60-410: Stomiati is a group of teleost fish belonging to the cohort (group) Euteleostei , which is a group of bony fishes within the infra-class Teleostei that evolved ~240 million years ago. Teleostei is a group of ray-finned fishes with the exception of primitive bichirs , sturgeons , paddlefishes , freshwater garfishes , and bowfins . The cohort of Euteleostei is divided into two smaller groups:
120-471: A 290-kilogram (650 lb) specimen, said to be the largest ever captured at that time. However, another 450-kilogram (1,000 lb) specimen was brought alive to Marineland Studios Aquarium, near St. Augustine, Florida, in 1941. Because sunfish had not been kept in captivity on a large scale before, the staff at Monterey Bay was forced to innovate and create their own methods for capture, feeding, and parasite control. By 1998, these issues were overcome, and
180-407: A beak-like structure, which prevents them from being able to fully close their mouths, while also having pharyngeal teeth located in the throat. The sunfish lacks a swim bladder . Some sources indicate the internal organs contain a concentrated neurotoxin , tetrodotoxin , like the organs of other poisonous tetraodontiformes, while others dispute this claim. In the course of its evolution,
240-802: A delicacy in some parts of the world, including Japan , Korea , and Taiwan . In the European Union , regulations ban the sale of fish and fishery products derived from the family Molidae . Sunfish are frequently caught in gillnets . Its common English name, sunfish, refers to the animal's habit of sunbathing at the surface of the sea. Its common names in Dutch, Portuguese, French, Spanish, Catalan, Italian, Russian, Greek, Hungarian, Norwegian, and German ( maanvis , peixe lua , Poisson lune , pez luna , peix lluna , Pesce luna , рыба-луна , φεγγαρόψαρο , holdhal , månefisk and Mondfisch , respectively) mean "moon fish", in reference to its rounded shape. In German,
300-420: A movable premaxilla and corresponding modifications in the jaw musculature which make it possible for them to protrude their jaws outwards from the mouth . This is of great advantage, enabling them to grab prey and draw it into the mouth . In more derived teleosts, the enlarged premaxilla is the main tooth-bearing bone, and the maxilla, which is attached to the lower jaw, acts as a lever, pushing and pulling
360-794: A muscle that allows the pharyngeal jaws to have a role in grinding food in addition to transporting it. The caudal fin is homocercal , meaning the upper and lower lobes are about equal in size. The spine ends at the caudal peduncle, the base of the caudal fin, distinguishing this group from those in which the spine extends into the upper lobe of the caudal fin, such as most fish from the Paleozoic (541 to 252 million years ago). The neural arches are elongated to form uroneurals which provide support for this upper lobe. Teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible than more basal bony fishes. Their skeletal structure has evolved towards greater lightness. While teleost bones are well calcified , they are constructed from
420-454: A nest and fanning the eggs to keep them well-oxygenated. Teleosts are economically important to humans, as is shown by their depiction in art over the centuries. The fishing industry harvests them for food, and anglers attempt to capture them for sport . Some species are farmed commercially, and this method of production is likely to be increasingly important in the future. Others are kept in aquariums or used in research, especially in
480-416: A problem to boaters than to swimmers, as they can pose a hazard to watercraft due to their large size and weight. Collisions with sunfish are common in some parts of the world and can cause damage to the hull of a boat, or to the propellers of larger ships, as well as to the fish. The flesh of the ocean sunfish is considered a delicacy in some regions, the largest markets being Taiwan and Japan. All parts of
540-401: A scaffolding of struts, rather than the dense cancellous bones of holostean fish. In addition, the lower jaw of the teleost is reduced to just three bones; the dentary , the angular bone and the articular bone . The genital and urinary tracts end behind the anus in the genital papilla ; this is observed to sex teleosts. The teleosts were first recognised as a distinct group by
600-430: A slight danger exists from large sunfish leaping out of the water onto boats. In 2005, a 1 metre (3 feet 3 inches)-long sunfish landed on a 4-year-old boy when the fish leaped onto the boy's family's boat off the coast of Pembrokeshire , Wales . Areas where they are commonly found are popular destinations for sport dives, and sunfish at some locations have reportedly become familiar with divers. They are more of
660-410: A sunfish swims on its side, presenting its largest profile to the sun, may be a method of "thermally recharging" following dives into deeper, colder water in order to feed. Sightings of the fish in colder waters outside of its usual habitat, such as those southwest of England, may be evidence of increasing marine temperatures. Sunfish are usually found alone, but occasionally in pairs. The diet of
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#1733093423586720-524: A time. Sunfish eggs are released into the water and externally fertilized by sperm. Newly hatched sunfish larvae are only 2.5 mm ( 3 ⁄ 32 in) long and weigh less than one gram. They develop into fry that resemble miniature pufferfish , their close relatives. Sunfish fry do not have the large pectoral fins and tail fin of their adult forms, but they have body spines uncharacteristic of adult sunfish, that disappear as they grow. Young sunfish school for protection, but this behavior
780-474: Is 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) in length, and maximum weight recorded is 2,300 kg (5,100 lb). The spinal column of M. mola contains fewer vertebrae and is shorter in relation to the body than that of any other fish. Although the sunfish descended from bony ancestors , its skeleton contains largely cartilaginous tissues, which are lighter than bone , allowing it to grow to sizes impractical for other bony fishes. Its teeth are fused into
840-471: Is abandoned as they grow. The fry that survive can grow up to 60 million times their original weight before reaching adult proportions, arguably the most extreme size growth of any vertebrate animal. In 2016, researchers from China National Genebank and A*STAR Singapore, including Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner , sequenced the genome of the ocean sunfish and discovered several genes which might explain its fast growth rate and large body size. As member of
900-439: Is covered by a toothplate. The fourth arch is composed of pairs of ceratobranchials and epibranchials, and sometimes additionally, some pharyngobranchials and a basibranchial. The base of the lower pharyngeal jaws is formed by the fifth ceratobranchials while the second, third and fourth pharyngobranchials create the base of the upper. In the more basal teleosts the pharyngeal jaws consist of well-separated thin parts that attach to
960-613: Is flattened laterally, giving it a long oval shape when seen head-on. The pectoral fins are small and fan-shaped, while the dorsal fin and the anal fin are lengthened, often making the fish as tall as it is long. Specimens up to 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) in height have been recorded. The mature ocean sunfish has an average length of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) and a fin-to-fin length of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) . The weight of mature specimens can range from 247 to 1,000 kg (545 to 2,205 lb), but even larger individuals are not unheard of . The maximum size recorded
1020-572: Is one of few aquaria with Mola mola on display, where it is reportedly as popular an attraction as the larger whale sharks . The Lisbon Oceanarium in Portugal has ocean sunfish showcased in the main tank, and sunfish are also on display at the Denmark Nordsøen Oceanarium . In Kamogawa Sea World the ocean sunfish named Kukey, who started captivity in 1982, set a world record for captivity for 2,993 days, living for eight years. Kukey
1080-485: Is so interesting is the fact that below the depth of 500 meters, there are very few organisms that have the ability to perceive this wavelength. Therefore, M. niger effortlessly hunts for prey with the aid of light while its prey remains in seemingly complete darkness. Little is known about their ability to use and let alone sense light at such depths. Due to them lurking at a depth well below 500 m, they can only be observed in their natural habitat, and bringing one up to
1140-614: The Protacanthopterygii and the Neoteleostei . Stomiati happen to be descendants of the Protacanthopterygii, and contains the order of Osmeriformes and Stomiiformes (Betancur-R, et al.). Stomiati is one of five major euteleost lineages that were recently placed in one monophyly, a group of organisms all descending from one common ancestor. The five being a clade formed by Esociformes and Salmoniformes ; second being
1200-456: The Northern and Southern hemispheres are minimal. Although early research suggested sunfish moved around mainly by drifting with ocean currents (which has resulted in the sunfish sometimes being characterized as a megaplankton ), individuals have been recorded swimming 26 km (16 mi) in a day at a cruising speed of 3.2 km/h (1.7 kn). While this might be the case most of
1260-530: The Oligocene and Miocene epochs. However, the earliest known fossil remains of Mola mola itself were found in archaeological middens dating to the Holocene epoch. The common name "sunfish" without qualifier is used to describe the marine family Molidae and the freshwater sunfish in the family Centrarchidae , which is unrelated to Molidae. On the other hand, the name "ocean sunfish" and "mola" refer only to
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#17330934235861320-456: The Stomiatii consisting of only Osmeriformes and Stomiiformes ; Argentiniformes (excludes Alepocephaliformes ); Galaxiiformes (excludes Lepidogalaxias ); and Neotelestei . Stomiati are known for their large mouth, long throat/barbel, and no caudal filament. Osmeriformes smelts belong to the subcohort Protacanthopterygii . Osmeriformes mainly spawn in freshwater habitats except for
1380-529: The Triassic period ( Prohalecites , Pholidophorus ). However, it has been suggested that teleosts probably first evolved already during the Paleozoic era . During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras they diversified widely, and as a result, 96% of all living fish species are teleosts. The cladogram below shows the evolutionary relationships of the teleosts to other extant clades of bony fish, and to
1440-450: The common mola , is one of the largest bony fish in the world. It is the type species of the genus Mola , and one of five extant species in the family Molidae . It was once misidentified as the heaviest bony fish, which was actually a different and closely related species of sunfish, Mola alexandrini . Adults typically weigh between 247 and 1,000 kg (545 and 2,205 lb). It is native to tropical and temperate waters around
1500-537: The German ichthyologist Johannes Peter Müller in 1845. The name is from Greek teleios , "complete" + osteon , "bone". Müller based this classification on certain soft tissue characteristics, which would prove to be problematic, as it did not take into account the distinguishing features of fossil teleosts. In 1966, Greenwood et al. provided a more solid classification. The oldest fossils of teleosteomorphs (the stem group from which teleosts later evolved) date back to
1560-460: The ability to vary skin coloration from light to dark, especially when under attack. The skin, which contains large amounts of reticulated collagen, can be up to 7.3 cm ( 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) thick on the ventral surface, and is covered by denticles and a layer of mucus instead of scales . The skin on the clavus is smoother than that on the body, where it can be as rough as sandpaper. More than 40 species of parasites may reside on
1620-520: The aquarium was able to hold a specimen for more than a year, later releasing it after its weight increased by more than 14 times. Mola mola has since become a permanent feature of the Open Sea exhibit. Monterey Bay Aquarium's largest sunfish specimen was euthanized on February 14, 2008, after an extended period of poor health. A major concern to curators is preventive measures taken to keep specimens in captivity from injuring themselves by rubbing against
1680-448: The caudal fin (tail) of the sunfish disappeared, to be replaced by a lumpy pseudotail, the clavus. This structure is formed by the convergence of the dorsal and anal fins, and is used by the fish as a rudder. The smooth-denticled clavus retains 11–14 fin rays and terminates in a number of rounded ossicles. Ocean sunfish often swim near the surface, and their protruding dorsal fins are sometimes mistaken for those of sharks . However,
1740-758: The class Actinopterygii , the ray-finned fishes, and contains 96% of all extant species of fish . Teleosts are arranged into about 40 orders and 448 families . Over 26,000 species have been described. Teleosts range from giant oarfish measuring 7.6 m (25 ft) or more, and ocean sunfish weighing over 2 t (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons), to the minute male anglerfish Photocorynus spiniceps , just 6.2 mm (0.24 in) long. Including not only torpedo-shaped fish built for speed, teleosts can be flattened vertically or horizontally, be elongated cylinders or take specialised shapes as in anglerfish and seahorses . The difference between teleosts and other bony fish lies mainly in their jaw bones; teleosts have
1800-614: The extent that it starves. Patterns of this fish, known as kebuku , are seen in sarongs worn by women in Lamalera, a village in the island of Lembata , in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. Sunfish are not widely held in aquarium exhibits, due to the unique and demanding requirements of their care. Some Asian aquaria display them, particularly in Japan. The Kaiyukan Aquarium in Osaka
1860-410: The family Molidae. It shares many traits common to members in the order Tetraodontiformes including pufferfish , porcupinefish , and filefish like having a beak formed from four fused teeth; sunfish fry resemble spiky pufferfish more than they resemble adult molas. The caudal fin of the ocean sunfish is replaced by a rounded clavus , creating the body's distinct truncated shape. The body
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1920-414: The female lays a batch of eggs, the male fertilises them and the larvae develop without any further parental involvement. A fair proportion of teleosts are sequential hermaphrodites , starting life as females and transitioning to males at some stage, with a few species reversing this process. A small percentage of teleosts are viviparous and some provide parental care with typically the male fish guarding
1980-410: The fields of genetics and developmental biology . Distinguishing features of the teleosts are mobile premaxilla , elongated neural arches at the end of the caudal fin and unpaired basibranchial toothplates. The premaxilla is unattached to the neurocranium (braincase); it plays a role in protruding the mouth and creating a circular opening. This lowers the pressure inside the mouth, sucking
2040-415: The fish are "finned" by fishermen who regard them as worthless bait thieves; this process, in which the fins are cut off, results in the eventual death of the fish, because it can no longer propel itself without its dorsal and anal fins. The species is also threatened by floating litter such as plastic bags which resemble jellyfish, a common prey item. Bags can choke and suffocate a fish or fill its stomach to
2100-452: The fish is also known as Schwimmender Kopf , or "swimming head". In Polish, it is named samogłów , meaning "head alone" or "only head", because it has no true tail. In Swedish and Danish it is known as klumpfisk , in Dutch klompvis , in Finnish möhkäkala , all of which mean "lump fish". The Chinese translation of its academic name is 翻車魚 ; fān chē yú , meaning "toppled wheel fish". Many of
2160-716: The four-limbed vertebrates ( tetrapods ) that evolved from a related group of bony fish during the Devonian period . Approximate divergence dates (in millions of years, mya ) are from Near et al., 2012. Coelacanths [REDACTED] Lungfish [REDACTED] Lissamphibia [REDACTED] Mammals [REDACTED] Sauropsida ( reptiles , birds ) [REDACTED] Polypteriformes ( bichirs , reedfishes ) [REDACTED] Acipenseriformes ( sturgeons , paddlefishes ) [REDACTED] Lepisosteiformes ( gars ) [REDACTED] Amiiformes ( bowfin ) [REDACTED] Teleostei [REDACTED] The phylogeny of
2220-406: The neurocranium, pectoral girdle , and hyoid bar . Their function is limited to merely transporting food, and they rely mostly on lower pharyngeal jaw activity. In more derived teleosts the jaws are more powerful, with left and right ceratobranchials fusing to become one lower jaw; the pharyngobranchials fuse to create a large upper jaw that articulates with the neurocranium. They have also developed
2280-471: The nodes (so, the pattern of branching shown is likely to be correct). They calibrated (set actual values for) branching times in this tree from 36 reliable measurements of absolute time from the fossil record. The teleosts are divided into the major clades shown on the cladogram, with dates, following Near et al. More recent research divide the teleosts into two major groups: Eloposteoglossocephala (Elopomorpha + Osteoglossomorpha) and Clupeocephala (the rest of
2340-426: The ocean sunfish was formerly thought to consist primarily of various jellyfish . However, genetic analysis reveals that sunfish are actually generalist predators that consume mostly small fish, fish larvae, squid , and crustaceans , with jellyfish and salps making up only around 15% of the diet. Occasionally they will ingest eel grass . This range of food items indicates that the sunfish feeds at many levels, from
2400-416: The order Tetraodontiformes, like fugu , the sunfish has quite a compact genome, at 730 Mb in size. Analysis from this data suggests that sunfish and pufferfishes diverged approximately 68 million years ago, which corroborates the results of other recent studies based on smaller datasets. Despite their size, ocean sunfish are docile and pose no threat to human divers. Injuries from sunfish are rare, although
2460-456: The order of Stomiiformes. The order of stomiiformes is linked to some of the most interesting deep sea dragonfishes. The genera of Malacosteus , Aristostomias and Pachystomias are the only fishes that have the ability to produce red bioluminescence . The species Malacosteus niger is found lurking below a depth of 500 m (1,600 ft) illuminating its red light in order pick out prey. The reason this red bioluminescent light
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2520-480: The osmerid (family Osmeridae ) Osmerus eperlanus , and one or two salangids (family Salangidae ). Fourteen different families comprise the order of Osmeriformes . Stomiiformes are an order of deep sea ray-finned fishes. These fishes are known, and named, for their absurdly large mouth openings. Stomiiformes is derived from Ancient Greek meaning “mouth” + “external form” which references their large mouth openings. Four (some may claim 5) different families comprise
2580-469: The premaxilla as the mouth is opened and closed. Other bones further back in the mouth serve to grind and swallow food. Another difference is that the upper and lower lobes of the tail (caudal) fin are about equal in size. The spine ends at the caudal peduncle , distinguishing this group from other fish in which the spine extends into the upper lobe of the tail fin. Teleosts have adopted a range of reproductive strategies . Most use external fertilisation:
2640-436: The prey inside. The lower jaw and maxilla are then pulled back to close the mouth, and the fish is able to grasp the prey . By contrast, mere closure of the jaws would risk pushing food out of the mouth. In more advanced teleosts, the premaxilla is enlarged and has teeth, while the maxilla is toothless. The maxilla functions to push both the premaxilla and the lower jaw forward. To open the mouth, an adductor muscle pulls back
2700-412: The skin and internally, motivating the fish to seek relief in a number of ways. One of the most frequent ocean sunfish parasites is the flatworm Accacoelium contortum . In temperate regions, drifting kelp fields harbor cleaner wrasses and other fish which remove parasites from the skin of visiting sunfish. In the tropics, M. mola solicits cleaning help from reef fishes. By basking on its side at
2760-538: The species deters many smaller predators, but younger fish are vulnerable to predation by bluefin tuna and mahi mahi . Adults are consumed by orca , sharks and sea lions . The mating practices of the ocean sunfish are poorly understood, but spawning areas have been suggested in the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific, and Indian oceans. Females of the species can produce more eggs than any other known vertebrate , up to 300 million at
2820-570: The sunfish are used in cuisine , from the fins to the internal organs. Some parts are used in some areas of traditional medicine. Fishery products derived from sunfish are forbidden in the European Union according to Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, as they contain toxins that are harmful to human health. Sunfish are accidentally but frequently caught in drift gillnet fisheries, making up nearly 30% of
2880-508: The sunfish's various names allude to its flattened shape. It was originally classified in the pufferfish family as Tetraodon mola , its epithet mola is Latin for " millstone ", which the fish resembles because of its gray color, rough texture, and rounded body. It is now placed in its own genus Mola and family name Molidae as the type species with two other species: Mola tecta and M. alexandrini (previously known as Mola ramsayi ). Extinct relatives of Mola mola lived in
2940-406: The surface alive is infeasible. The change in pressure the fish would experience would be too great and most certainly be fatal. Teleost See text Teleostei ( / ˌ t ɛ l i ˈ ɒ s t i aɪ / ; Greek teleios "complete" + osteon "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts ( / ˈ t ɛ l i ɒ s t s , ˈ t iː l i -/ ), is, by far, the largest infraclass in
3000-557: The surface to deep water, and occasionally down to the seafloor in some areas. Ocean sunfish may live up to ten years in captivity, but their lifespan in a natural habitat has not yet been determined. Their growth rate remains undetermined. However, a young specimen at the Monterey Bay Aquarium increased in weight from 26 to 399 kg (57 to 880 lb) and reached a height of nearly 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) in 15 months. The sheer size and thick skin of an adult of
3060-512: The surface, the sunfish also allows seabirds to feed on parasites from its skin. Sunfish have been reported to breach , clearing the surface by approximately 3 m (10 ft), in an apparent effort to dislodge embedded parasites. Ocean sunfish are native to the temperate and tropical waters of every ocean in the world. Mola genotypes appear to vary widely between the Atlantic and Pacific , but genetic differences between individuals in
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#17330934235863120-468: The teleosts has been subject to long debate, without consensus on either their phylogeny or the timing of the emergence of the major groups before the application of modern DNA -based cladistic analysis. Near et al. (2012) explored the phylogeny and divergence times of every major lineage, analysing the DNA sequences of 9 unlinked genes in 232 species. They obtained well-resolved phylogenies with strong support for
3180-1542: The teleosts). Hiodontiformes ( mooneyes ) [REDACTED] Osteoglossiformes ( bonytongues , elephantfishes ) [REDACTED] Elopiformes ( tenpounders , tarpons ) [REDACTED] Albuliformes ( Japanese gissus and bonefishes ) [REDACTED] Notacanthiformes (deep sea spiny eels) [REDACTED] Anguilliformes (true eels ) [REDACTED] Clupeiformes ( herrings ) [REDACTED] Alepocephaliformes ( slickheads ) [REDACTED] Gonorynchiformes ( milkfish ) [REDACTED] Cypriniformes ( minnows , carps , loaches ) [REDACTED] Characiformes ( tetras , piranhas ) [REDACTED] Gymnotiformes (knifefish and electric eels ) [REDACTED] Siluriformes (catfish) [REDACTED] Lepidogalaxiiformes (salamanderfish) Argentiniformes (marine smelts) [REDACTED] Galaxiiformes ( whitebait , mudfishes) [REDACTED] Esociformes ( pike ) [REDACTED] Salmoniformes ( salmon , trout ) [REDACTED] Stomiiformes (dragonfish) [REDACTED] Osmeriformes ( smelt ) [REDACTED] Ateleopodiformes (jellynoses) [REDACTED] Aulopiformes (lizardfish) [REDACTED] Myctophiformes ( lanternfish ) [REDACTED] Lampriformes ( oarfish , opah , ribbonfish ) [REDACTED] Percopsiformes (troutperches) [REDACTED] Zeiformes (dories) [REDACTED] Stylephoriformes (tube-eyes/thread-fins) Ocean sunfish The ocean sunfish ( Mola mola ), also known as
3240-665: The time, they are also capable of moving rapidly when feeding or avoiding predators, to the extent that they can vertically leap out of water. Contrary to the perception that the fish spend much of their time basking at the surface, M. mola adults actually spend a large portion of their lives actively hunting at depths greater than 200 m (660 ft), occupying both the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones. Sunfish are most often found in water warmer than 10 °C (50 °F); prolonged periods spent in water at temperatures of 12 °C (54 °F) or lower can lead to disorientation and eventual death. Surface basking behavior, in which
3300-509: The top of the maxilla, pushing the lower jaw forward. In addition, the maxilla rotates slightly, which pushes forward a bony process that interlocks with the premaxilla. The pharyngeal jaws of teleosts, a second set of jaws contained within the throat, are composed of five branchial arches , loops of bone which support the gills . The first three arches include a single basibranchial surrounded by two hypobranchials, ceratobranchials, epibranchials and pharyngobranchials. The median basibranchial
3360-547: The total catch of the swordfish fishery employing drift gillnets in California. The bycatch rate is even higher for the Mediterranean swordfish industry, with 71% to 90% of the total catch being sunfish. A decrease in sunfish populations may be caused by more frequent bycatch and the increasing popularity of sunfish in human diet. The fishery bycatch and destruction of ocean sunfish are unregulated worldwide. In some areas,
3420-426: The two can be distinguished by the motion of the fin. Unlike most fish, the sunfish swings its dorsal fin and anal fin in a characteristic sculling motion. Adult sunfish range from brown to silvery-grey or white, with a variety of region-specific mottled skin patterns. Coloration is often darker on the dorsal surface, fading to a lighter shade ventrally as a form of countershading camouflage. M. mola also exhibits
3480-410: The walls of a tank, since ocean sunfish cannot easily maneuver their bodies. In a smaller tank, hanging a vinyl curtain has been used as a stopgap measure to convert a cuboid tank to a rounded shape and prevent the fish from scraping against the sides. A more effective solution is simply to provide enough room for the sunfish to swim in wide circles. The tank must also be sufficiently deep to accommodate
3540-614: The world. It resembles a fish head without a tail, and its main body is flattened laterally. Sunfish can be as tall as they are long when their dorsal and ventral fins are extended. Many areas of sunfish biology remain poorly understood, and various research efforts are underway, including aerial surveys of populations, satellite surveillance using pop-off satellite tags, genetic analysis of tissue samples, and collection of amateur sighting data. Adult sunfish are vulnerable to few natural predators, but sea lions , killer whales , and sharks will consume them. Sunfish are considered
3600-798: Was 72 cm (2.36 ft) at the time of delivery, but was 187 cm (6.14 ft) in size at the time of death. While the first ocean sunfish to be held in an aquarium in the United States is said to have arrived at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in August 1986, other specimens have previously been held at other locations. Marineland of the Pacific , closed since 1987 and located on the Palos Verdes Peninsula in Los Angeles County, California, held at least one ocean sunfish by 1961, and in 1964 held
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