Misplaced Pages

#959040

66-951: Stephen Theodore Badin was born in Orléans , France on 17 July 1768. He was educated at the Collège de Montaigu in Paris and then began theological studies at the Sulpician seminary there. He was soon ordained a deacon. After the French Revolution in 1789, the new government started imposing restrictions on the Catholic Church. When his seminary was closed in 1791, Badin decided to leave France. After sailing from Bordeaux, France , to Philadelphia with J. B. David and Reverend Benedict Flaget , he arrived in Baltimore. Badin completed his theological studies with

132-608: A basketball team: Orléans Loiret Basket which is in the French first division . The club won the "Coupe de France" of basketball, its first major trophy, in the season 2009 – 2010. Orléans also has a football club, the US Orléans , which plays in Championnat National . There is also a semi-professional rugby team, RC Orléans . The city also has very well known clubs in karate , fencing and judo . In 2012, Orléans hosted

198-584: A carnival contrary to university rules. From 13 December 1560 to 31 January 1561, the French States-General after the death of Francis II of France , the eldest son of Catherine de Médicis and Henry II . He died in the Hôtel Groslot in Orléans, with his queen Mary at his side. The cathedral was rebuilt several times. The present structure had its first stone laid by Henry IV , and work on it took

264-537: A century. It thus is a mix of late Renaissance and early Louis XIV styles, and one of the last cathedrals to be built in France. When France colonised America, the territory it conquered was immense, including the whole Mississippi River (whose first European name was the River Colbert ), from its mouth to its source at the borders of Canada. Its capital was named la Nouvelle-Orléans in honour of Louis XV 's regent,

330-456: A different system called BWAKA is used. It too is both based on the Roman alphabet and phonemic, with each letter or digraph representing a contrastive sound. The letters used are ' a b c d e e' g h i I j k m n o p s sh t u w y z zh. The traditional system used in writing Potawatomi is a form of syllabic writing. Potawatomi, Ottawa , Sac , Fox and Winnebago communities all used it. Derived from

396-618: A gentle depression to about 95 m (312 ft) above sea level (at Saint-Marceau) between the Loire and the Loiret, designated a "zone inondable" (flood-risk zone). At the end of the 1960s, the Orléans-la-Source  [ fr ] neighbourhood was created, 12 kilometres (7 mi)to the south of the original commune and separated from it by the Val d'Orléans and the river Loiret (whose source

462-634: A geographic grouping rather than the group of languages descended from a common ancestor language within the Algonquian family. Of the Central languages, Potawatomi is most similar to Ojibwe, but it also has borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from the Sauk . Generally, in developments since Indian Removal in the 19th century, Potawatomi has become differentiated in North America among separated populations. It

528-521: A lower average low than January at 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). The record high temperature is 41.3 °C (106.3 °F) recorded in July, while the record low temperature of −19.8 °C (−3.6 °F) was recorded in January. Precipitation is evenly distributed year-round, with Orléans receiving 642.5 millimetres (25.30 in) of precipitation annually. However, some months are slightly wetter than others, with

594-554: A middle-class house in the city, and contributing to her ransom when she was taken prisoner. Once the Hundred Years' War was over, the city recovered its former prosperity. The bridge brought in tolls and taxes, as did the merchants passing through the city. King Louis XI also greatly contributed to its prosperity, revitalising agriculture in the surrounding area (particularly the exceptionally fertile land around Beauce ) and relaunching saffron farming at Pithiviers . Later, during

660-675: A new treaty, the Potawatomi people moved west to Council Bluffs, Iowa . In 1836, given his advanced age, Badin decided to leave his Indian mission to his successor, Father Louis Desaille. Badin was named vicar of the Diocese of Bardstown in 1837. He continued missionary work as well as defended Catholicism, particularly in a series of "Letters to an Episcopalian Friend" published in the Catholic Telegraph of Cincinnati in 1836. In September 1846, Badin accepted an offer by Bishop William Quarter of

726-640: A place at his residence. Badin also served at St. Mary's Church in nearby Hamilton, Ohio . Badin died in Cincinnati on 21 April 1853 and was buried at the cathedral crypt in Cincinnati. In 1906, his body was re-interred at the University of Notre Dame in a replica of Badin's Log Chapel . The original chapel was destroyed by fire in 1856. Father Stephen T. Badin High School , a Catholic high school in Hamilton, Ohio ,

SECTION 10

#1732898344960

792-537: A population of 290,346. The larger metropolitan area has a population of 454,208, the 20th largest in France. The city owes its development from antiquity to the commercial exchanges resulting from the river. An important river trade port, it was the headquarters of the community of merchants frequenting the Loire. It was the capital of the Kingdom of France during the Merovingian period and played an important role in

858-623: A stage finish of Paris–Nice . Orléans is twinned with: Potawatomi language Potawatomi ( / ˌ p ɒ t ə ˈ w ɒ t ə m i / , also spelled Pottawatomie ; in Potawatomi Bodwéwadmimwen , Bodwéwadmi Zheshmowen , or Neshnabémwen ) is a Central Algonquian language . It was historically spoken by the Pottawatomi people who lived around the Great Lakes in what are now Michigan and Wisconsin in

924-604: A tow. An Inexplosible -type  [ fr ] paddle steamer owned by the mairie was put in place in August 2007, facing Place de la Loire and containing a bar. Every two years, the Festival de Loire recalls the role played by the river in the commune's history. On the river's north bank, near the town centre, is the Canal d'Orléans , which connects to the Canal du Loing and the Canal de Briare at Buges near Montargis . The canal

990-471: A translator as he considered himself too old to learn the Potawatomi language . In 1832, Badin purchased 524 acres (2.12 km) of land around South Bend, half from the government and half from two landowners. He then built a log chapel to serve as chapel and residence. Badin gave the land to the new Diocese of Vincennes in 1834 on the condition that it be used for a school and an orphanage. The land became

1056-780: Is divided between Northern Potawatomi, spoken in Ontario, Canada; and Michigan and Wisconsin of the United States; and Southern Potawatomi, which is spoken in Kansas and Oklahoma, where certain Pottawatomi ancestors were removed who had formerly lived in Illinois and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Here, the phonology of the Northern dialect is described, which differs somewhat from that of

1122-593: Is in the Parc Floral de la Source ). This quarter's altitude varies from about 100 to 110 m (330 to 360 ft). Orléans experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ), similar to much of central France. July, the warmest month, has an average temperature of 19.4 °C (66.9 °F) and a high of 25.4 °C (77.7 °F), while January, the coldest month, has an average temperature of 3.9 °C (39.0 °F) and an average low temperature of 1.1 °C (34.0 °F), although February has

1188-407: Is just one part of a vast system of construction that previously allowed the Loire to remain navigable to this point. The Loire was formerly an important navigation and trading route, and is at the heart of the city's foundation in the second century BC as a center of trade or emporium . More recently, during the 17th century, the river enabled Orleans to become a major hub for refining sugar, which

1254-418: Is no longer used along its whole length. Its route within Orléans runs parallel to the river, separated from it by a wall or muret , with a promenade along the top. Its last pound was transformed into an outdoor swimming pool in the 1960s, then filled in. It was reopened in 2007 for the "fêtes de Loire." There are plans to revive use of the canal for recreation and install a pleasure-boat port there. Cenabum

1320-592: Is pronounced /u/ in Michigan and /o/ elsewhere. When it is in a closed syllable, it is pronounced [ʊ] . There are also four diphthongs, /ɛj ɛw əj əw/ , spelled ⟨éy éw ey ew⟩ . Phonemic /əj əw/ are realized as [ɪj ʌw] . Obstruents , as in many other Algonquian languages, do not have a voicing distinction per se but what is better termed a "strong"/"weak" distinction. "Strong" consonants, written as voiceless ( ⟨p t k kw⟩ ), are always voiceless, often aspirated , and longer in duration than

1386-518: Is the prefecture of the department of Loiret and of the region of Centre-Val de Loire . Orléans is located on the river Loire nestled in the heart of the Loire Valley, classified as a World Heritage Site , where the river curves south towards the Massif Central . In 2020, the city had 117,026 inhabitants within its municipal boundaries. Orléans is the center of Orléans Métropole that has

SECTION 20

#1732898344960

1452-476: The /h/ , written ⟨ A ⟩ , is optional. Potawatomi has six parts of speech: noun, verb, pronoun, prenoun, preverb, and particle. There are two main types of pronoun: personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. As nouns and verbs use inflection to describe anaphoric reference , the main use of the free pronouns is for emphasis. Personal pronouns, because of vowel syncope , resemble those of Odaawaa but structurally resemble more those in

1518-694: The A75 ). Orléans is served by two main railway stations: the central Gare d'Orléans and the Gare des Aubrais-Orléans , in the northern suburbs. Most long-distance trains call only at the Les Aubrais-Orléans station, which offers connections to Paris, Lille, Tours, Brive-la-Gaillarde, Nevers, and several regional destinations. Orléans is the birthplace of: Museums in Orléans: Parks in Orléans: Orléans has

1584-574: The Archdiocese of Cincinnati , which oversaw missionary work with the Potawatomi Indians in the western Great Lakes area. Potawatomi Chief Leopold Pokagon , who had converted to Catholicism, traveled to Detroit in 1830 to ask for a priest to be sent to his tribe. Fenwick asked Badin, who was in Detroit visiting his brother, to accept Pokagon's request. In administering to the Potawatomi, Badin employed

1650-771: The Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the city again became strategically important thanks to its geographical position, and was occupied by the Prussians on 13 October that year. The armée de la Loire was formed under the orders of General d'Aurelle de Paladines and based itself not far from Orléans at Beauce . During the Second World War , the German army made the Orléans Fleury-les-Aubrais railway station one of their central logistical rail hubs. The Pont Georges V

1716-466: The Hundred Years' War , particularly known for the role of Joan of Arc during the siege of Orléans . Every first week of May since 1432, the city pays homage to the "Maid of Orléans" during the Johannic Holidays which has been listed in the inventory of intangible cultural heritage in France . One of Europe's oldest universities was created in 1306 by Pope Clement V and re-founded in 1966 as

1782-553: The Merovingian era, the city was capital of the Kingdom of Orléans following Clovis I 's division of the kingdom, then under the Capetians it became the capital of a county then duchy held in appanage by the house of Valois-Orléans. The Valois-Orléans family later acceded to the throne of France via Louis XII , then Francis I . In 1108, Louis VI of France became one of the few French monarchs to be crowned outside of Reims when he

1848-519: The Northwest Territory . One estimate puts his travels at over 100,000 miles. In 1806, he received help with the arrival of Reverend Charles Nerinckx . Carroll eventually named Badin as the vicar general of the regions. In 1808, Pope Pius VII erected the Diocese of Bardstown , a huge diocese covering all of Kentucky and several future states in the Northwest Territory . The pope named Flaget as

1914-465: The Powers Bluff , Wisconsin, area, has a series of Potawatomi videos, a website, and books available to preserve the language. The federally recognized Pokégnek Bodéwadmik Pokagon Band of Potawatomi started a master-apprentice program in which a "language student (the language apprentice) will be paired with fluent Potawatomi speakers (the language masters)" in January 2013. In addition, classes in

1980-463: The Renaissance , the city benefited from its becoming fashionable for rich châtelains to travel along the Loire valley (a fashion begun by the king himself, whose royal domains included the nearby châteaus at Chambord , Amboise , Blois , and Chenonceau ). The University of Orléans also contributed to the city's prestige. Specializing in law, it was highly regarded throughout Europe. John Calvin

2046-563: The Swampy Cree language : The relatively-recent split from Ojibwe makes Potawatomi still exhibit strong correspondences, especially with the Odaawaa (Ottawa) dialect. Cecelia Miksekwe Jackson , one of the last surviving native speakers of Potawatomi, died in May 2011, at the age of 88. She was known for working to preserve and teach the language. Donald Neaseno Perrot, a native speaker who grew up in

Stephen Badin - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-604: The United States , and in southern Ontario in Canada . Federally recognized tribes in Michigan and Oklahoma are working to revive the language. Potawatomi is a member of the Algonquian language family (itself a member of the larger Algic stock ). It is usually classified as a Central Algonquian language, with languages such as Ojibwe , Cree , Menominee , Miami-Illinois , Shawnee and Fox . The label Central Algonquian signifies

2178-533: The University of Orléans , hosting more than 20,000 students in 2019. The Île d'Orléans in Quebec, Canada, takes its name from Orléans, as do Orléans, Ontario , Orleans, Massachusetts and the city of New Orleans , Louisiana. Orléans is located in the northern bend of the Loire, which crosses from east to west. Orléans belongs to the vallée de la Loire sector between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes-sur-Loire , which

2244-520: The duke of Orléans , and was settled with French inhabitants against the threat from British troops to the north-east. The Dukes of Orléans hardly ever visited their city since, as brothers or cousins of the king, they took such a major role in court life that they could hardly ever leave. The duchy of Orléans was the largest of the French duchies, starting at Arpajon , continuing to Chartres , Vendôme , Blois , Vierzon , and Montargis . The duke's son bore

2310-528: The " châtelet des Tourelles" protected access to the bridge. This was the site of the battle on 8 May 1429 which allowed Joan of Arc to enter and lift the siege of the Plantagenets during the Hundred Years' War , with the help of the royal generals Dunois and Florent d'Illiers  [ fr ] . The city's inhabitants have continued to remain faithful and grateful to her to this day, calling her "la pucelle d'Orléans" (the maid of Orléans), offering her

2376-443: The "weak" consonants, which are written as voiced ( ⟨b d g gw⟩ ) and are often voiced and are not aspirated. Nasals before another consonant become syllabic , and /tː/ , /t/ , and /n/ are dental : [t̪ː t̪ n̪] . Lenis type consonants can frequently be voiced in various surroundings as [b d dʒ ɡ ɡʷ] for plosives and affricates, and [z ʒ] for fricatives. Though no standard orthography has been agreed upon by

2442-527: The French capital to attract businesses interested in reducing transport costs. According to Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun in La France Illustrée , 1882, Orléans's arms are " gules , three caillous in cœurs de lys argent , and on a chief azure , three fleurs de lys Or ." Charle Grandmaison, in the Dictionnaire Héraldique of 1861, states that it is "Or, with three hearts in gules", without

2508-567: The Potawatomi communities, the system most commonly used is the "Pedagogical System" developed by the Wisconsin Native American Languages Program (WNALP). As the name suggests, it was designed to be used in language teaching. The system is based on the Roman alphabet and is phonemic, with each letter or digraph representing a contrastive sound. The letters used are a b ch d e é g ' h i j k m n o p s sh t w y z zh. In Kansas,

2574-586: The Roman alphabet, it resembles handwritten Roman text. However, unlike the Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics or the Cherokee alphabet , it has not yet been incorporated into the Unicode standards. Each Potawatomi syllabic block in the system has at least two of the seventeen alphabetic letters, which consist of thirteen consonants and four vowels. Of the thirteen phonemic consonantal letters,

2640-804: The Roman commander in Gaul, requested Goar , head of the Iranian tribe of Alans in the region to come to Orleans and control the rebellious natives and the Visigoths. Accompanying the Vandals , the Alans crossed the Loire in 408. One of their groups, under Goar , joined the Roman forces of Flavius Aetius to fight Attila when he invaded Gaul in 451, taking part in the Battle of Châlons under their king Sangiban . Goar established his capital in Orléans. His successors later took possession of

2706-512: The Southern dialect, spoken in Kansas. There are five vowel phonemes , four diphthongs , and nineteen consonant phonemes. ⟨é⟩ , which is often written as ⟨e'⟩ , represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel, / ɛ / . ⟨e⟩ represents the schwa , /ə/ , which has several allophonic variants. Before /n/ , it becomes [ɪ] ; before /kː/ , /k/ , /ʔ/ and word-finally, it becomes [ʌ] . ⟨o⟩

Stephen Badin - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-642: The Sulpicians in that city and was ordained a priest by Bishop John Carroll on 25 May 1793. Badin then studied English with the Jesuits at what was then Georgetown College in Maryland. Much of his missionary work would be among Maryland Catholics creating settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains and French Catholics living in the Great Lakes region. Carroll then sent Fathers Badin and Michel Barriere to

2838-410: The United States by 1825 when he recorded his baptisms, marriages, and burials on Drummond Island, Michilimackinac, and Sault Ste Marie, continuing his missionary work in the Michigan Territory through 1828. He reestablished the St. Joseph Mission near present day South Bend in the new state of Indiana. In 1829, Badin went back to Kentucky. In 1830, Badin offered his services to Bishop Edward Fenwick of

2904-399: The chief of France. Faulty designs sometimes describe it as "gules, three fleurs de lys argent, and on a chief azure three fleurs de lys Or." The "cœurs de lys", or heart of a lily, is not a true lily, which would have 6 tepals , but a stylized or symbolic lily. Certain authors solve the problem by calling this symbol a " tiercefeuille ", defined as a stemless clover leaf, with one leaf at

2970-401: The commune tramway ), Pont René-Thinat and Pont de Vierzon (rail bridge). To the north of the Loire ( rive droite ) is to be found a small hill (102 m (335 ft) at the pont Georges-V, 110 m (360 ft) at the Place du Martroi) which gently rises to 125 m (410 ft) at la Croix Fleury, at the limits of Fleury-les-Aubrais . Conversely, the south (on the rive gauche ) has

3036-472: The driest month receiving 44.4 millimetres (1.75 in) of rain and the wettest receiving 64.4 millimetres (2.54 in) of precipitation on average. Precipitation days vary more, with less of them in the summer months than in the other seasons. Humidity is high year-round but decreases slightly in summer. July and August only have their humidity at 72% but December has 90% humidity on average. Orléans receives 1,767.3 hours of sunshine annually, with summer being

3102-404: The estates in the region between Orléans and Paris. Installed in Orléans and along the Loire, they were unruly (killing the town's senators when they felt they had been paid too slowly or too little) and resented by the local inhabitants. Many inhabitants around the present city have names bearing witness to the Alan presence – Allaines. Also many places in the region bear names of Alan origin. In

3168-420: The first bishop of Bardstown. However, Flaget did not arrive in Bardstown for another three years. Badin and Flaget soon came into conflict over Badin's claims of ownership of church properties in the area. The two men travelled to Baltimore to consult with Carroll. The archbishop ruled in Flaget's favor. Badin returned to France in 1819 for an unknown reason. He may have been upset over the land dispute or by

3234-507: The new Diocese of Chicago to become pastor of the French settlement at Bourbonnais Grove, Illinois . Badin remained there for two years before taking one last missionary trip through the Kentucky diocese in 1848, which lasted about two years. He donated large tracts of land to the Diocese of Bardstown and its successor, the Diocese of Louisville , and wrote a poem in French about the Battle of Tippecanoe . Around 1850, Badin returned to Cincinnati to retire. Bishop John Purcell provided Badin

3300-432: The new state of Kentucky. They set out on foot on 3 September 1793, about a year after Flaget moved to Kentucky. The two priests crossed the Appalachian Mountains, then took a flatboat down the Ohio River to Maysville, Kentucky . They then traveled by land to Lexington, Kentucky . Badin went on to White Sulfur Springs, Kentucky, where he established a mission named in honor of St. Francis de Sales . Later in 1793, Badin

3366-443: The rise of anti-Catholicism in the region. His return may have been triggered by the eviction of Choctaw Indian Academy. While in France, Badin ministered to two parishes, Millaney and Marreilly-en-Gault near Orléans. He worked to secure gifts of money and church furniture to send to the Kentucky mission churches. In 1822, Badin published a "Statement of the Missions in Kentucky" ( Etat des Missiones du Kentucky ). Badin returned to

SECTION 50

#1732898344960

3432-467: The river were traditionally flat-bottomed boats, with large but foldable masts so the sails could gather wind from above the river banks, but the masts could be lowered in order to allow the boats to pass under bridges. These vessels are known as "gabarre", "futreau" , and so on, and may be viewed by tourists near pont Royal. The river's irregular flow strongly limits traffic on it, in particular at its ascent, though this can be overcome by boats being given

3498-446: The site of the University of Notre Dame . Badin also organized the first orphanage in the state of Indiana in 1834, under the direction of Sister Lucina Whitaker and Sister Magadalen Jackson from Kentucky. From his South Bend outpost, Badin visited Fort Dearborn in Illinois in October 1830, and possibly several other times (writing during an 1846 visit that such marked the fiftieth anniversary of his first visit). In 1833, pursuant to

3564-403: The start of 1945. This reconstruction in part identically reproduced what had been lost, such as Royale and its arcades, but also used innovative prefabrication techniques, such as îlot 4 under the direction of the architect Pol Abraham . The big city of former times is today an average-sized city of 250,000 inhabitants. It is still using its strategically central position less than an hour from

3630-416: The sunniest season and winter being the least sunny season. August, receiving 224.6 hours of sunshine on average, is the sunniest month, and December, receiving 56.6 hours of sunshine on average, has the least amount of sunshine. In Orléans, the Loire is separated by a submerged dike known as the dhuis into the Grande Loire to the north, no longer navigable, and the Petite Loire to the south. This dike

3696-435: The title duke of Chartres . Inheritances from great families and marriage alliances allowed them to accumulate huge wealth, and one of them, Philippe Égalité , is sometimes said to have been the richest man in the world at the time. His son, King Louis-Philippe I , inherited the Penthièvre and Condé family fortunes. 1852 saw the creation of the Compagnies ferroviaires Paris-Orléans and its famous gare d'Orsay in Paris. In

3762-417: The top and two below, thus making this coat of arms "gules, with three reversed tiercefeuilles in argent, etc". "Hoc vernant lilia corde" (granted by Louis XII , then duke of Orléans ), meaning "It is by this heart that lilies flourish" or "This heart makes lilies flourish", referring to the fleur de lys , symbol of the French royal family. TAO manages buses and tram lines in Orléans . The first tram line

3828-424: Was a Gaul stronghold, one of the principal towns of the tribe of the Carnutes where the Druids held their annual assembly. The Carnutes were massacred and the city was destroyed by Julius Caesar in 52 BC. In the late 3rd century AD, Roman Emperor Aurelian rebuilt the city and renamed it civitas Aurelianorum ("city of Aurelian") after himself. The name later evolved into Orléans. In 442 Flavius Aetius,

3894-480: Was assigned as pastor at Holy Cross Parish, which had been founded the previous year, in Loretto, Kentucky . To support Badin, his parishioners donated ten enslaved people for his use. In April 1794, Badin established the home base for his missionary journeys on Pottinger's Creek, Kentucky, perhaps after consultation with Reverend Jean DuBois . For the next 14 years. Badin traveled on foot, horseback, and boat between widely scattered Catholic settlements in Kentucky and

3960-408: Was crowned in Orléans cathedral by Daimbert, Archbishop of Sens . The city was always a strategic point on the Loire, for it was sited at the river's most northerly point, and thus its closest point to Paris. There were few bridges over the dangerous river Loire , but Orléans had one of them, and so became – with Rouen and Paris – one of medieval France's three richest cities. On the south bank

4026-446: Was imported from the Caribbean via Nantes , and whose commerce boosted other aspects of the local economy, such as sweets, chocolate manufacturing, and paper for wrapping. In the 18th century, Orleans also acquired a reputation for producing vinegar, from local vineyards as well as wine traveling up the Loire. With the increase in size of ocean-going ships, large ships can now navigate the estuary only up to about Nantes . Boats on

SECTION 60

#1732898344960

4092-477: Was in 2000 inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . The capital of Orléanais , 120 kilometres southwest of Paris, is bordered to the north by the Beauce region, more specifically the Orléans Forest (French: forêt d'Orléans ) and Orléans-la-Source neighbourhood, and the Sologne region to the south. Five bridges in the city cross the Loire: Pont de l'Europe, Pont du Maréchal Joffre (also called Pont Neuf), Pont George-V (also called Pont Royal, carrying

4158-429: Was inaugurated November 20, 2000 and the second line on June 30, 2012. The network contains 29.3 km of rail. The annual ridership was 18.46 million in 2022. Orléans is an autoroute intersection: the A10 (linking Paris to Bordeaux ) links to the commune outskirts, and A71 (whose bridge over the Loire is outside the commune limits) begins here, heading for the Mediterranean via Clermont-Ferrand (where it becomes

4224-415: Was named in his honor. There is a Badin Hall on the Notre Dame campus. Orl%C3%A9ans Orléans ( UK : / ɔːr ˈ l iː ə n z , ˈ ɔːr l i ə n z / ; US : / ˌ ɔːr l eɪ ˈ ɒ̃ , ˌ ɔːr l i ˈ ɑː n , ɔːr ˈ l eɪ ə n z / , French: [ɔʁleɑ̃] ) is a city in north-central France, about 120 kilometres (74 miles) southwest of Paris . It

4290-424: Was received and accommodated there (and wrote part of his reforming theses during his stay), and in return Henry VIII of England (who had drawn on Calvin's work in his separation from Rome) offered to fund a scholarship at the university. Many other Protestants were sheltered by the city. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, better known by his pseudonym Molière , also studied law at the University, but was expelled for attending

4356-406: Was renamed "pont des Tourelles". A transit camp for deportees was built at Beaune-la-Rolande . During the war, the American Air Force heavily bombed the city and the train station, causing much damage. The city was one of the first to be rebuilt after the war: the reconstruction plan and city improvement initiated by Jean Kérisel and Jean Royer was adopted as early as 1943, and work began as early as

#959040