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35-440: The theatre opened on November 6, 1888 in the "Victoria" Building (currently a cinema). One Lucjan Kościelecki made notable efforts to bring the theatre to life. The first premiere was a staging of Kazimierz Zalewski 's Apfels' Matrimony . The building situated at Piotrkowska Street served as the theatre's base till May 5, 1909 - when it completely burned down in a fire. The theatre's director - Aleksander Zelwerowicz (who ran

70-600: A performer in that work. Raymond F. Betts attributes the introduction of the film premiere to showman Sid Grauman , who founded Grauman's Chinese Theatre . The first ever Hollywood premiere was for the 1922 film Robin Hood , starring Douglas Fairbanks , in front of the Egyptian Theatre . By the late 1920s the red carpet had become synonymous with film premieres. There are a number of different types: A single work will often have many premieres. For example, in film,

105-402: A director and a stage designer, became the theatre's artistic director and is handling its stages to this day. His works include Fernando de Rojas ' La Celestina , Georg Büchner 's, Woyzeck , William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream , Christopher Marlowe 's The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus , Friedrich Schiller's Intrigue and Love , Nijinsky (a solo play based on

140-520: A love affair, with much bawdy and comic detail, before a tragic ending. The scholar Dorothy Severin has written that it may be considered as either the last Spanish work of the Middle Ages or the first of the Renaissance. As far as is known it is Rojas's only work of literature or drama. The writer Keith Gregor calls La Celestina "vastly influential" but "his only literary testament". On returning to

175-553: A new quality of reaching the audience. The first performances included Eric Westphal 's Those Clouds of Yours , Ted Whitehead 's Alpha Beta , Tom Stoppard 's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead and David Storey 's Home . In 1988 however the theatre lost the 7.15 Stage to the Philharmonic Orchestra of Łódź. Between 1979 and 1992 the Stefan Jaracz Theatre was governed by Bogdan Hussakowski , who favoured

210-672: A repertoire that would mix the aesthetics of high and low drama. Amongst the notable premieres of his directorship are to be named Witold Gombrowicz 's Trans-Atlantic , Henryk Rzewuski 's The Memoirs of Soplica , Tadeusz Słobodzianek 's Citizen Pekosiewicz (all directed by Mikolaj Grabowski ), Aleksander Fredro 's Mr. Jovial (dir. by Tadeusz Bradecki ), Adam Mickiewicz's The Forefather's Eve (dir. by Maciej Prus ) alongside of Hussakowski's own works - Bolesław Leśmian 's Savagery of Posthumous Habits , August Strindberg's Easter and Eugène Scribe 's and Ernest Legouvé 's Adrienne Lecouvreur . In 1992 Waldemar Zawodziński , both

245-410: A staging of Stanisław Wyspiański's The Wedding . It assembled acclaimed actors, directors and stage designers , to name Aleksander Zelwerowicz , Jan Kreczmar , Juliusz Osterwa , Henryk Szletyński , Edmund Wierciński , Józef Węgrzyn , Jacek Woszczerowicz , Jadwiga Chojnacka , Jan Świderski and Czesław Wołłejko . In the years 1946-1949 the stage was managed by Leon Schiller , whose output

280-455: A work receives will impact on how the work is treated by festivals, including the categorization of the work in screening sessions, e.g. Fantastic Fest , and even as the basis of its submission requirements, e.g. Sundance Film Festival eligibility rules require that United States feature films, both narrative and documentary, have retained their world premier status, whilst international feature films, both narrative and documentary, have retained

315-683: The Argyll Rooms in London on 21 March 1825. When a work originates in a country that speaks a different language from that in which it is receiving its premiere, it is possible to have two premieres for the same work, e.g., the French-language version of the play The Maids by Jean Genet received its British premiere (which was also its world premiere) in 1952, and subsequently its English-language premiere in Britain in 1956. The type of premiers that

350-460: The Inquisition , Rojas was a successful lawyer and became mayor of Talavera de la Reina , where he lived for the last three decades of his life. Rojas was born at La Puebla de Montalbán , Toledo , to a family of Jewish descent. Contemporary documents refer to Rojas as " converso ", but scholarly opinion differs on whether this means that he himself converted from Judaism to Christianity or whether

385-639: The Nazi occupation the theatre (then by the name of City Theatre) was converted into the German Theater zum Litzmannstadt. It was closed down in 1944 when the German army began their retreat from Poland. In January 1945 the company of the Polish Army Theatre under the command of Władysław Krasnowiecki came to Łódź. They chose the building at Cegielniana Street as their seat . The theatre opened on March 22 with

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420-708: The 2019 United States movie Aladdin held its world premiere at the Grand Rex in Paris , France, on 8 May 2019, its first regional premiere in Jordan on 13 May 2019, and its United States premiere on 24 May 2019. Likewise, in music, Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 received its world premiere in the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna on 7 May 1824, and subsequently received a premiere in England at

455-519: The Turbins , Jerzy Andrzejewski 's Ashes and Diamonds . In the midst of the 1960s Jerzy Grzegorzewski began cooperating with the theatre and directed Bertolt Brecht's The Caucasian Chalk Circle , Stanisław Wyspiański The Wedding , Sophocles ' Antigone , Jean Genet 's The Balcony and Witkacy 's The Shoemakers . 1971 is also the time when the theatre opened its Small Stage. More intimate, chamber performances were held there in order to create

490-635: The cancellation of a number festivals, including the Tribeca Film Festival , an International film festival called We Are One was organised where films were globally streamed, via YouTube , in an event containing 13 world premieres, 31 online premieres, and 5 international online premiers. Director Lina Soualem  [ fr ] , who reluctantly kept her film Their Algeria  [ fr ] in for an online premier at We Are One said "At first, your automatic feeling is, 'No, I don't want to do that, ... I felt distressed because this would be

525-453: The coronavirus pandemic, festivals had to become either partially online, e.g. SXSW and Tribeca , or fully online, e.g. CPH:DOX , Visions du Reel . Director Alex Winter even went so far as to pull his documentary Zappa out of both SXSW and CPH:DOX rather than let the film premiere there, saying "Our main concern was sales. Being online with these festivals would be the equivalent of a streaming distribution deal." On 29 May 2020, upon

560-528: The director to experiment with the form of folklore theatre at the same time. They merged local tradition with contemporary themes. In 1949 the company of the Polish Army Theatre together with Schiller moved to Warsaw and Iwo Gall became the stage's new leading director. The theatre took the name of Stefan Jaracz as its patron . Iwo Gall successor, Feliks Żukowski followed in Schiller's steps and

595-611: The directors who managed the theatre in the interwar period were Bolesław Gorczyński , Karol Adwentowicz , Karol Borowski , Stanisława Wysocka and Kazimierz Wroczyński . But it was thanks to the works of Leon Schiller , who was persistent in forming his political theatre manifestos , that Łódź continued to be noticed on Poland's theatrical map. His most prominent performances of the period were Jaroslav Hašek ś The Good Soldier Švejk , Friedrich Wolf's Cyankali , Sergei Tretyakov 's Roar China! , Zygmunt Krasiński The Un-Divine Comedy and Juliusz Słowacki's Kordian . During

630-500: The family home after leaving the university Rojas found his relations under scrutiny from the Inquisition; he himself was never suspected of Judaism. Many conversos chose to marry into families of unquestioned Christian descent, and by Rojas's time many noble families were of mixed Christian and Jewish ancestry, as was Tomás de Torquemada , the first Grand Inquisitor of Spain. Rojas, however, married into another converso family. His wife

665-457: The film." Fionnuala Halligan of Screen Daily questioned the legitimacy of the festivals without physically screened premiers, saying "Is premiere status demanded by A-list festivals still valid, and if not world, then national or international, or online – how much do they matter in the time of Covid?" On the complications of incorporating online premiers during the new online reformatting of festivals, Halligan said that another burning question

700-501: The first time I would show an audience my film, so I was upset that it (would have to) be online." but said she relented as "I was observing (the Doha Film Institute's Qumra event ) online, and it was a good experience. I spoke to many programmers and professionals, and little by little, I understood we are all in the same situation and times are so uncertain that if I decided to say 'no,' I wouldn't know what would happen next with

735-482: The international premiere status. Premiering at a film festival has been used to gain publicity for a film, even without a distributor already in place, and can even allow last minuting editing. Director Alex Winter said, of film festival premiers, "It helps me get a sense of what my work is or isn't communicating. We've often made little tweaks and changes after we've premiered it at a few film festivals." Concerns existed about online premieres, when in 2020, during

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770-492: The life of danseur and choreographer Vaslav Nijinsky ) and Witold Gombrowicz The Marriage . In 1995 a third stage was added to the theatre, the Chamber Stage. Sabina Nowacka , who had been a general director of the theatre for quite a number of years, was the initiator of the project. The stage was dedicated to the memory of Leon Schiller and it opened with a staging of Stanisław Wyspiański's The Curse to commemorate

805-498: The term implied that he was "de linaje de conversos" – of convert descent. Jewish descent was not a bar to social advancement, and Rojas's family had been recognised as hidalgos for at least three generations. Nevertheless, converso families lived under the shadow of the Inquisition and were vulnerable to accusations of secretly practising Judaism. Rojas studied law at the University of Salamanca , graduating around 1498. While at

840-569: The theatre between 1909 and 1911) - moved the company and crew to a structure at Jaracza Street (then named Cegielniana Street) where it resides to this day. During Zelwerowicz's directorship Łódź as the first city of Congress Poland watched the now classic works of Stanisław Wyspiański - The Curse and The Wedding . The theatre continued to perform national drama, including Adam Mickiewicz 's The Forefather's Eve , Juliusz Słowacki 's Fantazy , The Silver Dream of Salome and Samuel Zborowski and Zygmunt Krasiński 's Irydion . Amongst

875-683: The theatre opened a second stage - the 7.15 Theatre. The stage was used to present comedies, farce , music-based entertainment and crime fiction. In 1971 Żukowski was succeeded by Jan Maciejowski (1971–78), whose main interest was in reflecting upon contemporary reality as well as understanding the classics in terms of existentialism . The most interesting performances of his period included William Shakespeare's Hamlet and Henry IV, Part 1 and Part 2 , Fritz Hochwälder 's The Public Prosecutor , Zygmunt Krasiński's The Un-Divine Comedy , Stanisław Wyspiański's Varsovian Anthem , Mikhail Schatrov 's The Bolsheviks , Mikhail Bulgakov 's The Days of

910-447: The theatre to operate not only within city limits, but also on its four regional stages. 51°46′27″N 19°28′31″E  /  51.7743°N 19.4753°E  / 51.7743; 19.4753 Premiere A premiere , also spelled première , (from French : première, 1 , transl.  first, 1st ) is the debut (first public presentation) of a work, i.e. play , film , dance , musical composition , or even

945-524: The theatre's director till 1971, favoring political plays in his repertoire: Nikolai Pogodin 's The third: Pathetic , Bertolt Brecht 's Fear and Misery of the Third Reich , Albert Camus ' Caligula . Alongside this line Żukowski commenced a cycle entitled Contemporary Classics inaugurated with Jean Giraudoux 's Ondine and Luigi Pirandello 's Six Characters in Search of an Author . In November 1965

980-684: The title Aleksander Zelwerowicz chose when commencing his directorship of the theatre. The theatre's current aim is to discuss topics that concern the modern world. It is doing so through stagings of both Polish and international classics, but the theatre is also eager to explore contemporary drama. In the year 2008 the theatre added four more stages. Through an EU-funded project infrastructures were restored in Sieradz , Skierniewice , Piotrków Trybunalski and Radomsko . The project, meant to make theatre more accessible to milieus that are located away from major cultural and entertainment centers, thus allows

1015-401: The university he began writing La Celestina (originally titled Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea ), which was published in 1499. The work has been variously described as a drama, a dramatic poem, a dialogued novel, a novel-drama, and as 'ageneric' – a genre entirely of its own. It was never staged during Rojas's lifetime, but the majority of modern scholars consider it a drama. It describes

1050-508: Was "Would a geo-locked online premiere at a smaller festival jeopardise a filmmaker's chances for showing their "international premiere" at another, perhaps larger, more covetable event (for which the selection hasn't yet been announced)?" Fernando de Rojas Fernando de Rojas (c. 1465/73, in La Puebla de Montalbán , Toledo , Spain – April 1541, in Talavera de la Reina , Toledo, Spain)

1085-478: Was Leonor Álvarez de Montalbán. They had four sons and three daughters. In about 1507 Rojas moved to the city of Talavera de la Reina , where he practiced law. When his father-in-law, Álvaro de Montalbán, was accused of secretly returning to Judaism in 1525, the Inquisition refused to allow Rojas to act as defending lawyer, but this was evidently on account of Rojas's status as a converso rather than from any suspicion that he might be secretly practicing Judaism. He

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1120-656: Was a Spanish author and dramatist, known for his only surviving work, La Celestina (originally titled Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea ), first published in 1499. It is variously considered "the last work of the Spanish Middle Ages or the first work of the Spanish Renaissance". Rojas wrote La Celestina while still a student. After graduating he practised law and is not known to have written any further literary works, although La Celestina achieved widespread success during his lifetime. Despite difficulties with

1155-484: Was allowed to testify on Montalbán's behalf, and the charge was dropped. Rojas served as mayor of Talavera de la Reina in the 1530s. The writer Gordon Campbell observes that during Rojas's lifetime La Celestina achieved rapid success: "in the course of the sixteenth century some 60 editions and six sequels were published. Its sexual explicitness and amoral pessimism did not trouble the Spanish Inquisition, which

1190-427: Was greatly influenced by his predecessors understanding of theatre. The most memorable performance made in the early 1950s was Friedrich Schiller 's The Robbers directed by Czesław Staszewski . Żukowski left the office in 1956 and he was followed by Emil Chaberski (1956–57), Aleksander Bardini and Konrad Laszewski (1957–58), then Karol Borowski (1958–60). In 1961 returned to his former position and remained

1225-505: Was of great significance. He personally prepared ten performances during three theatrical seasons. The most distinguished ones were Wojciech Bogusławski 's Krakovians and Highlanders , Fernando de Rojas ' La Celestina , William Shakespeare 's The Tempest , Jan Drda 's Playing with the Devil and the Song Stall . These works continued Schiller's line of political theatre while allowing

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