96-487: George Marino (April 15, 1947 – June 4, 2012) was an American mastering engineer known for working on albums by rock bands starting in the late 1960s. Marino was born on April 15, 1947, in the New York City borough The Bronx . He attended Christopher Columbus High School there and learned to play the saxophone and bass fiddle in the high school band and was classically trained on guitar. Marino broke into
192-493: A CD . Vinyl LP and cassettes have their own pre-duplication requirements for a finished master. Subsequently, it is rendered either to a physical medium, such as a CD-R or DVD-R, or to computer files, such as a Disc Description Protocol (DDP) file set or an ISO image . Regardless of what delivery method is chosen, the replicator factory will transfer the audio to a glass master that will generate metal stampers for replication. The process of audio mastering varies depending on
288-539: A backup group for established Bay Area artists, the band included Santana alumni Neal Schon on lead guitar and Gregg Rolie on keyboards and lead vocals. Bassist Ross Valory , formerly of both Frumious Bandersnatch and the Steve Miller Band , as well as rhythm guitarist George Tickner of Frumious Bandersnatch rounded out the group. Prairie Prince of The Tubes served as drummer. After one performance in Hawaii,
384-527: A progressive rock band, Journey was described by AllMusic as having cemented a reputation as "one of America 's most beloved (and sometimes hated) commercial rock/pop bands" by 1978, when they redefined their sound by embracing pop arrangements on their fourth album, Infinity . According to the Recording Industry Association of America , Journey has sold 52 million albums in the US, making them
480-436: A North American tour. During the tours, however, suggestions arose that Augeri was not singing, but was using backing tracks to cover up his deteriorating vocals, resulting in him getting attacked by the fans. Augeri had been suffering from vocal attrition problems before the band began the tour with Def Leppard, and Journey had been accused of using prerecorded lead vocals, an accusation that former manager Herbie Herbert insists
576-430: A few engineers who specialize in analog mastering. Mastering requires critical listening; however, software tools exist to facilitate the process. Results depend upon the intent of the engineer, their skills, the accuracy of the speaker monitors, and the listening environment. Mastering engineers often apply equalization and dynamic range compression in order to optimize sound translation on all playback systems. It
672-455: A few months before he started Arista Records in 1974, and she remained his assistant for 26 years. During his time at Capitol, Marino mastered such classics as The Beatles ' 7-inch single of " Hey Jude " and John Lennon & Plastic Ono Band 's Live Peace in Toronto 1969 . When Capitol Records closed its New York studio in 1971, Marino joined the fledgling Record Plant , eventually becoming
768-508: A few weeks when Douglas and Lennon decided to have a song they had just finished, Yoko Ono's " Walking on Thin Ice ", mastered with Marino at Sterling Sound for a single release. On the evening of December 8, 1980, after finishing up a session at the Record Plant, Douglas said to Lennon "See you in the morning" as they planned to have breakfast together at 9am before heading to Sterling, but John Lennon
864-418: A final master. Mastering engineers recommend leaving enough headroom on the mix to avoid distortion. The reduction of dynamics by the mix or mastering engineer has resulted in a loudness war in commercial recordings. The source material, ideally at the original resolution , is processed using equalization , compression , limiting and other processes. Additional operations, such as editing , specifying
960-476: A legend and lovely man. U will now make the angels sound better than they ever have." – Diane Warren Marino was nominated for the Mix Foundation's TEC Award for Outstanding Creative Achievement in 1985, 1991, 1992, and 1993. Marino mastered and remastered thousands of albums in over 40 years as a mastering engineer. Mastering engineer Mastering , a form of audio post production ,
1056-573: A lot of other things hurt us in the early days. It took a while for the politics to sort of shape up. — Neal Schon As Journey's album sales did not improve, Columbia Records requested that they change their musical style and add a frontman who would share lead vocals with Rolie. The band hired Robert Fleischman and made the transition to a more popular style, akin to that of Foreigner and Boston . Journey went on tour with Fleischman in 1977, opening for bands such as Black Sabbath , Target, Judas Priest , and Emerson, Lake & Palmer . Fleischman and
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#17330860056261152-427: A mastering context, though without the same degree of signal degradation as those introduced from processors within the analog domain. The quality of the results varies according to the algorithms used within these processors, which in some cases, can introduce distortions entirely exclusive to the digital domain. Real-time analyzers , phase oscilloscopes , and also peak, RMS, VU and K meters are frequently used within
1248-641: A partner in the mastering business of the Record Plant called the Master Cutting Room, which was on West 44th Street in Manhattan. There he became established with projects such as Don McLean 's American Pie , Alice Cooper 's Billion Dollar Babies , Gregg Allman 's Laid Back , and Stevie Wonder 's Talking Book and Innervisions . Lee Hulko, one of the owners of Sterling Sound, saw Marino's success and asked him to come work at Sterling, however Marino did not say yes immediately. After Chris Stone ,
1344-501: A record. After the introduction of the microphone and electronic amplifier in the mid-1920s, the mastering process became electro-mechanical, and electrically driven mastering lathes came into use for cutting master discs (the cylinder format by then having been superseded). Until the introduction of tape recording, master recordings were almost always cut direct-to-disc . Only a small minority of recordings were mastered using previously recorded material sourced from other discs. In
1440-525: A regular life, I had to go find one. — Steve Perry The band went into a hiatus in 1987 following the conclusion of their Raised on Radio tour. Columbia Records released the Greatest Hits compilation in November 1988, which became one of the best-selling greatest-hits albums, selling over 15 million copies and continuing to sell half a million to a million copies per year. The compilation spent 750 weeks on
1536-474: A single-track mono or two-track stereo tape. Prior to the cutting of the master disc, the master tape was often subjected to further electronic treatment by a specialist mastering engineer. After the advent of tape it was found that, especially for pop recordings, master recordings could be made so that the resulting record would sound better. This was done by making fine adjustments to the amplitude of sound at different frequency bands ( equalization ) prior to
1632-628: A tour around the Caribbean aboard the Triumph cruise ship. In 2005, the members of Journey were inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame alongside former members Perry, Dunbar, Tickner, Steve Smith, and Fleischmann. Rolie was the only member who did not appear at the ceremony. Surprised to see Perry joining them to accept the induction with the band, Valory commented on the wonderful things Perry had to say in which he looked to be in fine shape, and that it
1728-876: Is a person skilled in the practice of taking audio (typically musical content) that has been previously mixed in either the analogue or digital domain as mono, stereo, or multichannel formats and preparing it for use in distribution , whether by physical media such as a CD, vinyl record, or as some method of streaming audio. The mastering engineer is responsible for a final edit of a product and preparation for manufacturing copies. Although there are no official requirements to work as an audio mastering engineer, practitioners often have comprehensive domain knowledge of audio engineering, and in many cases, may hold an audio or acoustic engineering degree . Most audio engineers master music or speech audio material. The best mastering engineers might possess arrangement and production skills, allowing them to troubleshoot mix issues and improve
1824-428: Is destined for vinyl release, additional processing, such as dynamic range reduction or frequency-dependent stereo–to–mono fold-down and equalization may be applied to compensate for the limitations of that medium. For compact disc release, start of track , end of track , and indexes are defined for playback navigation along with International Standard Recording Code (ISRC) and other information necessary to replicate
1920-932: Is needed for the continuous process of cutting a side of a vinyl album. This type of design was common in mastering houses during vinyl's heyday, but what made this one different was the ability to also process 6 discrete channels for surround sound. Over the course of Marino's nearly 40 years with Sterling, he mastered and/or remastered albums by Kurban (band) , AC/DC , Cat Stevens , Led Zeppelin , Guns N' Roses , Metallica , DIO , Cheap Trick , Arcade Fire , Whitney Houston , Coldplay ; Cyndi Lauper ; Journey ; Kiss ; Mötley Crüe ; The Cars ; Bon Jovi ; Arctic Monkeys ; Dan Fogelberg ; Iron Maiden ; Fountains of Wayne ; Incubus ; Joe Bonamassa ; Jimi Hendrix ; Joe Satriani ; Michael Bublé ; Weezer ; Leonard Cohen , My Morning Jacket , The Tragically Hip , 3 Doors Down , Alice Cooper , Billy Squier , Cinderella , M-Squad, Sarah Brightman , The Psychedelic Furs , Tommy James and
2016-414: Is standard practice to make a copy of a master recording—known as a safety copy—in case the master is lost, damaged or stolen. In the earliest days of the recording industry, all phases of the recording and mastering process were entirely achieved by mechanical processes. Performers sang or played into a large acoustic horn and the master recording was created by the direct transfer of acoustic energy from
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#17330860056262112-421: Is the process of preparing and transferring recorded audio from a source containing the final mix to a data storage device (the master ), the source from which all copies will be produced (via methods such as pressing, duplication or replication ). In recent years, digital masters have become usual, although analog masters—such as audio tapes—are still being used by the manufacturing industry, particularly by
2208-804: Is to make a sonic impact. Prolonged periods of listening to improperly mastered recordings usually leads to hearing fatigue that ultimately takes the pleasure out of the listening experience. Journey (band) Journey is an American rock band formed in San Francisco in 1973 by former members of Santana , the Steve Miller Band , and Frumious Bandersnatch . The band as of 2024 consists of guitarist/vocalist Neal Schon (the last remaining original member), keyboardist/guitarist/vocalist Jonathan Cain , keyboardist/vocalist Jason Derlatka, drummer/vocalist Deen Castronovo , bassist Todd Jensen , and lead vocalist Arnel Pineda . Journey had their biggest commercial success between 1978 and 1987, when Steve Perry
2304-558: The Marin Independent Journal : "We've become a world band. We're international now. We're not about one color." In 2007, "Don't Stop Believin'" gained press coverage and a sharp growth in popularity when it was used in The Sopranos television series final episode prompting digital downloads of the song to soar. In November 2007, Journey entered the studio with Pineda to record the studio album, Revelation . The album
2400-773: The Billboard album charts until 2008. While Perry had retreated from the public eye, Schon and Cain spent the rest of 1987 collaborating with artists such as Jimmy Barnes and Michael Bolton before teaming up with Cain's ex-Babys bandmates John Waite and Ricky Phillips to form the supergroup Bad English with drummer Deen Castronovo in 1988, releasing two albums in 1989 and 1991. Steve Smith devoted his time to his jazz bands, Vital Information and Steps Ahead , and teamed up with Ross Valory and original Journey keyboardist Gregg Rolie to create The Storm with singer Kevin Chalfant and guitarist Josh Ramos, along with Herbie Herbert as
2496-745: The Billboard charts, and spawning the hit singles " Separate Ways (Worlds Apart) ", " Faithfully ", " Send Her My Love ", and " After the Fall ". Journey began the Frontiers tour in Japan, and continued in North America with Bryan Adams as opening act. During the tour, NFL Films recorded a video documentary of their life on the road, Frontiers and Beyond , shooting scenes at JFK Stadium in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania, with more than 80,000 fans in attendance. After
2592-654: The Billboard charts. To promote the album and celebrate the band's 30th anniversary, the band embarked on a tour starting in Irvine, California, in June and concluding in Phoenix in October. Each concert on the tour was three hours long with an intermission and featured many of their classic hits, as well as new songs from the album. In 2006, the band toured in Europe and then joined Def Leppard in
2688-450: The Frontiers tour, the band took some time off. Lead singer Steve Perry and guitarist Neal Schon both pursued solo projects. In 1984, Perry, with the help of Herbie Herbert, recorded and released his first solo album, Street Talk . Neal Schon toured briefly in 1984 with his supergroup HSAS , in support of their sole album, Through the Fire released that year on Geffen. When asked if Journey
2784-402: The diaphragm of the recording horn to the mastering lathe , typically located in an adjoining room. The cutting head, driven by the energy transferred from the horn, inscribed a modulated groove into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc. These masters were usually made from either a soft metal alloy or from wax ; this gave rise to the colloquial term waxing , referring to the cutting of
2880-439: The 11th-best selling band. Their worldwide sales have reached over 100 million records globally, making them one of the world's best-selling bands of all time . A 2005 USA Today opinion poll named Journey the fifth-best US rock band in history. Their songs have become arena rock staples and are still played on rock radio stations around the world. Journey ranks number 96 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Journey
2976-568: The 18-time platinum RIAA Diamond Certified, 1988's Greatest Hits album. They have had 19 top-40 singles in the US (the second-most without a Billboard Hot 100 number-one single behind Electric Light Orchestra with 20), six of which reached the top 10 of the US chart and two of which reached number one on other Billboard charts , and a number-six hit on the UK Singles Chart in "Don't Stop Believin ' ". In 2005, "Don't Stop Believin ' " reached number three on iTunes downloads. Originally
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3072-527: The 1982 Disney film, Tron . Schon had also made time to work with Jan Hammer on a few albums. Journey continued touring in 1982 with shows in North America and Japan. With millions of records, hit singles, and tickets sold, the band entered Fantasy Studios again in the middle of their 1982 tour to record their eighth studio album, Frontiers . Released in February 1983, the band's second-best selling album sold over six million copies, peaking at number two on
3168-534: The Bay Area. Journey went into CBS Studios in November 1974 with producer Roy Halee to record its debut album, Journey . The album was released in April 1975, entering the Billboard charts at number 138. Rhythm guitarist Tickner left the band (and the music business to study medicine) due to the amount of heavy touring the band was doing in promoting the album, allowing Schon to take on full guitar duties. The band entered
3264-680: The Billboard charts. The album's single "All the Way" failed to boost sales for the album which was considered a disappointment with mixed reviews and resulted in Sony dropping the band from their label. Upon the album's completion, the band embarked on a tour in support of the album in Latin America, the United States, and Europe. During the events of September 11, 2001, in response to the attacks in New York City,
3360-523: The Lion" reaching number 33, and "If He Should Break Your Heart" reaching number 38. Plans for a subsequent tour ended when Perry, troubled by pain while hiking in Hawaii on a 10-day break in August 1996, discovered he had a degenerative bone condition and could not perform without hip-replacement surgery, which for some time he declined to undergo, later admitting he had other physical issues. The accident resulted in
3456-586: The Rolling Stones on September 25 in Philadelphia at JFK Stadium . MTV videotaped one of their two sold-out shows at The Summit in Houston on November 6, 1981, in front of over 20,000 fans, later released on DVD. Following the success of the 1981 tour, the band's full establishment as a corporation, and the formation of a fan club called "Journey Force", the band released "Only Solutions" and "1990s Theme" for
3552-472: The Shondells , Bob Dylan , John Mellencamp , Red Hot Chili Peppers , Ringo Starr , Santana , Josh Groban , Southside Johnny , Willie Nile , Elvis Presley , Fall Out Boy , Ozzy Osbourne , Blondie , Hanson , Jimmy Page and hundreds of others. Marino mastered many of John Lennon 's and Yoko Ono 's albums, one of them being Double Fantasy with producer Jack Douglas . Double Fantasy had been out
3648-481: The US Billboard 200 . The band embarked on a tour in support of the album, when they performed as headliners of a full tour for the first time, beginning with their topping a bill that included Van Halen and Ronnie Montrose . According to the band's manager Herbie Herbert, tensions arose between Aynsley Dunbar and the band due to the change in music direction from the jazz fusion sound. Neal Schon reflected on
3744-517: The Year winners Innervisions , Double Fantasy and The Bodyguard , two Record of the Year Grammys for "I Will Always Love You" and "Clocks", and two more for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical for his mastering of Innervisions and Chicago 17 . Marino died on June 4, 2012, after a year of having lung cancer. He was 65. "Very sad to hear this. Prayers to his wife and my dear friend Rose. Rip to
3840-405: The actual recording process. Although tape and other technical advances dramatically improved the audio quality of commercial recordings in the post-war years, the basic constraints of the electro-mechanical mastering process remained, and the inherent physical limitations of the main commercial recording media—the 78 rpm disc and later the 7-inch 45 rpm single and 33-1/3 rpm LP record —meant that
3936-492: The album's recordings. Raised on Radio was released in May 1986, peaking at number four on Billboard's album chart, but underperforming compared to the band's previous two efforts. It featured five singles: The top-10 hit " Be Good to Yourself " along with " Suzanne ", " Girl Can't Help It ", " I'll Be Alright Without You ", and "Why Can't This Night Go On Forever?". The Raised on Radio tour began at Angels Camp in August 1986 and
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4032-485: The album's release date being delayed. The band took a break following the album's release to work on solo projects, waiting for Perry to make up his mind on if he wanted to tour. Schon released his solo album Electric World in 1997, later creating Abraxas Pool with former Journey member Gregg Rolie, drummer Michael Shrieve, and a few former Santana members. Cain released his two solo albums, Body Language and For A Lifetime in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Following
4128-787: The album, though his voice had changed since the last time he had performed. Perry made the decision to reunite with Journey under the condition that Herbie Herbert would no longer be the band's manager. The band hired Irving Azoff, longtime Eagles manager, as the new manager for the band in October 1995. Steve Smith and Ross Valory reunited with Journey and the band started writing material for their next album, with rehearsals beginning that same month. The band began recording their 10th studio album, Trial by Fire , in early 1996 at The Site and Wildhorse Studio in Marin County and Ocean Way Recorders, in which they recorded under producer Kevin Shirley. It
4224-423: The audio analysis stage of the process as a means of rendering a visual representation of the audio, or signal, being analyzed. Most mastering engineer accolades are given for their ability to make a mix consistent with respect to subjective factors based on the perception of listeners, regardless of their playback systems and the environment. This is a difficult task due to the varieties of systems now available and
4320-414: The audio quality, dynamic range , and running time of master discs were still limited compared to later media such as the compact disc . From the 1950s until the advent of digital recording in the late 1970s, the mastering process typically went through several stages. Once the studio recording on multi-track tape was complete, a final mix was prepared and dubbed down to the master tape, usually either
4416-401: The band Bad Company , while Cain released another solo album. Having made some recordings between 2001 and 2002, the band released a four-track EP titled Red 13 in November under their new label Journey Music, with an album cover design chosen through a fan contest with the online cover designed by Kelly McDonald, while the retail cover designed by Christopher Payne was only made available at
4512-543: The band at the Old Waldorf on October 28, 1977, stepping into His Master's Studios and Cherokee Studios from October to December. Herbie Herbert, the band's manager, hired Roy Thomas Baker as producer to add a layered sound approach similar to that of Baker's previously produced band, Queen . With their new lead singer and new producer, the band's fourth studio album, Infinity , released in January 1978, peaked at number 21 on
4608-585: The band following the Departure tour to start a family and undertake various solo projects. It was the second time in his career he had departed from a successful act. Keyboardist Stevie "Keys" Roseman was brought in to record the lone studio track, "The Party's Over (Hopelessly in Love)", on the band's live album Captured . Rolie suggested pianist Jonathan Cain of The Babys as his permanent replacement. With Cain's synthesizers replacing Rolie's organ , Cain had become
4704-473: The band hired British drummer Aynsley Dunbar , who had recently worked with David Bowie and had been a member of the second iteration of Frank Zappa 's Mothers of Invention . The new line-up made its debut on February 5, 1974, at the Great American Music Hall in front of Columbia Records executives, and secured a recording contract with the label. The band went on to perform at venues around
4800-555: The band joined various other bands at a major fundraising event to help the victims and families of the attack held on October 20 and 21 at the Smirnoff Music Centre in Dallas, Texas. The event raised about $ 1 million. Activity for Journey was quiet in 2002, as Schon formed Planet Us with bandmate Castronovo, Sammy Hagar and former Van Halen bassist Michael Anthony until 2004, when Planet Us disbanded. Schon also co-wrote songs with
4896-463: The band performed sold-out shows throughout the United States before concluding with two shows in Anchorage in early 1987, with selected dates supported by Honeymoon Suite , The Outfield , and Glass Tiger . The tour featured both Randy Jackson on bass and Mike Baird on drums, and was videotaped by MTV for a documentary that included interviews with the band members, which was called Raised on Radio ,
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#17330860056264992-692: The band quickly abandoned the "backup group" concept and developed a distinctive jazz fusion style. After an unsuccessful radio contest to name the group, roadie John Villanueva suggested the name "Journey". The band's first public appearance came at the Winterland Ballroom on New Year's Eve 1973 to an audience of 10,000. On the following day, the band flew to Hawaii to perform at the Diamond Head Crater to an audience over 100,000 strong. Prairie Prince rejoined The Tubes shortly thereafter; on February 1, 1974, after auditioning up to 28 drummers,
5088-630: The band's manager, as he did with Journey with Scott Boorey. On November 3, 1991, Schon, Cain, and Perry reunited to perform "Faithfully" and "Lights" at the Bill Graham tribute concert Laughter, Love & Music at Golden Gate Park, following the concert promoter's death in a helicopter accident. In October 1993, Schon, Rolie, Valory, Dunbar, Smith, and Cain reunited and performed at a private dinner for their manager Herbie Herbert at Bimbo's in San Francisco, with Kevin Chalfant on lead vocals. After
5184-694: The band's performances. The band only performed one club gig in support of the EP, but later began another tour of the United States from May to August in 2003, that included their teaming with Styx and REO Speedwagon in Classic Rock's Main Event. The band then toured the following year on the Summer Detour, which began from June and concluded in September 2004. In November, Journey reteamed with both REO Speedwagon and Styx for
5280-497: The band. This album had a much more commercial sound, while keeping the band's jazz fusion and progressive rock roots intact. The album was released in February and charted on the Billboard Top 200 at number 85. However, sales did not improve, and Columbia Records was on the verge of dropping the band. I still think some of the stuff we did then was great. Some of it was self-indulgent, just jamming for ourselves, but I also think
5376-466: The best. We've just decided to go our separate ways, no pun intended. We're plotting our next move now." Following Soto's departure, the band was again without a lead vocalist. Neal Schon began searching YouTube for a new lead vocalist, with Jeremey Hunsicker of the Journey tribute band Frontiers auditioning and spending a week with the band writing material. Hunsicker claims to have been formally offered
5472-462: The breakup of Bad English in 1991, Schon and Castronovo formed the glam metal band Hardline with brothers Johnny and Joey Gioeli , releasing only one studio album before his departure. Neal later joined Paul Rodgers in 1993 for live performances, alongside Deen Castronovo. In 1994, Steve Perry had released his second solo album For the Love of Strange Medicine , and toured North America in support of
5568-461: The cutting of the master disc. In large recording companies such as EMI , the mastering process was usually controlled by specialist staff technicians who were conservative in their work practices. These big companies were often reluctant to make changes to their recording and production processes. For example, EMI was very slow in taking up innovations in multi-track recording and did not install 8-track recorders in their Abbey Road Studios until
5664-416: The effect it has on the apparent qualitative attributes of the recording . For instance, a recording that sounds great on one speaker / amplifier combination playing CD audio, may sound drastically different on a computer-based system playing back a low- bitrate MP3 . Some engineers maintain that the main mastering engineer's task is to improve upon playback systems translations while the position of others
5760-576: The end of December in Reno. They continued the tour with another leg in 1999, beginning in Minnesota in June and concluding in Michigan in September. From March to August 2000, the band entered Avatar Studios to record their next studio album, Arrival with producer Kevin Shirley. The album was released in Japan later in the year. A North American release of the album followed in April 2001, peaking at number 56 on
5856-408: The field of audio mastering, the debate is usually over the use of digital versus analog signal processing rather than the use of digital technology for storage of audio. Digital systems have higher performance and allow mixing to be performed at lower maximum levels. When mixing to 24-bits with peaks between −3 and −10 dBFS on a mix, the mastering engineer has enough headroom to process and produce
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#17330860056265952-420: The field of mastering are almost entirely dedicated to the purpose; engineered to a high standard, often possessing low signal-to-noise ratios [at nominal operating levels] and in many cases, the incorporation of parameter-recall, such as indented potentiometers, or in some more-sophisticated designs, via a digital-controller. Some advocates for digital software claim that plug-ins are capable of processing audio in
6048-410: The final sound. Generally, good mastering skills are based on experience, resulting from many years of practice. Generally, mastering engineers use a combination of specialized audio-signal processors, low-distortion-high-bandwidth loudspeakers (and corresponding amplifiers with which to drive them), within a dedicated, acoustically-optimized playback environment. The equipment and processors used within
6144-503: The first time on July 7 in Bristow. Because of its success and popularity, the tour was extended to November. Soto was later officially announced as the band's new vocalist in December 2006. Following tours of Europe and the United States in 2007, the band announced on June 12 that Soto was no longer part of the group. In a statement, Schon stated: "He did a tremendous job for us and we wish him
6240-554: The first time with Journey in front of 20,000 fans in Chile. The band began the Revelation tour in the United Kingdom in June, continuing the tour into North America, Asia, Europe, and South America. The 2008 leg concluded in October. Receipts from the 2008 tour made Journey one of the top-grossing concert tours of the year, bringing in over $ 35,000,000. On December 18, 2008, Revelation
6336-400: The gaps between tracks, adjusting level, fading in and out, noise reduction and other signal restoration and enhancement processes can also be applied as part of the mastering stage. The source material is put in the proper order, commonly referred to as assembly (or 'track') sequencing. These operations prepare the music for either digital or analog, e.g. vinyl, replication. If the material
6432-509: The late 1940s, the recording industry was revolutionized by the introduction of magnetic tape . Magnetic tape was invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany, based on the invention of magnetic wire recording by Valdemar Poulsen in 1898. Not until the end of World War II could the technology be found outside Europe. The introduction of magnetic tape recording enabled master discs to be cut separately in time and space from
6528-404: The late 1960s, more than a decade after the first commercial 8-track recorders were installed by American independent studios. In the 1990s, electro-mechanical processes were largely superseded by digital technology, with digital recordings stored on hard disk drives or digital tape and mastered to CD . The digital audio workstation (DAW) became common in many mastering facilities, allowing
6624-615: The music business as a guitarist playing rock and roll in local New York City bands such as The Chancellors and The New Sounds Ltd. until most of the band members were drafted into the service for the war in Vietnam . In 1967, Marino landed his first job in the industry as a librarian and assistant at Capitol Studios . Soon after, he apprenticed in the mastering department alongside of Joe Lansky, cutting rock, pop, jazz and classical albums. There, in 1968, he met his future wife, Rose Gross, whom he married in 1973. Gross became Clive Davis ' assistant
6720-726: The new member of the band. With Cain joining as the new keyboard player, the band entered Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California, in late 1980, releasing their seventh studio album, Escape , in July 1981. Escape became their most successful album, charting at number one in the United States. The album had a clutch of hit singles, which included " Who's Crying Now ", "Still They Ride", " Open Arms ", and " Don't Stop Believin' ". The band began another lengthy yet successful tour on June 12, 1981, supported by opening acts Billy Squier , Greg Kihn Band , Point Blank , and Loverboy , and Journey opened for
6816-402: The off-line manipulation of recorded audio via a graphical user interface (GUI). Although many digital processing tools are common during mastering, it is also very common to use analog media and processing equipment for the mastering stage. Just as in other areas of audio, the benefits and drawbacks of digital technology compared to analog technology are still a matter for debate. However, in
6912-424: The official lead vocalist of Journey on December 5, 2007. Although Pineda was neither the first foreign national to become a member of Journey (former drummer Aynsley Dunbar is British), nor even the first nonwhite (bass player Randy Jackson is African American), his recruitment resulted in some fans of Journey making racist comments towards the new vocalist. Keyboardist Jonathan Cain responded to such sentiments in
7008-531: The owner of the Record Plant went to Los Angeles, Marino had more management duties and he felt it distracted him from his mastering work. Eventually, Marino took Hulko up on his offer and he headed to Sterling Sound in 1973 to work in a room that Hulko had built for him. From 1973, until his death in 2012, Marino worked at Sterling Sound. In 1998, Ted Jensen , Greg Calbi and Tom Coyne , along with Murat Aktar (Absolute Audio co-founder) and UK based Metropolis, purchased Sterling from previous owner, Lee Hulko. Marino
7104-468: The position, but the offer fell through shortly afterwards following tension with Schon. One of the tracks co-written with Hunsicker, "Never Walk Away", later appeared on the Revelation album. Schon later found Filipino singer Arnel Pineda of the cover band The Zoo, covering the song "Faithfully". Schon was so impressed that he contacted Pineda to set up two days of auditions, which went well, naming him
7200-626: The rest of the band began writing and rehearsing new songs, including the soon-to-be-popular track " Wheel in the Sky ". During a performance before about 100,000 at Soldier Field in Chicago, the band was introduced to Steve Perry. Differences between Fleischman and manager Herbie Herbert resulted in Fleischman's departure from the band in September of that year. Journey hired Steve Perry as their new lead singer on October 10, 1977. Perry made his live debut with
7296-435: The reunion album's release, the band was becoming restless waiting for an answer from Perry regarding touring. Following a phone call between Cain and Perry, the latter announced that he would be departing from Journey, releasing himself from the band's contracts and making the decision to semiretire from the music business, disappearing from the public eye again. Steve Smith later exited the band, citing that Journey would not be
7392-462: The role as the album's producer. Tensions within the band were shown when Herbert and Perry fired both bass player Ross Valory and drummer Steve Smith for musical and professional differences a few months into the recording sessions for the album, though Valory later admitted he left the band on his own accord. Bassist and future American Idol judge Randy Jackson , bassist Bob Glaub, and established drummer Larrie Londin were brought in to continue
7488-404: The same as the album title. With tensions between Perry, the band, and the band's manager Herbie Herbert at an all-time high following the tour's conclusion, Perry was unable or unwilling to remain actively involved, and was tired of touring, as it was affecting his health and his vocals. Herbert had booked fifteen more shows for the tour, but Perry had declined, and told Schon and Cain that he
7584-448: The same without Perry, and returning to his jazz career and his project Vital Information. The band hired drummer Deen Castronovo, Schon's and Cain's Bad English bandmate and drummer for Hardline , to replace Steve Smith. After auditioning several high-profile candidates, including Geoff Tate , Kevin Chalfant, and John West , Journey replaced Perry with Steve Augeri , formerly of Tyketto and Tall Stories . The band later recorded
7680-475: The song "Remember Me", which was featured on the soundtrack for the 1998 film Armageddon . Following a rehearsal with Augeri and Castronovo, the band performed four gigs in Japan, a reliable touring stronghold for the band. When asked how he felt about touring for the first time in over a decade, Schon commented: "It's a little like we are reborn again." Journey embarked on a tour in the United States titled Vacation's Over, which began in October and concluded at
7776-417: The specific needs of the audio to be processed. Mastering engineers need to examine the types of input media, the expectations of the source producer or recipient, the limitations of the end medium and process the subject accordingly. General rules of thumb can rarely be applied. Steps of the process typically include the following: Examples of possible actions taken during mastering: A mastering engineer
7872-645: The studio again in late 1975 to record Look into the Future , which was released in January 1976 and entered the Billboard Top 200 charts at number 100. The band promoted the album with a two-hour performance at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle, which later aired on the radio as touring continued to promote the album. From May to October 1976, the band went to His Master's Wheels Studios to record its third studio album, Next , which—like its predecessor—was produced by
7968-642: The tensions: "We would talk about it, and he'd say he'd be willing to simplify things, but we'd get out there, and after five shows, he wasn't doing that at all." Dunbar started playing erratically and talking derogatorily about the other members, which later resulted in Herbert firing Dunbar after the Infinity tour. Dunbar was replaced by Berklee -trained drummer and Montrose member Steve Smith . Perry, Schon, Rolie, Smith, and Valory entered Cherokee Studios in late 1978 to record their fifth studio album, Evolution , which
8064-527: The tour had grossed more than $ 5 million, making the band as popular as it had ever been in five years. The band later entered Automatt Studios to record their sixth studio album, Departure , which was released in March 1980, peaking at number eight on the Billboard 200. The first single from the album, " Any Way You Want It ", peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1980. Keyboardist Gregg Rolie left
8160-577: Was a pleasant surprise to see him. Following their accolade on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the band began recording at the Record Plant in Sausalito, California, for their 12th studio album, Generations , with producer Kevin Elson, who had previously collaborated with the band. The album was released on August 29 in Europe, with a North American release following on October 4. The album peaked at number 170 on
8256-521: Was almost as successful in the United States, reaching number two and spawning several successful singles; it broadened the band's appeal in the United Kingdom, where it reached number six on the UK Albums Chart . Journey enjoyed a successful reunion in the mid-1990s and have since regrouped twice; first with Steve Augeri from 1998 to 2006, then with Arnel Pineda from 2007 onward. Sales have resulted in 25 gold and platinum albums , in addition to
8352-696: Was done with Journey. I called Jon and Neal together. We met in San Rafael, we sat on the edge of the marina, and I just told them, 'I can't do this anymore. I've got to get out for a while.' And they said: 'Well, what do you mean?' And I said: 'That's exactly what I mean, is what I'm saying. I just don't want to be in the band any more. I want to get out, I want to stop.' And I think Jon said: 'Well, just take some time off, and we'll think,' and I said: 'OK, fine.' And I just sort of fell back into my life. I looked around and realized that my whole life had become everything I'd worked so hard to be, and when I came back to have
8448-568: Was gunned down 20 minutes later on his way back to the Dakota. Marino received his first and only Grammy for Arcade Fire 's The Suburbs , the year before he died. In 2002, mastering engineers became eligible to win Grammys. From 1969 to 2012, Marino mastered albums which under current rules, would have won him an additional seven Grammys in the categories of Record of the Year, Album of the Year and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical: three for Album of
8544-564: Was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the class of 2017 . Inductees included Steve Perry, Neal Schon, keyboardists Jonathan Cain and Gregg Rolie , bassist Ross Valory , and drummers Aynsley Dunbar and Steve Smith . The original members of Journey came together in San Francisco in 1973 under the auspices of former Santana manager Herbie Herbert . Originally called the Golden Gate Rhythm Section and intended to serve as
8640-469: Was lead vocalist; they released a series of hit songs, including " Don't Stop Believin' " (1981), which in 2009 became the top-selling track in iTunes history among songs not released in the 21st century. Escape , Journey's seventh and most successful album, reached number one on the Billboard 200 and yielded another of their most popular singles, " Open Arms ". The 1983 follow-up album, Frontiers ,
8736-484: Was over because of the selling of their properties at the end of 1984, Neal Schon commented, "No way Journey's ending. We're all too committed to this band to ever let that happen. In fact, one of the reasons we decided to go off in separate directions for a while was to keep the band as strong as ever." Following a phone call between Cain and Perry, Journey returned to Fantasy Studios in late 1985 to record their ninth studio album, Raised on Radio , but with Perry taking
8832-436: Was released in March 1979, peaking at number 20 on the Billboard 200. The album, which was a milestone for the band, gave the band their first Billboard Hot 100 Top-20 single, " Lovin', Touchin', Squeezin' ", peaking at number 16, which gave the band significant airplay. Following the tour in support of Evolution , the band expanded its operation to include a lighting and trucking operation for their future performances, as
8928-409: Was released in late October that year, peaking at number three on the Billboard album charts. The album's hit single " When You Love a Woman ", which reached number 12 on the Billboard charts, was nominated in 1997 for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . The album also produced three top-40 mainstream rock tracks, "Message of Love" reaching number 18, "Can't Tame
9024-454: Was released on June 3, 2008. It debuted at number five on the Billboard charts, selling more than 196,000 units in its first two weeks and staying in the top 20 for six weeks. As a multidisc set (2-CD) each unit within that set counts as one sale. Journey also found success on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart where the single " After All These Years " spent over 23 weeks, peaking at number nine. On February 21, 2008, Pineda performed for
9120-800: Was the most senior mastering engineer. Sterling Sound is located in New York City, occupying the top floor of the Chelsea Market in the Meatpacking District. Marino's studio is one of the three surround sound studios at Sterling and it was designed by Fran Manzella, FM Design. Marino's room became one of the few mastering suites in the industry, if not the only one, that was capable of doing both surround sound and vinyl mastering. Marino, along with Chris Muth and Sterling techs Barry Wolifson and Phil Sztenderowicz, turned Marino's mastering console into an 8 channel A/B preview console. This design made possible presetting console parameters from song to song, which
9216-527: Was true. Augeri admitted in a 2022 interview that he wasn't legally allowed to say whether it was true or not. In a press statement, the band later announced that Augeri had to step down as Journey's lead singer and leave the tour to recover. Augeri performed his last show with Journey on July 4 in Raleigh. With the successful tour still going on, the band was quick to hire Jeff Scott Soto from Talisman as their lead vocalist. He performed as Journey's vocalist for
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