form in English and French …[a]s a background to the oval badge … the sketches include what is known as a "glory" in the form of rays of light emanating symbolically from a star or the sun. The "glory" in the case of the hat badge … [is] an eight-pointed star … research has not revealed any image which would better symbolize the nature and purpose of the Corrections Service than

4794-455: The Union of Canadian Correctional Officers (UCCO). Dress uniforms echo the same rank as displayed above. Each institution has a Ceremonial Unit that represent the Service at formal events across Canada and internationally. Examples of such events include local and ceremonial parades, funerals, recruit graduations, and national and international commemoration services. The Ceremonial Unit consists of

4896-457: The addition of the maximum-security wing. The maximum unit at Stony Mountain Institution was completed and inmates were placed there in 2014. Correctional Service of Canada The Correctional Service of Canada ( CSC ; French : Service correctionnel du Canada ), also known as Correctional Service Canada or Corrections Canada , is the Canadian federal government agency responsible for

4998-610: The adoption of a distinctive "service badge" analogous to those of the Canadian Armed Forces and of the RCMP … [t]he basic form of the suggested badge design is elliptical, containing "crossed keys " as a symbol of the Service and the stylized Maple Leaf from the Flag of Canada with the Royal Crown surmounted … [i]t is intended that the ova-shaped annulus should contain the official name of

5100-566: The auditorium. Other prisoners then began starting fires and destroying the prison. The inmates insisted on negotiating through local broadcaster Jack Webster. "The mad ringleader, Gerry Casey, his lean face suffused with anger, struck the knife against Dennis' throat and screamed at me," Webster wrote in a story for the Vancouver Sun. "Tell Warden Tom Hall if the bulls break in here, the guard dies first. You'll die too Webster! We all die. Get on that telephone!" Royal Canadian Mounted Police and

5202-402: The authority to have reasonable access to every part of the institution or parole office they are attached to, talk with all the staff and offenders or parolee within the organization and access to hearings (if the offender consents). These authorities are given to members once they have their applications approved and security clearances approved by CSC National Headquarters. In 2003, the CSC

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5304-579: The buildings came to occupy a large area. In 1885, over 35 people involved in the North-West Rebellion landed in the penitentiary. The original heating system, based on an English model, proved inadequate and the winter of 1877/78 proved very harsh for both staff and inmates. This situation was alleviated by the installation of a steam boiler in the summer of 1878. Due to the severity of the Manitoba winter, heating costs were $ 3000—considerably more than

5406-403: The cell; work from 1:00 pm until 3:30 pm; collect dinner from kitchen; return to cell for count and lock-up; eat dinner in cell; leisure period from 6:00 pm until 9:00 pm in winter/10:00 pm in summer; must be back in cell block at 11:00 pm. BC Penitentiary contained the standard features of a maximum security prison of its era. These included, among other things, cell blocks, offices, a hospital,

5508-414: The cellblocks and several other parts of the prison. They destroyed the internal walls between cell blocks – which had stood for nearly a century – in many cases with their hands. The principal complaints were abuse by the guards, and the refusal by the guards to follow new, more humane directives. Two guards were taken hostage. Police riot control squads, and Canadian Army soldiers surrounded the perimeter of

5610-617: The cemetery is there, it is maintained by the City of New Westminster and has an information plaque with prisoner grave information. The cemetery is mentioned in the history section of Glenbrook Ravine Park. BC Penitentiary was heavily involved in government conflict with the Sons of Freedom sect of British Columbia Doukhobors in the mid 20th century. Throughout this period, the Sons of Freedom protested against perceived government interference or injustice through acts of public nudity and arson ; as

5712-444: The cemetery such as digging graves, site maintenance, and the construction of grave markers and coffins, was performed by inmates. The cemetery officially opened in 1913, but was probably in use in 1912. The remains of approximately 50 inmates are still buried there. During the cemetery's early years, records were not carefully taken or preserved, and are unreliable. Most graves are marked by small concrete gravestones engraved only with

5814-485: The community to try an increase public safety. High-risk, ex-prisoners face numerous challenges in re-entering their community, both personal and bureaucratic or legal. Many return to the neighborhood where they committed the crime, and deal with temptations of gang-life, criminal associates and substance abuse. With this, there should be no surprise that studies have shown that over two-thirds of offenders are rearrested within three years of release. These stats are what pushed

5916-405: The complete responsibility in making liberty decisions at the point in the court-imposed sentence where an offender is allowed to live in the community on conditional release. Once an offender is sentenced by a court to a sentence of two (2) years or more the offender comes under the jurisdiction of Correctional Service Canada. An institutional parole officer completes a comprehensive assessment of

6018-410: The compound on fire twice in 1951, the latter time mostly destroying it. The Doukhobor prisoners were then moved to the main prison, where they participated in a 35-day hunger strike that ended with forced-feedings. Another mass conviction occurred in 1953 relating to another arson and public nudity incident. New huts were constructed at BC Penitentiary, but this time they were used to house members of

6120-735: The concept of penitence—isolation, work and religious contemplation—influenced the design and operation of prisons, not only in North America, but also in Europe, South America and Asia. The " Auburn system " developed at the Auburn Penitentiary in New York adopted the penitentiary sentence of the Philadelphia model, but added prisoners' labour, in the belief that work and training would assist in reforming criminals. The Kingston Penitentiary , based on

6222-437: The corridor. The cells contained only a wash basin/toilet combination (cold water only), and a radio selector (there were two channels), and a concrete pad covered with a sheet of plywood four inches off the floor on which the inmates slept. Inmates could not control the volume of the radio nor the temperature of the cell. The lights in the cell remained on 24 hours a day, but were dimmed to 25 watts at night. Inmates who were in

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6324-456: The court does impose a minimum number of years before the offender can apply to the Parole Board of Canada for conditional release. Thus, a court-imposed sentence of life with no parole for twenty-five years would indicate that the offender would be incarcerated for a minimum of twenty five years prior to consideration for a potential conditional release to the community, under the supervision of

6426-588: The door upon completion of a prison sentence. The motto means "to grasp the future". The CSC was granted a flag in 2009; it consists of the heraldic badge on a white field, with the Canadian flag in the canton. Senior officials have also been granted distinctive badges by the Canadian Heraldic Authority. Following the development of the penitentiary by the Philadelphia Quakers in the 1780s,

6528-456: The effort to quell the first Red River Rebellion of 1869-70. One of the members of that force, Samuel Lawrence Bedson (1842–91), did not return east following the Rebellion, but went on to become the first Warden of the new Penitentiary. The site's isolated location and lack of available building materials proved a challenge to the construction process. Stone for the windowsills and the corners

6630-755: The facility aged and became less suitable as a modern prison. Most of BC Penitentiary's major violent incidents occurred in its final 10 years of operation in the 1970s. During the 1970s, BC Penitentiary was one of the most violent federal institutions in Canada. The worsening of conditions and increasing number of violent incidents at BC Pen contributed to its decommissioning in 1980. Rioting began on September 1, 1934, when seven prisoners refused to do their assigned work. By September 10, 73 prisoners were striking . Furniture and toilets were smashed, as well as 182 windows. The riot ended on September 12 when its leaders were paddled. The inmates were protesting generally poor conditions, and were also demanding that they be paid for

6732-412: The food used use in the institution's kitchen. The farm was economically viable into the late 1950s. However, increasing costs of its operation, decreasing costs of buying food from outside sources, the perceived decline in the usefulness of providing agricultural training to inmates, and the increasing urbanization of the surrounding area, led to the decision to close the farm and sell the farmland to

6834-559: The general prison population in order to free up space to move the Doukhobors into fire-proofed cells in the main cellblocks. Another round of arsons in 1961 and 1962 prompted the creation of the Agassiz Mountain Prison as a satellite of BC Penitentiary. This prison was specifically designed to house Doukhobor prisoners. Since the Doukhobors refused to do any work while incarcerated, there were no work programs and no privileges for

6936-467: The identical British Columbia Penitentiary . To cope with this continuing expense, Warden Bedson negotiated with the CPR for a favourable shipping rate for coal. Bedson proved to be an innovative and progressive warden. A system was devised whereby prisoners could communicate their needs to guards without breaking the rule of silence. A four-foot white wand painted black on one end (for ordinary needs) and red on

7038-614: The image of the merger of the Penitentiary Service and the National Parole Service." and announced that the name would be "The Correctional Service of Canada." (Yeomans, April 5, 1979). The Correctional Service of Canada was established in 1979, following the merger of the Canadian Penitentiary Service and the National Parole Service, in 1976. Carl Lochnan, an expert in the field of Heraldry, who developed

7140-445: The inmate's prison number. Some inmates are buried in unmarked graves . Although most of the prison has since been demolished, the cemetery still remains ( 49°13′01″N 122°53′56″W  /  49.21687°N 122.89897°W  / 49.21687; -122.89897 ) in what is now Glenbrook Ravine Park. After BC Penitentiary closed, the federal government ceded the cemetery to the City of New Westminster. Very few people know that

7242-540: The inmates at the new institution. The entire prison was designed to avoid incendiarism , with everything, including furniture, being made of concrete or metal. All fabrics, such as clothing and bedding, were fireproofed. The leaders of the Sons of Freedom were kept segregated, as were the younger men. The inmates began a hunger strike in August 1962, which carried on for over a year and resulted in one death due to malnutrition, despite forced-feedings. The last Doukhobor prisoner

7344-404: The inmates, were constructed between 1904 and 1914. BC Penitentiary was replete with structural problems when it opened, including flooding of the basement, faulty plumbing and heating, bars either missing from windows or not properly affixed to the walls, and the lack of proper medical facilities. Major repairs and renovations were conducted over several years to remedy these issues, with most of

7446-516: The institution was via the "South Gate"—a handsome two-storey structure that controlled vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The need for additional cell space led to the construction of wings off the main cell-block throughout the 1920s. The building of a new facility to replace the original Administration building commenced in 1933. Due in part to the Depression and the Second World War, this building

7548-412: The institutions are " healing lodges " for Aboriginal offenders. In its early years, the Canadian penitentiary system used prison labour as a form of punishment that doubled as an essential element to the operation of the penitentiary itself. Furthermore, the prison industry was seen as punishment "meant to reform the misguided." Nearly a hundred years later, the industry was deemed as an key component in

7650-543: The last inmate leaving on February 15, 1980. For two weeks in May, 1980, the prison was opened to the public for the first time; over 80,000 attended the open house. Although BC Penitentiary had opened with no ceremony or fanfare whatever 102 years earlier, a formal ceremony, attended by various dignitaries, was held to mark its closing on May 10, 1980. Most of the buildings on the former BC Pen site have been demolished and replaced by residential housing and parkland. Only four parts of

7752-454: The majority of these sentences expired, the prison camp was closed and the remaining Doukhobor inmates were transferred to the main penitentiary. In 1950, there was another mass-conviction of Doukhobors relating to arsons. In response, BC Penitentiary set up a self-contained compound for these prisoners adjacent to the main penitentiary. Whereas the experience on Peirce Island was mostly peaceful, this time things were different. The prisoners set

7854-412: The medium security site and AANIIKEKANA at the minimum security site). In November 2010, the federal government announced that Stony Mountain would be undergoing an expansion, which added a maximum-security wing to the institution, with 96 new beds. The total cost of the building project was expected to be $ 45 million. In justifying this spending, federal Minister of Public Safety Vic Toews stated, "In

7956-527: The most common. Corporal punishment was gradually phased out until it was banned outright in 1972. Other common form of punishment included working on the chain gang , punitive diets of bread and water, and solitary confinement . In BC Penitentiary's more modern incarnation, punishments tended to be much more bureaucratically managed. The most common forms of punishment were loss of privileges, and solitary confinement. Solitary confinement (officially called "dissociation"; commonly referred to as "segregation")

8058-628: The offender's criminality and formulates an "offender security classification report" and a "correctional plan". It is this correctional plan that the offender will be assessed against for the entire court-imposed sentence. Preparing offenders for their return to the community is an important focus for the Correctional Services of Canada. This preparation has become more difficult in recent years due to over crowding prisons and cutbacks in rehabilitative services of offenders. Parole officers who monitor these offenders are now stretched thin making these officers do more with less to work with. With this being such

8160-616: The original prison still remain: the Gatehouse (which is now a sports bar ), the Coal House, the original Centre Block (which has been converted to offices ), and the cemetery. In its latter years of operation, the daily routine for inmates in the general population was as follows: rise at 7:00 am; clean cell, shave and wash-up; get breakfast from the kitchen and eat it in the cell; report for work at 8:00 am; leave work at 11:30 am; pick-up lunch and return to cell for count and lock-up; eat lunch in

8262-410: The other (for emergency use) was utilized. He also emerged as a noted prison reformer. He placed high value on religious and educational programs, and spiritual and educational needs were emphasized from the very beginning. Bedson also instituted an early system of inmate wages and parole. He also played a key role as a conservationist. An original investment of 13 head of buffalo grew substantially over

8364-747: The other inmates at BC Penitentiary. A scaffold was specially constructed for the execution, near the spot where the guard had been killed during the failed escape attempt. Smith was interred in the prison cemetery. Like most maximum security prisons of its vintage, BC Penitentiary experienced a number of inmate suicides , self-mutilations , assaults, stabbings , escape attempts and murders throughout its history. In its later years, BC Penitentiary became known for its riots and hostage-takings . BC Penitentiary had few major violent incidents in its early history. It did not experience its first riot until 1934, its 56th year of operation. However, it began to experience exponentially more of these major incidents as

8466-430: The previous system, a violent criminal sentenced to nine years in prison could potentially be on our streets in as little as three years if he or she spent two years awaiting trial. This possibility is not acceptable to Canadians. We are acting to ensure that the criminals pay their debt – their full debt – to society." This new wing became the only maximum-security unit in Manitoba. About 40 new positions were created with

8568-426: The recently opened William Head Institution . By the mid-1960s, the population had been reduced to around 500 inmates. However, this did not prevent the series of violent riots and hostage-takings that plagued BC Penitentiary in its final years. On March 12, 1979, Correctional Service of Canada announced that British Columbia Penitentiary would close. Inmates were gradually transferred to Kent Institution , with

8670-421: The recommended 18, and as a result, they are unable to do all of the crucial collateral checks in the community, such as talking to employers, landlords, neighbours and other family members. Police officers have also complained that when parole violators are apprehended, they are often immediately re-released back on parole. Officer Greg Sullivan, who is part of a team that tracks down parole violators, criticized

8772-426: The reformation and rehabilitation of prisoners." While the commission's recommendations were not immediately implemented due to the advent of World War II, much of the report's philosophy remains influential. After the Second World War, prison populations dropped, causing undercrowding and prison disturbances. This led to the creation of the Fauteaux Committee in 1953. The Committee saw prisons not merely as fulfilling

8874-677: The regional committee (Atlantic, Quebec, Ontario, Prairies and Pacific) to coordinate initiatives for the region. Finally, the National Executive Committee is made up of the five CAC Regional Chairpersons as well as by the National Chairperson, who are responsible for liaison between the committees and the CSC HQ, monitor and review all policies or actions of the CSC at the local, regional and national levels and adopt cohesive strategy for all committees. All CAC members have, by law,

8976-498: The shoulder straps of the uniform as either the word "RECRUIT" for officer recruits currently in training, or as 1, 2, 3, or 4 gold bars. Within CSC, dress uniforms are available to staff member outside of the correctional officer ranks. Senior rank (worn as epaulets and typically only present on dress uniforms) are as follows: Uniformed Correctional Officers in the ranks of Correctional Officer 1, Correctional Officer 2, and Staff Training Officer are unionized and as such are members of

9078-515: The summer of 2006, four separate major seizures of contraband (illegal drugs) were made, including the single largest seizure in Stony Mountain Institution's history. Stony Mountain Institution is a clustered site, housing maximum, medium and minimum security inmates. There are seven operational units within the clustered facility, offering various levels of supervision, including healing units for Indigenous inmates (named NI-MIIKANA at

9180-478: The top floor of one of the cell blocks. (The Penthouse had been built in 1963 to replace the old solitary confinement cells that were in the basement, which were known as "the Hole".) BC Penitentiary's solitary confinement cells were known as being particularly brutal for a modern prison. The cells were extremely small, with three concrete walls with no windows, and a solid steel door with a five-inch square window facing

9282-401: The work performed by inmate work crews. The site was initially fenced by a wooden fence, which was soon upgraded to 30-foot rock walls, and finally 40-foot concrete walls. Guard towers were located on each corner. Until 1961, the prison incorporated a farm , located across the street from the penitentiary, where some inmates would be assigned to work. The farm produced a sizeable portion of

9384-438: The work that they did. The riot was instrumental to the Canadian government implementing a policy of paying its federal inmates five cents per day. On April 20, 1963, a guard found three prisoners attempting to escape. The guard fired at the prisoners and they responded by throwing Molotov cocktails . The three inmates, led by inmate Gerry Casey, took guard Pat Dennis hostage and, along with 15 other inmates, locked themselves in

9486-490: The years and after a number of transfers of ownership, the herd was eventually relocated to Wood Buffalo National Reserve in Alberta. Early growth was ambitious, if dispersed. By 1912, the construction of a perimeter wall had begun, and the numerous buildings were completely enclosed by 1922. By 1913, the Manitoba Penitentiary held 200 inmates, most of whom were Canadian , though many came from other countries. The entrance to

9588-415: Was a common form of punishment at BC Penitentiary. Prisoners could be placed in segregation for three reasons: at their own request; as punishment for up to 30 days; or for administrative purposes for an unlimited amount of time. In practice, administrative segregation was often used to punish prisoners; controls on the use of administrative segregation were extremely discretionary and thus open to misuse. It

9690-540: Was a movement to combine the then Penitentiary Service and the National Parole Service. This resulted in a Report to Parliament by the Sub-Committee on the Penitentiary System in Canada, chaired by Mark MacGuigan . The move toward consolidation was recognized by Commissioner Donald Yeomans, who referred to "...   our efforts to come up with a title for our Service which will give us a proper identity and project

9792-479: Was commissioned by the nascent Government of Canada in 1872, followed by St Vincent de Paul in 1873, British Columbia Penitentiary in 1878, Dorchester Penitentiary in 1880, Alberta Penitentiary in Edmonton in 1906, and Saskatchewan Penitentiary in Prince Albert in 1911. Lands were expropriated in 1872 at Stony Mountain, Manitoba , some 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Lower Fort Garry , where Sir Garnet Wolseley ’s expeditionary force had been stationed as part of

9894-524: Was common for prisoners to be kept in solitary confinement for months or even years at a time. For example, an inmate named Jack McCann spent 1421 days – 754 of those consecutive – in solitary confinement between 1970 and 1974. Formally known as the Special Correction Unit (SCU), the solitary confinement cells were commonly called "the Penthouse" by inmates and staff, partly due to their location on

9996-571: Was criticized for its policies for reportedly releasing certain prisoners on a quota system. Scott Newark, a former prosecutor and executive director of the Canadian Police Association , who is now special counsel to the Ontario Attorney General's Office for Victims of Crime, stated that the Correctional Service of Canada is out of control and that "I think Canadians have good reason to be outraged." Newark stated that there

10098-553: Was decommissioned in 1980. It was the first federal penal institution west of Manitoba . The Gatehouse was sold on September 8, 2021. After British Columbia joined confederation in 1871 and with the population of western Canada increasing, the need for a federal prison in western Canada became apparent. The fact that the transcontinental railroad had not yet been constructed made transporting prisoners long distances east to other federal institutions costly and difficult, which further exacerbated this need. Planning and construction for

10200-582: Was left in a partially completed state for many years. The 1877 Administration Building and the South Gate, the last survivors of the original prison structures, were demolished in the late 1960s, and Stony Mountain’s origins are not readily apparent in the modern facility of today. The number of inmates began to decrease immediately after the First World War and the same during the Second World War . For

10302-438: Was quarried at Lower Fort Garry, dressed and hauled overland during the winter. Timber was freighted from Ontario. A brick-making machine from St. Paul, Minnesota , was employed in the manufacture of over 400,000 bricks from local clay. Around 60 tradesmen worked during the summer months and 25 stonemasons during the winters. In January 1877, though the penitentiary was not yet completed, inmates began to be transferred from

10404-456: Was released in 1970. Agassiz Mountain Prison was turned into a prison for elderly inmates from BC penitentiary, and eventually split off as a separate medium security institution. Methods of punishment for violations of prison rules employed within BC Penitentiary evolved along with the times. Corporal punishment was initially the preferred method for a number of infractions, with flogging being

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