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59-505: Due to its location on the shores of Dzoraget River among the forest of Lori plateau and Bazum mountains, Stepanavan is considered a resort town in northern Armenia. Stepanavan was founded in 1810 as Jalaloghli , literally meaning son of Jalal in Turkic languages. The name is derived from the Armenian noble family of Hasan-Jalalyan . A khachkar-memorial in the town testifies that the settlement

118-436: A pseudohistorical national past by casting the kingdoms and principalities that were founded on the territory of the modern republic of Azerbaijan during the medieval period as Caucasian Albanian. Based on a dubious rereading and interpretation of primary sources, scholars Ziya Bunyadov and Farida Mammadova both argued in their first publications in the 1950s and 1960s that the leaders and inhabitants of Caucasian Albania ,

177-506: A lover of the poor, striving in prayers and entreaties like one who lived in the desert. He performed matins and vespers unhindered, no matter where he might be, like a monk; and in memory of the Resurrection of our Savior, he spent Sunday without sleeping, in a standing vigil. He was very fond of the priests, a lover of knowledge, and a reader of the divine Gospels. A further testament to this devotion included Hasan-Jalal's commissioning of

236-732: A period of relative peace and prosperity until the appearance of the Mongols in 1236. Khachen had once been a part of Syunik until numerous Turkic invasions severed it from the rest of the kingdom. The reign of the Hasan-Jalalyan family was concentrated around the Terter and the Khachenaget rivers. Hasan-Jalal's birth date is unknown․ His reign began in 1214 and ended with his death sometime between 1261 and 1262 in Qazvin . His domain encompassed both Artsakh and

295-598: A state established in the 2nd century BC, were the direct ancestors of modern Azeris, thereby establishing a link to the ancient past and the Azerbaijanis' indigeneity to Nagorno-Karabakh. In the process, the Armenians, including Hasan-Jalal Dawla, who inhabited the South Caucasus have been written out of the narrative altogether. Mamedova asserted that Hasan-Jalal, based on a specious interpretation of an inscription carved into

354-517: A well. After it was brought back, the body was given a funeral and buried at Gandzasar monastery. Following his death, the family shortened Hasan-Jalal's official title to just "Princes of Artsakh." Atabek was ordered by Hulegu to take over his father's position and held the post until 1306. His cousin Vakhtank (died 1347), whose descendants would become the Melik-Avanyan family, was given control over

413-699: Is a river in the Lori region in Northern Armenia . It originates in the Bazum Mountains and flows west to east through spectacular gorges around Stepanavan . It finally feeds into the river Debed near Dzoragyugh , which ultimately drains to the Kura . Dzoraget is a compound word in Armenian meaning Gorge-river and formed with the lexemes ձոր [dzɔɾ] ('gorge') and գետ [ɡetʰ] ('river') joined by

472-597: Is connected with other municipalities in Lori viа the H-34 Road from the north, H-33 Road from the east and H-23 Road from the west. The light industry of the town is mainly based on food-processing and dairy products. Stepanavan was one of Armenia's most famous tourist spots during the Soviet era, but it had suffered major destruction during the Spitak earthquake of 1988. Nowadays, the city

531-457: Is reviving and tourists from all over the world visit Stepanavan to enjoy the beauty of one of Armenia's most picturesque towns. Nowadays, Stepanavan has many restaurants, hotels and sanatoriums that attract both local and foreign visitors. The first school in Stepanavan was opened in 1869. Currently, there are 6 public education schools and 4 kindergartens in Stepanavan. The Stepanavan branch of

590-576: The Armenian Apostolic Church . The Surp Sarkis church dating back to the 19th century is the central church of the town. Recently, the Armenian Evangelical community has opened its church at the centre of the town. However, the town is also home to small communities of Orthodox Russians, Ukrainians and Pontic Greeks . The nearby villages of Yaghdan and Koghes used to have significant Greek communities as well. The central square of

649-656: The Crisis Management State Academy is operating since 2006, under the supervision of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Armenia. Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Stepanavan. However, other types of sports including martial arts, winter sports and handball are also popular in the town. Stepanavan was chosen as the youth and sport capital of 2015 in Armenia. Stepanavan is twinned with: Dzoraget River The Dzoraget ( Armenian : Ձորագետ )

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708-600: The Gandzasar Monastery . Construction of the monastery began in 1216 and lasted until 1238. On July 22, 1240, amid great celebration during Vardavar (Feast of the Transfiguration) celebrations and in the presence of nearly 700 priests including Nerses, the Catholicos of Albania, the church was consecrated. In 1261, Hasan-Jalalyan further completed a zhamatun next to the church, and left a dedicatory inscription: In

767-637: The Gandzasar monastery by the prince, was Caucasian Albanian. Her conclusions, and that of the Azerbaijani school, have been roundly rejected by other historians. With the surrender of Ani in 1045 and Kars in 1064, the final independent Armenian state in historic Armenia , the Bagratuni kingdom , was dissolved and incorporated into the domains of the Byzantine Empire . However, despite foreign domination of

826-534: The Ilkhanate Mongol armies invaded the Caucasus. Prior to them entering Khachen, Hasan Jalal and his people were able to take refuge at Ishkhanberd (located directly south of Gandzasar; also known by its Persian name of Khokhanaberd). Given its formidable location atop a mountain, the Mongols chose not to besiege the fortress and sued for negotiations with Hasan-Jalal: they exchanged his loyalty and military service to

885-651: The Kingdom of Georgia . The Seljuks invaded the region in the early 12th century, but their rule did not last long and in 1118-1122 the Georgian king David the Builder conquered Lori and granted the rule to the Georgian-Armenian Orbelian Dynasty . The Orbelians revolted unsuccessfully in 1177, after which a Kipchak named Khubasari was appointed spasalari of Lori. Later in 1185, the province became ruled by

944-638: The Terek River . The territories gained by Russia in the North and South Caucasus were ceded back to Iran (now led by Nader Shah ) per the treaties of Resht and Ganja of 1732 and 1735, respectively. While the Ottomans temporarily gained the Christian regions of the disintegrating Safavid realm, Yesai was blamed for this failure by some of the leaders of the Armenian army as they were forced to fend for themselves against

1003-657: The Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire. In May 1918, Lori became part of the newly formed Republic of Armenia . In late 1918, Armenia and Georgia fought a border war over Lori. In January 1919, the Lori neutral zone was established by the British forces. Following Armenia's sovietization in December 1920, Lori -including Jalaloghli- was finally incorporated into Soviet Armenia on 11 February 1921. In 1923, Jalaloghli

1062-512: The Turko - Persian wars of the seventeenth century and eighteenth century, the meliks fiercely resisted and fought back against incursions made by both sides. In the last quarter of the 18th century, they aided the invading imperial Russian armies to help clear the region of both the Turks and Persians. The Hasan-Jalalyans were one of the most prominent of the melik families that took up the cause to liberate

1121-647: The Urartu Kingdom between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. After the Achaemenid invasion, the region became part of the Satrapy of Armenia between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. With the establishment of the Kingdom of Armenia in 331 BC, the region became part of the Tashir canton of Gugark ; the 13th province of Greater Armenia. Following the partition of Armenia in 387 between the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia , and

1180-578: The Zakarian dynasty after Queen Tamar of Georgia appointed the Zakarid prince Sarkis as its governor. The Holy Saviour chapel dating back to the 13th century is still found at the centre of modern-day Stepanavan. Located on the northern trade route, Tashir region turned into a significant commercial centre in medieval Armenia. However, the region was devastated by the Mongol invasion of 1236 led by Chaghatai Khan , and

1239-609: The interfix ա [ɑ] . In certain places (e.g. at Kurtan ), the gorge is over 200 metres (660 ft) deep. The Armenian Travel Bureau considers the Dzoraget River the only Armenian river suitable for rafting. The commonest rafting route begins at the Dzoraget bridge, near the town of Stepanavan . Rafting on the river is concentrated in the Dzoraget Canyon, which is in some places as deep as 300 meters. Towns and villages along

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1298-460: The (Feast of ) the Cross. The monastery went on to become the residence and sepulcher of the family as well as the residence of the catholicos; beginning in the fifteenth century, the family monopolized control over the seat of Catholicos itself, which would thereon pass down from uncle to nephew. Hasan-Jalal's son Hovhannes VII is considered to be the first to have established this practice when he became

1357-654: The 7th century, Armenia was conquered by the Arab invaders. At the end of the 9th century, Tashir became part of the newly established Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia . In 979, King Kiurike I founded the Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget (alternatively known as the Kingdom of Lori) under the rule of the Kiurikian dynasty and the protectorate of the Bagratid kings of Armenia . The Kiurikians ruled the kingdom until 1118 when Tashir-Dzoraget became part of

1416-762: The Catholicos whereas his nephew, also named Hovhannes, became the second. Despite his Christian faith, Muslim influence in the region had pervaded and influenced the culture and customs of the Christians living in Georgia and Armenia, especially after the Seljuk Turks invaded the Caucasus. Antony Eastmond , for example, notes that "many of the outward manifestations of [Hasan-Jalal's] rule were presented through Islamic customs and titles, most notably in his depiction on his principal foundation of Gandzasar." The image of Hasan-Jalal on

1475-689: The Five Melikdoms of Karabakh, also known as the Melikdoms of Khamsa . Hasan-Jalal traced his descent to the Armenian Aranshahik dynasty, a family that predated the establishment of the Parthian Arsacids in the region. Hasan-Jalal's ancestry was "almost exclusively" Armenian according to Robert H. Hewsen : In the male line, (1) the princes (who later became kings) of Siunik . Through various princesses, who married his ancestors, Hasan-Jalal

1534-505: The Great . Ori, however, died on the way, and Yesayi soon took over as the lead figure of the movement. He continued negotiations with Peter, and in a letter sent to him in 1718, promised the support of a 10–12,000-man Armenian army as well as support from neighboring Georgian forces. His entreaties continued until 1724, when the Treaty of Constantinople (1724) was signed by Peter the Great that gave

1593-666: The Mongol Empire in return for some of the immediate lands adjacent to Khachen that they had conquered. In 1240–1242, Hasan Jalal struck coins of common Mongol types in Khachen on the mints of "Qarabāgh" (in Khokhanaberd) and "Lajīn" (in Havkakhaghats berd). Feeling the need to preserve his power, Hasan-Jalal twice undertook a journey to Karakorum , the capital of the Mongol empire, where he

1652-426: The Mongols by having his daughter Rhuzukan marry Bora Noyan, the son of a Mongol leader. Relations between Armenians and Mongols deteriorated, however, and the document issued by the khan failed to safeguard Hasan-Jalal's rights. Finally, in 1260, Hasan-Jalal decided to ally himself with the forces of the Georgian king David Narin , who was leading an insurrection against Mongol rule. He was captured several times by

1711-664: The Mongols yet his family was able to free him by paying a ransom. The insurrection eventually failed and on the orders of Arghun Khan, Hasan-Jalal was arrested once more and taken to Qazvin , (now in Iran ). According to Kirakos Ganzaketsi, Rhuzukan appealed to the Hulagu Khan 's wife Doquz Khatun , to pressure Arghun to free her father. Upon learning of this, however, Arghun Khan had Hasan-Jalal tortured and finally executed. Hasan Jalal's son Atabek sent several of his men to Iran to retrieve his father's dismembered body, which had been tossed into

1770-530: The Muslim-populated regions in eastern Transcaucasia to Russia and Christian-populated western regions to the Turks. Both had just finished conquering swaths of Safavid territory comprising large parts of the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia while the Safavid realm was disintegrating in a civil war. Russian interest in the Caucasus soon waned after Peter's death in 1725 as its leaders pulled their forces back across

1829-679: The Turkish invasions. From the seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century, several cadet branches of the Hasan-Jalalyans were established, including the Melik-Atabekyan family, who became the last rulers of the principality of Jraberd. Allahverdi II Hasan-Jalalyan, who died in 1813, was the final melik of Khachen when the Russian Empire gained control of the region in 1805 during the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 . In 1828, following

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1888-487: The Zakarian dynasty declined by the second half of the 14th century. Tashir region was annexed by Safavid Persia as a result of the 1555 Peace of Amasya and became part of Persia's Kartli-Kakheti province. After Nader Shah 's murder in 1747, the Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti became independent and united into a single kingdom by 1762. In 1801, together with the Georgian provinces of Kartli and Kakheti, Tashir

1947-519: The aroma of pine tree, is useful for patients who suffer from respiratory problems. Stepanavan has a humid continental climate with Dfb designation in Köppen climate classification . The weather is cold and snowy in winter but with low precipitation, whereas there is significant precipitation in spring and summer months. Hail is a rare phenomenon which mostly happens in summer. The majority of Stepanavan's inhabitants are ethnic Armenians who belong to

2006-426: The capital once more to protest against the encroachments upon Catholicos Nerses. In response, Batu Khan drafted a document "guaranteeing freedom for Lord Nerses, Katolikos of Albania, for all his properties and goods, that he be free and untaxed and allowed to travel freely everywhere in the dioceses under his authority, and that no one disobey what he said." Hasan-Jalal also attempted to strengthen his alliances with

2065-525: The drum of Gandzasar's dome has him sitting cross-legged, which Eastmond remarks was a "predominant device for depicting power at the Seljuq court." Hasan-Jalal's name also betrayed Muslim influence: as was the fashion of the time, many Armenians adopted Arabic patronymics ( kunya ) that lost any "connection with original Armenian names," the Russian orientalist Vladimir Minorsky noted. Hasan-Jalal's Armenian name

2124-556: The early thirteenth century, the family held sway in Khachen (Greater Artsakh ) in what are now the regions of lower Karabakh , Nagorno-Karabakh , and Syunik in modern Armenia. The family was founded by Hasan-Jalal Dawla, an Armenian feudal prince from Khachen. The Hasan-Jalalyans maintained their autonomy over the course of several centuries of nominal foreign domination by the Seljuk Turks , Persians and Mongols . They, along with

2183-616: The end of the second Russo-Persian War and the cession of Persia's last territories in the South Caucasus to Russia according to the Treaty of Turkmenchay , the Russians dissolved the Catholicosate of Albania, although a member of the Hasan-Jalalyan family, Balthasar, became Primate of Artsakh, which was tantamount of the position of Catholicos of Albania in all but name. At the time of the publication of Hewsen's initial article in 1972 in

2242-483: The journal Revue des Études Arméniennes , the author was unable to trace any survivors of the house but did note that the final two Catholicos of Albania, Hovhannes XII (1763–1786) and Sargis II (1794–1815), had a dozen brothers altogether, all who left a "numerous progeny by the middle of the nineteenth century." He was also able to identify a woman named Eleanora Hasan-Jalalian who was living in Yerevan as an artist at

2301-606: The latter of which has deeper historical roots. Surrounded with thick forests and alpine meadows, Stepanavan has a relatively humid climate with an average yearly temperature of 6.6 C. The average temperature of January is -4,2 C while in July it makes +16,7 C. The annual precipitation is 683 mm with snowy winters. Stepanavan is a health resort known for its pine forests and mountainous climate. The essential oils , isolated by coniferous trees, possess strong bactericidal properties; therefore mountainous air of Stepanavan, filled with

2360-474: The other Armenian princes and meliks of Khachen, saw themselves as holding the last bastion of Armenian independence in the region. Through their patronage of churches and monasteries, Armenian culture flourished in the region. By the late sixteenth century, the Hasan-Jalalyan family had branched out to establish principalities in nearby Gulistan and Jraberd . Along with the separately ruled melikdoms of Varanda and Dizak , these five principalities formed

2419-450: The production of the new and better organized Haysmavurk to Hasan-Jalal, who asked Father Israel (Ter-Israel), a disciple of an important Armenian medieval philosopher and Artsakh native known as Vanakan Vardapet, to undertake the work. The Haysmavurk was further developed by Kirakos Gandzaketsi. Ever since the Haysmavurk ordered by Hasan-Jalal became known as "Synaxarion of Ter-Israel"; it was mass printed in Constantinople in 1834. In 1236,

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2478-440: The region from foreign control; the foremost among them being Catholicos Yesayi Hasan-Jalalyan (? - 1728). In 1677, Armenian Catholicos Hakob of Julfa had held a secret meeting with the meliks of Karabakh, proposing that a delegation journey to Europe to garner support for the liberation of the region. In 1711, Yesayi, accompanying Israel Ori , traveled to Russia to gather support for the formation of an Armenian army under Peter

2537-488: The region of Dizak. As a method of showing their relation to Hasan-Jalal, his descendants adopted Hasan-Jalal as their surname and appended the suffix -yan at the end. The family funded numerous architectural and cultural projects which continue to stand today, including Gandzasar monastery and the adjacent Church of St. John the Baptist. In the late 16th century, the family branched out and established melikdoms in settlements in Jraberd , Khachen and Gulistan . During

2596-450: The region, which became more pronounced after the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, Armenians in eastern Armenia were able to maintain autonomy in the two mountainous strongholds in Syunik and Lori and in the principality of Khachen . From the early to mid-12th century, combined Georgian and Armenian armies were successful in pushing the Turkic groups out of eastern Armenia, thereby establishing

2655-501: The right bank of the river as well after the devastating 1988 earthquake that left around 6000 families homeless in the town. The 2 parts of the town are connected with each other through the Stepanavan Bridge opened in 1989. Stepanavan is situated on Lori plateau to the north of Bazum mountains, on the shores of river Dzoraget at an average height of 1375 meters above sea level, covering an area of 17 km. The deep gorge of Dzoraget divides Stepanavan into northern and southern banks,

2714-405: The river include: Stepanavan , Amrakits , Lori Berd , Agarak , Vardablur , Kurtan , Arevatsag , and Dzoragyukh . This article related to a river in Armenia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . House of Hasan-Jalalyan Hasan-Jalalyan ( Armenian : Հասան-Ջալալյաններ) is a medieval Armenian dynasty that ruled over parts of the South Caucasus . From

2773-403: The subsequent collapse of Arsacid Armenia in 428, Eastern Armenia including Tashir region became under the rule of Sassanid Persia. However, the earliest records about human settlement in modern-day Stepanavan dates back to the 5th century, when the basilica of the Holy Mother of God was built on the shores of Dzoraget River (destroyed by the Soviets during the 1930s). During the 2nd half of

2832-657: The surrounding Armenian regions. When his father Vakhtank died in 1214, Hasan-Jalal inherited his lands and took up residence in a castle at Akana in Jraberd. He was addressed with the titles tagavor (king; Armenian : թագավոր ) or inknakal (autocrat or absolute ruler; ինքնակալ) but took the official title of "King of Artsakh and Balk" when he married the daughter of the final king of Dizak -Balk. The medieval Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi extolled Hasan-Jalal in his work History of Armenia , showering him with praise for his piety and devotion to Christianity: He was...a pious and God-loving man, mild and meek, merciful, and

2891-456: The town is home to the town hall, the cultural palace and the Stepan Shaumian museum. The town is also served by a public library and a medical centre. The Stepanavan Airport opened in 1982 is located 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the town, near the village of Getavan . However, it is currently defunct and the government is planning to reopen the airport during 2018. The M-3 Motorway connects Stepanavan with Yerevan and Vanadzor. The town

2950-414: The turn of the 19th to 20th century. In later years, Soviet sources also listed the biography of Ruben Hasan-Jalalyan (1840–1902), an Armenian writer, poet and lawyer who lived in the Russian Empire . One person, a man named Stepan Hasan Jalalyan from Drmbon , Martakert Region of Nagorno Karabakh , served as a deputy in the Armenian National Assembly as a member of the Heritage Party and fought in

3009-437: The year 710 (ie 1261 CE) I, J̌alal Dawlay, son of Vaxt‘ang, Governor of Arc‘ax, and my wife Mamk‘an, granddaughter of the King of Bałk‘, and my son At‘abak-Iwanē, founded (this) žamatun after the completion of the Church and finished it after much work... And again I, At‘abak, gladly donated a golden cased Gospel and the glorious holy Christ-bearing Sign and... instituted to celebrate the Eucharist for Christ for eight days during

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3068-439: Was Hasan I (also known as Hasan the Great), a prince who ruled over the northern half of Artsakh. In 1182, Hasan I had stepped down as ruler of the region and entered monastic life at Dadivank , dividing his land into two: the southern half (comprising much of Khachen) went to his oldest son Vakhtank II (also known as Tangik) and the northern half went to the youngest, Gregory the Black. Vakhtank II married Khorishah Zakarian, who

3127-399: Was Haykaz but the Arabic words in his name, in fact, described his person: thus, Hasan meant handsome; Jalal, grand; Dawla, wealth and governance. Gandzasar served as a scriptorium , and was where the first completed Haysmavurk ( Synaxarion ), a calendar collection of short lives of saints and accounts of important religious events, was completed in Armenia. Medieval chroniclers attributed

3186-402: Was able to obtain special autonomy rights and privileges for himself and the people under his domain from the ruling khan . Despite this arrangement, the Mongols viewed many of the people of the region with contempt and taxed them excessively. Arghun Khan, the regional Mongol ostikan at the time, placed so many restrictions against Armenians that it prompted Hasan-Jalal in 1256 to travel to

3245-402: Was annexed by the Russian Empire . During the reign of Catherine the Great , the town of Jalaloghly was founded in 1810, by the Armenian prince Davit Hasan-Jalalyan from Artsakh . Tashir became officially part of the Russian Empire at the Treaty of Gulistan signed on 1 January 1813 between Imperial Russia and Qajar Persia . Administratively, Jalaloghli was part of the Borchaly uezd within

3304-537: Was descended from (2) the kings of Armenia or the Bagratuni dynasty , centered at Ani ; (3) the Armenian kings of Vaspurakan of the Artsruni dynasty, centered in the region of Van ; 4) the princes of Gardman ; (5) the Sassanid dynasty of Persia, and (6) the Arsacids , the second royal house of Albania, itself a branch of (7) the kings of ancient Parthia . Hasan-Jalal Dawla's family roots were entrenched in an intricate array of royal marriages with new and old Armenian nakharar families. Hasan-Jalal's grandfather

3363-413: Was founded in 1810 by prince Davit Hasan-Jalalyan . In 1923, Jalaloghli was renamed Stepanavan , meaning town of Stepan in Armenian, in honour of the bolshevik leader Stepan Shaumian . The area of modern-day Stepanavan was first settled during the 4th millennium BC. The remains of an ancient fortress is found in the western edge of the town dating back to the 3rd millennium BC. Later, it became part of

3422-425: Was renamed Stepanavan after the Armenian Bolshevik leader Stepan Shaumian . In 1930, Stepanavan became the centre of the newly formed Stepanavan raion . The first major plan of the town was introduces in 1957. It was revised in 1962 and 1971. Stepanavan was granted the status of a town of republican subordination in 1967. Originally built on the right bank of the Dzoraget River , Stepanavan has been expanded towards

3481-445: Was the daughter of Sargis Zakarian, the progenitor of the Zakarid line of princes. When he married the daughter of Mamkan, the Aranshahik king of Dizak-Balk, Hasan-Jalal also inherited his father-in-law's lands. In the late 1960s and into the 1970s, Hasan-Jalal's origins became embroiled in a debate revolving around the history of Artsakh between Soviet Armenian and Azerbaijani scholars. Azerbaijani scholars have sought to construct

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