The State Security Court is a judicial institution in Jordan. It deals with cases regarding state security, but also with drug offences and other types of cases. The defendants in the court can be both military personnel as well as civilians.
116-487: The Court has faced criticism for lack of independence from the executive, unfair trials, and civilians being defendants in a militarized court. The State Security Court was derived from earlier military courts from the time when Jordan was under martial law . In September 2011, King Abdullah II of Jordan limited the possibilities of the Court to adjudicate over civilians. There would be only four types of offences over which it
232-501: A military junta . Five days following the coup, factory workers around Yangon (a region in Myanmar) held protests against the coup regime. On 14 March, security forces killed upwards of sixty-five protestors in the town of Hlaingtharyar. As a result, the military junta declared martial law over the region of Yangon, including over the majority of industrial zones. As of 22 February 2023, Myanmar's military junta has declared martial law over
348-633: A revolution . Egyptian State media outlets mainly referred to the ousting as a revolution, and this term was also favoured by a majority of the Egyptian public. Ensuing protests in favour of Morsi were violently suppressed culminating with the dispersal and massacre of pro-Morsi sit-ins on 14 August 2013, amid ongoing unrest ; journalists and several hundred protestors were killed by police and military force. Muslim Brotherhood members claim 2,600 people were killed. Human Rights Watch documented 904 deaths, describing it as crimes against humanity and "one of
464-526: A 43% who saw him negatively, while about 30% were happy with the direction of the country, 73% thought positively of the army and only 35% were content about local policy authorities. In the lead up to the protests, a Gallup poll indicated a drop in approval of the national government from 57% in November 2012 to 24% in June 2013. About a third of Egyptians said they were "suffering" and viewed their lives poorly. At
580-596: A State of Martial Law in the Philippines") was signed on 21 September 1972 and came into force on 23 September. The official reason behind the declaration was to suppress increasing civil strife and the threat of a communist takeover , particularly after a series of bombings (including the Plaza Miranda bombing ) and an assassination attempt on Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile in Mandaluyong . The policy of martial law
696-580: A conference on 15 June, Morsi called for foreign intervention in Syria . According to Yasser El-Shimy, an analyst with the International Crisis Group , this statement crossed "a national security red line." The army rebuked this statement the next day by stating that its only role was to guard Egypt's borders. Although the Egyptian constitution ostensibly declares the president as the supreme commander of
812-491: A different legal construct, such as a state of emergency . Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts, and in cases of occupations, where the absence of any other civil government provides for an unstable population. Examples of this form of military rule include post World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan, the recovery and reconstruction of the former Confederate States of America during Reconstruction Era in
928-516: A given distance from a person's registered place of residence, and curfew , administrative detentions , and expulsions were common. Although the military administration was officially for geographical areas, and not people, its restrictions were seldom enforced on the Jewish residents of these areas. In the early 1950s, martial law ceased to be in effect for those Arab citizens living in predominantly Jewish cities of Jaffa , Ramla , and Lod , constituting
1044-602: A large sum of money for the army's use from the bank account of Tamarod , the ostensibly independent grassroots group that was organizing protests against President Morsi. The tapes also suggest high-level collusion between the coup plotters and the Government of the United Arab Emirates as the money that was to be transferred from Tamarod's account into the army's account was provided by the UAE . The tapes were first released on
1160-487: A military activity in Aceh , under the order of the president , Indonesian Army Chief imposed martial law for a period of six months to eliminate Acehnese separatists. On 7 September 1978, in response to public demonstrations protesting the perceived government involvement in the death of the son of Ayatollah Khomeini, Mostafa Khomeini , Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi appointed Chief of Army Staff General Gholam Ali Oveisi as
1276-660: A national referendum. New elections were scheduled for April 2013 under a law approved in draft by the constitutional court, but were postponed to October 2013 to comply with a technical order of an administrative court. In November 2012, following the protests against the Constitutional Declaration by Morsi, opposition politicians – including Mohamed ElBaradei , Amr Moussa and Hamdeen Sabahi , according to The Wall Street Journal – started holding confidential meetings with army leaders, in order to discuss ways of removing President Morsi. On 28 April 2013, Tamarod
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#17328764027121392-705: A naval base for the next four months. His family had stated earlier Morsi was kidnapped on 3 July 2013. The spokesperson of the Egyptian Armed Forces , Colonel Ahmed Ali later denied allegations that Morsi was badly treated, saying they had nothing to hide. The Egyptian Army later gave Catherine Ashton the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy for the European Union permission to meet Morsi. Ashton later stated that Morsi
1508-413: A new council of experts to draft a new one, institute a three-person executive council, and appoint a prime minister from the military. Morsi's military advisor, Sami Hafez Anan , also resigned and said that the army would not "abandon the will of the people." In a late-night television address Morsi declared that he would "defend the legitimacy of his elected office with his life." He added that "there
1624-420: A period of civil unrest in 1968 as an emergency measure, has never been repealed and is still used by the police force there to this day. The system, which has no apparent foundation in the constitution of Mauritius, enables the police to arrest without having to demonstrate reasonable suspicion that a crime has been carried out but simply on the submission of "provisional information" to the magistrate. The accused
1740-433: A road map] that includes initial steps that realize the building of a strong and coherent Egyptian society that does not exclude any of its sons and currents and that ends the state of conflict and division." He added the army was standing apart from the political process but was using its vision as the Egyptian people were calling for help and discharged its responsibility. El-Sisi named former Chief Justice Adli Mansour as
1856-500: A total of 50 townships in the regions of Chin, Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Mon States, Yangon and Mandalay. News reports indicate that since the military coup in February 2021, and the subsequent declaration of martial law in Myanmar regions, military tribunals have sentenced more than 100 people to death. Reports further indicate that a total of three townships in Myanmar's northwest reside under
1972-724: A total of approximately 15% of the Arab population of Israel. But military rule remained in place on the remaining Arab population elsewhere within Israel until 1966. This period is remembered for its extreme crackdown on political rights, as well as unaccountable military brutality. Most political and civil organization was prohibited. Flying of Palestinian flag , as well as other expressions of Palestinian patriotism were prohibited. Furthermore, despite theoretical guarantee of full political rights, military government personnel frequently made threats against Arabs citizens if they did not vote in elections for
2088-743: Is a law in Finnish legislation, enacted in accordance with the constitutional procedure. The purpose of the Act is to give the authorities sufficient powers in times of war and other exceptional circumstances. During a state of defence (war), there is also the Defence Status Act, the provisions of which override the Preparedness Act. Together, the two laws form the Emergency Preparedness Act. The current Emergency Preparedness Act and its predecessor of
2204-486: Is an event that took place on 3 July 2013. Egyptian army chief General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi led a coalition to remove the democratically elected President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi from power and suspended the Egyptian constitution of 2012 . The move came after the military's ultimatum for the government to "resolve its differences" with protesters during widespread national protests . The military arrested Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood leaders, and declared Chief Justice of
2320-715: Is given through an Enabling Act of the Parliament, it is inherently subject to the above decision. During the British Raj , Martial law was effectively declared in the Defense of India Act, 1915 and the Defense of India Act, 1939 . It was also declared in most of the Punjab during 1919 as a response to tensions caused by the Amritsar Massacre . These tensions were caused due to the controversial Rowlatt Act . On 18 May 2003, during
2436-523: Is no substitute for legitimacy" as he vowed not to resign. Morsi accused supporters of Hosni Mubarak of exploiting the wave of protests to topple the government and fight democracy. After Morsi's statement, an official Facebook page of the Egyptian Armed Forces wrote a post under the title "The Last Hours" saying in response to Morsi: "The Supreme Commander in Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces had mentioned before that it's better for us to die rather than seeing
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#17328764027122552-680: Is not a military coup by any standards. It was a necessary decision that the Armed Forces' leadership took to protect democracy, maintain the country's unity and integrity, restore stability and get back on track towards achieving the goals of the 25 January Revolution." According to Morsi, he was abducted by the Armed Forces and held at the Republican Guard headquarters one day before the army announced his removal, and held there until 5 July 2013, after which he and his aide were forcibly moved to
2668-472: Is restored in Egypt". Before martial law, the Egyptian parliament under the constitution had the civilian power to declare a state of emergency. When in martial law, the military gained all powers of the state, including to dissolve the parliament and suspend the constitution as it did in its fifth announcement. Under martial law, the only legal framework within the Egyptian territory was the numbered announcements from
2784-416: Is stronger than a "military coup". The army has perpetrated a "shameful coup". We are still in the street, we still don't know if all of the armed forces will accept what Sisi has done." A party spokesman said that what started as a military coup was "turning into something much more." The National Salvation Front , an alliance of multiple political parties, stated on 4 July that "what Egypt is witnessing now
2900-491: Is the common law doctrine of necessity. While many countries, the United States for example, do not have the explicit constitutional right to declare martial law, scholars often interpret the law of the United States to allow for the implementation of martial law in times of necessity. Countries such as Pakistan have famously implemented this rationale as well. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over
3016-498: Is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties may be suspended for as long as martial law continues. Most often, martial law is declared in times of war and/or emergencies such as civil unrest and natural disasters. Alternatively, martial law may be declared in instances of military coup d'états . Despite
3132-545: Is then placed on remand or bail and required to report to the police or the court on a regular basis, sometimes every day. There are examples of this system being used to intimidate or coerce individuals in civil litigations. On 1 February 2021, democratically elected members of Myanmar, known as the National League for Democracy , were overthrown by Myanmar's military, called the Tatmadaw . This military placed their power in
3248-542: The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan declared martial law. The Black War was a period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Australians in Tasmania from the mid-1820s to 1832. With an escalation of violence in the late 1820s, Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur declared martial law in November 1828—effectively providing legal immunity for killing Aboriginal people. It would remain in force for more than three years,
3364-452: The Egyptian Armed Forces issuing a 48-hour ultimatum that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then. Four ministers also resigned on the same day: Tourism Minister Hisham Zazou (who previously offered to resign a few months earlier after Morsi appointed an Islamist member of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya ,
3480-624: The High Court . Human Rights Watch has criticized the State Security Court's lack of independence from the executive , as the Prime Minister appoints the judges on the court. It furthermore criticized the inclusion of offenses related to peaceful speech. The criticism was made after protests in Jordan in 2012 led to detainees being charged in the court. Amnesty International has criticized
3596-594: The Palestinian National Authority . Officially, only parts of Area C in the West Bank are under martial law. During the 2006 Lebanon war , martial law was declared by Defense Minister Amir Peretz over the north of the country. The Israel Defense Forces were granted the authority to issue instructions to civilians, and to close down offices, schools, camps and factories in cities considered under threat of attack, as well as to impose curfews on cities in
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3712-661: The Philippines (then a client state of Imperial Japan ) under martial law via Proclamation № 29, dated 21 September 1944 and enforced the following day at 09:00 PST . Proclamation № 30 was issued on 23 September, declaring the existence of a state of war between the Philippines and the United States and the United Kingdom , effective 10:00 that day. The country was under martial law again from 1972 to 1981 under President Ferdinand Marcos . Proclamation № 1081 ("Proclaiming
3828-637: The Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque in Nasr City. Prior to the protests, Christians, particularly in Upper Egypt, received threats from pro-Morsi protestors, pressuring them not to take part in the protests. Sheikh Essam Abdulamek, a member of parliament's Shura Council, said in an interview on television that Christians should not participate in the protests and warned them "do not sacrifice your children [since the] general Muslim opinion will not be silent about
3944-540: The Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 had superseded the power to declare martial law. Any sentences by military tribunals that were not in accordance with that Act were declared void. The current Irish Constitution allows for martial law if the government declares a state of emergency; however capital punishment is prohibited in all circumstances, including a state of emergency. Military administrative government
4060-524: The Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour as the interim president of Egypt. The announcement was followed by demonstrations and clashes between supporters and opponents of the move throughout Egypt. There were mixed international reactions to the events. Most Arab leaders were generally supportive or neutral, with the exception of Qatar and Tunisia who strongly condemned the military's actions. The US avoided describing
4176-628: The assassination of jailed oppositionist Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, and widespread fraud in the 1986 snap elections . These eventually led to the 1986 People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos and forced him into exile in Hawaii where he died in 1989; his rival presidential candidate and Aquino's widow, Corazon , was installed as his successor. 2013 Egyptian coup d%27%C3%A9tat [REDACTED] Egyptian Government [REDACTED] Muslim Brotherhood [REDACTED] Pro-Morsi protesters [REDACTED] Supreme Council of
4292-644: The invasion of Canada by the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War in 1775–1776. It was also applied twice in the Province of Lower Canada during the 1837–1838 insurrections . On December 5, following the events of November 1837, martial law was proclaimed in the district of Montreal by Governor Gosford , without the support of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada . It
4408-737: The "executive and judicial jurisdiction of regional military commander Maj. Gen. Than Htike," who has since been sanctioned by the European Union for alleged human rights violations since Myanmar's declaration of martial law. Martial law was declared in Pakistan on 7 October 1958, by President Iskander Mirza who then appointed General Muhammad Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and Aziz Ahmad as Secretary General and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. However, three weeks later General Ayub—who had been openly questioning
4524-481: The Armed Forces [REDACTED] Anti-Morsi protesters Supported by: [REDACTED] Kuwait [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia [REDACTED] United Arab Emirates [REDACTED] Mohamed Morsi (President of Egypt, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) [REDACTED] Hesham Qandil (Prime Minister of Egypt) [REDACTED] Saad El-Katatni (Chairman of
4640-420: The Armed Forces) [REDACTED] Mohamed Ibrahim (Minister of Interior) [REDACTED] Ahmed el-Tayeb (Grand Imam of al-Azhar) Younes Makhioun (Chairman of Al-Nour Party) Presidency Government Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014) Supporters Opponents Family [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The 2013 Egyptian coup d'etat or The Counter-revolution
4756-725: The Army Commander-in-Chief, General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan . On assuming the presidency, General Yahya Khan acceded to popular demands by abolishing the one-unit system in West Pakistan and ordered general elections on the principle of one man one vote. The civilian martial law was imposed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the first civilian to hold this post in Pakistan after the Bangladesh Liberation War . On 21 December 1971, Bhutto took this post as well as that of President.It
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4872-472: The Egyptian People being threatened or horrified, and we swear that we would sacrifice our lives and our blood for Egypt against every terrorist or extremist or ignorant. Long live Egypt." As the deadline of the Armed Forces' ultimatum approached on 3 July, there was renewed expectation of an increase in violence, according to the media. As in other days, there were both anti-Morsi and pro-Morsi protests,
4988-516: The FJP) [REDACTED] Mohammed Badie (Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood) [REDACTED] Khairat el-Shater (Deputy Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood) [REDACTED] Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Minister of Defense) [REDACTED] Hosni Mubarak (Former President of Egypt) [REDACTED] Sedki Sobhi (Chief of Staff of
5104-590: The Freedom and Justice Party won the most seats in each election. An additional 25% of the members of the advisory council were to be appointed by the President. In June 2012, Mohamed Morsi won the presidential election with 51.73% of total votes to become the first democratically elected president of Egypt. In June 2012, prior to Morsi being sworn in as President, the Supreme Constitutional Court ruled that
5220-626: The General Command as soon as they are done." At the same time the Freedom and Justice Party's senior leader, Waleed al-Haddad, said: "We do not go to invitations (meetings) with anyone. We have a president and that is it." At about 17:30, the head of the Republican Guard Mohamed Ahmed Zaki , joined Morsi with some of the Republican Guard officers and conducted the arrest. It was reported from Morsi's assistant Yahya Hamed
5336-765: The Muslim Brotherhood. A travel ban was also put on Morsi, the head of his Muslim Brotherhood Mohammed Badie , Badie's deputy Khairat El-Shater , the Muslim Brotherhood's former leader Mahdi Akef , another Muslim Brotherhood figure Mohamed Beltagy , Salafi preacher close to the Muslim Brotherhood Safwat Hegazi and the leader of the al-Wasat Party Abou Elela Mady and his deputy Essam Sultan . Badie and Akef were arrested for "incitement to murder." In December 2013, Morsi as well as high-echelon Muslim Brotherhood leaders were charged with "terrorism and plotting with foreign militants against Egypt" while
5452-501: The Qatari-owned Egyptian Islamist channel Mekameleen , a fact that the Egyptian government says discredits the tapes as fakes. American officials later confirmed that the United Arab Emirates was indeed providing financial support for the protests against Morsi that preceded the military coup. There is also evidence on the support of the military coup plotters by the Egyptian economic elites. Egypt's Interior Ministry
5568-723: The Republic of China promulgated the Provisional Constitution in March 1911, which authorized the President to declare martial law in times of emergency. The Martial Law Declaration Act were issued by the Nationalist Government later in 1920s and amended in 1940s. Following World War II , the island of Taiwan came back to China 's control given the impending withdrawal of Japanese forces and colonial government . Martial law
5684-473: The Republican Guard headquarters, while protesters thought he was at Ittihadeya Palace. On 1 July, again more than 1 million demonstrators against Morsi gathered in Tahrir Square and outside the presidential palace , while other demonstrations were held in the cities of Alexandria, Port Said and Suez . Some police officers wearing their uniforms joined the anti-Morsi protests and chanted: "The police and
5800-438: The Republican Guard, who had Morsi in their care, left his side to allow Army commandos to take him to an undisclosed Ministry of Defence building. He offered no resistance. General el-Sisi said: "The president's speech last night failed to meet and conform with the demands [of the people, prompting the armed forces to consult] with some of the symbols of the national forces and the youths without excluding anyone. [They agreed on
5916-498: The State Security Court for having unfair trials. The Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor of the United States Department of State in its 2010 Human Rights Report on Jordan noted that attorneys only get to meet their clients shortly before the court case starts. The United Nations Human Rights Committee has recommended abolishing the State Security Court to Jordan. Martial law Martial law
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#17328764027126032-680: The United States of America following the American Civil War , and German occupation of northern France between 1871 and 1873 after the Treaty of Frankfurt ended the Franco-Prussian War . Typically, the imposition of martial law accompanies curfews ; the suspension of civil law , civil rights , and habeas corpus ; and the application or extension of military law or military justice to civilians. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunal ( court-martial ). During
6148-462: The action as a coup . Other states either condemned or expressed concern over the removal of Morsi. Due to the regulations of the African Union regarding the interruption of constitutional rule by a member state, Egypt was suspended from that union. There has also been debate in the media regarding the labeling of these events. It has been described by some global media outlets as a coup or as
6264-531: The anti-government protestors. The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army 's 48-hour ultimatum, vowing that the president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis. Defense Minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi was also said to have told Morsi that he would impose a military solution if a political one could not be found by the next day. Incidentally, the Court of Cassation ordered
6380-583: The approval of the Islamic Consultative Assembly . In 1916, during the Easter Rising , Lord Wimborne the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , declared martial law to maintain order in the streets of Dublin . This was later extended both in duration and geographical reach to the whole of the country with the consent of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland government. Much of Ireland
6496-494: The armed forces, the Egyptian military is independent of civilian control. As the first anniversary of Morsi's presidential inauguration approached in 2013, his supporters such as the National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy started demonstrations at multiple places including El-Hossari Mosque , El-Nahda Square , outside Cairo University , outside Al-Rayan Mosque in the posh suburb of Maadi, and in Ain Shams district. They had started open-ended rallies. The largest protest
6612-452: The authority of the government before the imposition of martial law—deposed Iskandar Mirza on 27 October 1958 and assumed the presidency that practically formalized the militarization of the political system in Pakistan. Four years later a new document, Constitution of 1962, was adopted. The second martial law was imposed on 25 March 1969 by Yahya Khan, when President Yahya Khan abrogated the Constitution of 1962 and Ayub Khan handed over power to
6728-442: The ballot box". The announcement of the removal of Morsi was met with cheers in Tahrir Square. Anti-Morsi protesters shouted " Allahu akbar " and "Long live Egypt" and launched fireworks as green laser lights held by those in the crowd lit the sky. Mohamed el-Baradei says the coup was to rectify the issues of the revolution. The Coptic Pope Tawadros II , Grand Imam of al-Azhar Ahmed el-Tayeb , Mohamed ElBaradei and some of
6844-404: The bloodshed of our people." Pro-Morsi protesters heard a statement from Morsi, which was published on his Facebook page. He called the move a "coup" and rejected the Armed Forces' statement. The Freedom and Justice Party's Gamal Heshmat said: "There is absolutely no direction towards violence. The Brotherhood are not raised on violence. Their cause is a peaceful one, defending their rights, which
6960-472: The candidates favored by the authorities. Perhaps the most commemorated incidence of military brutality in this time period was the Kafr Qasim massacre in 1956, in which the Israel Border Police killed 48 people (19 men, 6 women and 23 children aged 8–17) as they were returning home from work in the evening. The Israeli army had ordered that all Arab villages in the proximity of the Green Line be placed under curfew. However, this order came into effect before
7076-406: The country to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces . It meant that the presidential executive powers, the parliamentary legislative powers and the judicial powers all transferred directly to the military system which may delegate powers back and forth to any civilian institution within its territory. The military issued in its third announcement the "end of the State of Emergency as soon as order
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#17328764027127192-463: The country's largest province, Balochistan . Following widespread civil disorder , General Zia overthrew Bhutto and imposed martial law in its totality on 5 July 1977, in a bloodless coup d'état . Unstable areas were brought under control through indirect military action , such as Balochistan under Martial Law Governor, General Rahimuddin Khan . Civilian government resumed in 1988 following General Zia's death in an aircraft crash. On 12 October 1999,
7308-419: The court lies in both external as internal state security, drug offences and others. The State Security Court's cases are in principle open to the public, unless the court decides otherwise. The amended Press and Publication Law of March 2010 forbids journalists from being referred to the State Security Court on cases regarding freedom of expression or speech. The decisisions of the court can be appealed before
7424-410: The election law was unconstitutional and ordered the elected bodies dissolved. After assuming office, President Morsi appointed additional members to the advisory council from 35 political parties and invited the elected bodies to meet to discuss the ruling of the court. The elected parliament determined that the constitutional court did not have authority to dissolve an elected parliament, then referred
7540-415: The fact that it has been declared frequently throughout history, martial law is still often described as largely elusive as a legal entity. References to martial law date back to 1628 England, when Sir Matthew Hale described martial law as, "no Law, but something indulged rather than allowed as a Law." Despite being centuries old, this quote remains true in many countries around the world today. Most often,
7656-519: The flow of conversation took place as Morsi saying "Mohammed (the head of the Republican Guard) you know well you are going to be tried for that." And Mohammed Zaki replying: "I know, however I had already told them I don't want in, because of my special good relations with the president." On 3 July, General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced that there would be new presidential and Shura Council elections. The coalition appointed Chief Justice Adly Mansour as
7772-420: The government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was dissolved, and the Army took control once more. A fourth martial law was imposed. General Pervez Musharraf took the title of Chief Executive until the President of Pakistan Rafiq Tarar resigned and General Musharraf became president. Elections were held in October 2002 and Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali became Prime Minister of Pakistan . Jamali's premiership
7888-400: The group allegedly responsible of the Luxor massacre , though the group has denied this charge, as governor of Luxor ), Communication and IT Minister Atef Helmi , State Minister for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs Hatem Bagato , and State Minister for Environmental Affairs Khaled Abdel Aal , leaving the government with only members of the Freedom and Justice Party . On the same day, it
8004-408: The hands of the courts. The act was invoked three times: During World War I , World War II , and the October Crisis of 1970 . In 1988, the War Measures Act was replaced by the Emergencies Act , which saw its first invocation in February 2022 amidst the Freedom Convoy protests . During the colonial era , martial law was proclaimed and applied in the territory of the Province of Quebec during
8120-417: The head of Freedom and Justice Party Saad El-Katatni , along with Rashad al-Bayoumi , a Muslim Brotherhood deputy, as well as other top leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood . Al-Jazeera quoted unnamed security officials saying that "more than a dozen" members of the Muslim Brotherhood had been arrested, while Al-Ahram reported that the Egyptian police had been ordered to arrest more than 300 members of
8236-466: The implementation of martial law arises from necessity rather than legal right, and while some countries have provisions explicitly permitting the use of martial law, many do not. For countries that do not explicitly permit the declaration of martial law, but where martial law has been declared, the legal justification for it is often the common law doctrine of necessity , or some variation of it. One legal theory most frequently associated with martial law
8352-420: The interim president and added that he would be sworn in on 4 July. The Shura Council was also dissolved. Morsi condemned his removal as a "full coup" by the general. He also urged everyone to "adhere to peacefulness and avoid shedding blood of fellow countrymen." The Office of Assistant to President of Egypt on Foreign Relations called Morsi's removal a "military coup", and said "there is no democracy without
8468-421: The interim president and charged him with forming a transitional technocratic government. Military vehicles drove throughout Cairo. Morsi was put under house arrest, and was believed to be at the Republican Guard barracks. According to other sources he was taken to a military base and his travel was restricted. Army troops and tanks were reported to have surrounded key facilities and installations. At noon,
8584-428: The latter particularly in Nasr City and near Cairo University. Army tanks were reported to surround two smaller pro-Morsi rallies as the demonstrators vowed to defend the government with their lives. As the 16:35 deadline set by the army approached, the coalition met with the military leaders for emergency talks, with the expectation that the army would issue a statement when the deadline passed. Mohamed ElBaradei , who
8700-539: The legislation. During Hosni Mubarak 's presidency, parliament had renewed emergency laws every three years since they were imposed. The legislation was extended in 2003 and were due to expire at the end of May 2006; plans were in place to replace it with new anti-terrorism laws. After the Dahab bombings in April of that year, it was renewed for another two years. In May 2008 there was a further extension to June 2010. In May 2010,
8816-562: The longest period of martial law in the history of the British colonies on the Australian continent. As of 2023 , martial law has never been declared since federation in 1901. During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev declared martial law. In 2011, King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa declared martial law during an anti-government uprising , granting authority to
8932-534: The mainland to the Chinese Communist Party and retreated to Taiwan in 1949, the perceived need to suppress Communist activities in Taiwan was utilised as a rationale for not lifting martial law until thirty-eight years later in 1987, just prior to the death of then President Chiang Ching-kuo . Taiwan's period of martial law was one of the longest in modern history, after that of Syria (1967–2011). Martial law
9048-570: The matter to the Court of Cassation. The elected parliament could not pass any laws, but the advisory council continued to give advice on proposed Presidential Decrees. Parliament also proceeded with the creation of a new constitutional committee to draft amendments to the Egyptian Constitution, replacing the committee created in March 2012 but dissolved by the constitutional court. Proposed constitutional amendments were approved in December 2012 by
9164-411: The military authority to intervene in national politics to "preserve the constitution and democracy, protect the basic principles of the state and its civil nature, and protect the people's rights and freedoms". The armed forces were separately granted policing responsibilities to arrest civilians and "protect public and vital facilities". The Preparedness Act (SDK 1552/2011, Finnish : valmiuslaki )
9280-511: The military for Morsi to solve the escalating political problem approached. The military said that they would intervene without eliminating either side, but they betrayed their word by engineering a coup the next day. Helicopters were also present around Cairo with armored vehicles taking up positions. On 3 July, clashes between protestors and local residents erupted around a pro-Morsi rally near Cairo University, leaving 18 people dead. Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr also resigned, in support of
9396-541: The military governor of the capital city of Tehran . On 8 September, the government effectively declared martial law on the capital along with several other cities throughout the country, after which further protests erupted that lead to the army opening fire on a group of protesters in Tehran's Jaleh Square on the same day. Estimates on the number of casualties vary; However, according to Iranian human rights activist Emadeddin Baghi ,
9512-484: The military. These announcements could for instance order any civilian laws to come back into force. The military announcements (communiqués) were the de facto only constitution and legal framework for the Egyptian territory. It meant that all affairs of the state were bound by the Geneva Conventions . Under the current president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , a series of constitutional amendments passed in 2019 granted
9628-641: The north. Instructions of the Home Front Command are obligatory under martial law, rather than merely recommended. The order signed by Peretz was in effect for 48 hours and was extended by the Cabinet and the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee over the war's duration. Mauritius is known as being a "Westminster" style of democracy but a peculiar system that was imposed in Mauritius during
9744-503: The number of people killed was 88 of which 64 were gunned down in Jaleh Square. The day is often referred to as Black Friday . Unable to control the unrest, the Shah dissolved the civil government headed by Prime Minister Jafar Sharif-Emami on 6 November and appointed General Gholam Reza Azhari as the prime minister whom ultimately failed in his efforts to restore order to the country. As he
9860-657: The other hand, the coup was preceded by the reconciliation of military and economic elites who organized shortages of fuel to provoke discontent of general population toward the Morsi administration. On 30 June, according to unverified military sources, 14 million protesters demonstrated across Egypt against Morsi. The protestors expressed their anger at the Brotherhood, which they accuse of hijacking Egypt's revolution and using electoral victories to monopolize power and impose Islamic law. However, independent observers raised concerns about
9976-477: The ousting of the president." According to information that came out after President Morsi was removed from office, officials claimed that Morsi stopped working at the Egyptian Presidential Palace on 26 June and moved with his family to El-Quba Palace. On 29 June, Tamarod claimed that it collected more than 22 million signatures from a petition calling for Morsi to step down as president. On
10092-450: The people are one." In clashes around the Muslim Brotherhood headquarters in Mokattam , eight people died. Their headquarters were ransacked and burned while protesters threw objects at windows and looted the building, making off with office equipment and documents. Tamarod gave President Mohamed Morsi until 2 July at 17:00 to resign or face a civil disobedience campaign. That was followed by
10208-569: The police and military to crack down on protesters. It was lifted on 1 June amid a continuing crackdown on the uprising. Brunei has been under martial law since a rebellion occurred on 8 December 1962 and was put down by British troops from Singapore. The Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah , is presently the head of state and also the Minister of Defense and Commander in Chief of Royal Brunei Armed Forces . Bangladesh
10324-505: The public, as seen in multiple countries listed below. Such incidents may occur after a coup d'état ( Thailand in 2006 and 2014 , and Egypt in 2013 ); when threatened by popular protest (China, Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 ); to suppress political opposition ( martial law in Poland in 1981 ); or to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections. Martial law may be declared in cases of major natural disasters; however, most countries use
10440-401: The reinstatement of former general prosecutor Abdel Maguid Mahmoud who was replaced with Talaat Abdallah following the constitutional declaration on 22 November 2012. The presidential spokesman and the spokesman for the cabinet resigned as well. The newspaper Al-Ahram reported that if there were no political resolution, the military would suspend the constitution of Egypt and appoint
10556-832: The residents of these localities, including residents of Kafr Qasim , were notified. Following the 1967 war, in which the Israeli army occupied the West Bank , Gaza Strip , the Golan Heights in Syria, and the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, martial law over the Palestinian population as well as the Jordanian, Syrian, and Egyptian populations in these areas was put in place. In 1993, the Oslo I agreements facilitated limited self-rule for Palestinians under
10672-532: The same name (1080/1991) were designed to replace the emergency provisions previously scattered over several different acts. The Icelandic constitution provides no mechanism for the declaration of war, martial law nor state of emergency. The solo mention of Martial Law in the Indian constitution is in Article 34 which gives Parliament the power to indemnify persons in respect of acts done in territories where martial law
10788-634: The state of emergency in the country which is claimed to be equivalent to the state of martial law as the constitution of Pakistan of 1973 was suspended, and the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court were fired. On 12 November 2007, Musharraf issued some amendments in the Military Act, which gave the armed forces some additional powers. During the Second World War , President José P. Laurel placed
10904-438: The state of emergency was further extended, albeit with a promise from the government to be applied only to 'Terrorism and Drugs' suspects. On 10 February 2011, during the uprising against his rule , Mubarak promised the deletion of the relevant constitutional article regarding the emergency law in an attempt to please the mass number of protesters that demanded him to resign. The following day, he stepped down and handed control of
11020-407: The summer of 2013 that were later verified by J. P. French Associates recorded figures of the Egyptian military, including former General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, suggesting that the Egyptian military was involved in the mass-protests preceding Morsi's ouster. In one of the leaked tapes, the generals are heard discussing rigging the legal case against Morsi, and in another, authorizing the withdrawal of
11136-629: The wild exaggeration of the number of actual anti-Morsi protestors, with one crowd statistical expert study indicating that a little over than 1 million people protested against Morsi across the whole country. Hundreds of thousands in support of Morsi gathered in Rabaa Square in Cairo and other cities. In Damietta , 250 fishing boat sailors demonstrated against Morsi by sailing through the Nile and chanting against him. The president moved that day from Quba Palace to
11252-513: The world's largest killings of demonstrators in a single day in recent history," while the government puts the figure at 624. In February 2011, Hosni Mubarak resigned after 18 days of mass demonstrations that ended his 29-year rule of Egypt . In July 2011 the caretaker government approved an election law, leading to election of a Parliament in December 2011 – January 2012, and an advisory council in January–February 2012. An alliance led by
11368-401: The youth leaders of Tamarod , Mahmoud Badr and Mohamed Abdelaziz, spoke in support of the military intervention. The al-Nour party also commented in saying that the events occurred as they were not heard in their call for dialogue. Party Secretary-General Galal Murra commented that: "we took this position (on agreeing to the army political road map) and we took these decisions only so we stop
11484-473: Was chosen to represent the National Salvation Front , was also said to have met army chief General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi . That same day, shortly before the deadline, Morsi offered to form a consensus government. An army statement read: "The General Command of the Armed Forces is currently meeting with a number of religious, national, political and youth icons...There will be a statement issued from
11600-678: Was declared first in 1947 in Taiwan Province after the February 28 incident , then again in 1949 as the Chinese Civil War was also raging across the country despite the democracy promised in the Constitution of the Republic of China (the central government refused to implement the constitution on Taiwan until after 1949). After the Nationalist -led central government of China lost control of
11716-567: Was declared under martial law by the British authorities during the Irish War of Independence . A large portion of Ireland was also under de facto martial law during the Irish Civil War . In late July 1921 Lord Cave ( House of Lords ) ruled on an appeal that:"...the military court, the validity of whose sentence was called into question, was a body possessing no statutory or common law authority...". The Court of Chancery (Ireland) also ruled that
11832-399: Was doing well: "Morsi was keeping up with the latest developments in the country through television and newspapers. So we were able to talk about the situation, and we were able to talk about the need to move forward. The people around him do care for him. I looked at the facilities." Morsi later met an African Union delegation also. The army arrested the former speaker of parliament and
11948-584: Was followed by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Shaukat Aziz . While the government was supposed to be run by an elected prime minister, there was a common understanding that important decisions were made by the President General Musharraf. General Pervez Musharraf pointed out it as an emergency, not Martial Law. The Constitution, Parliament and Provincial Assemblies were suspended and Musharraf issued "Proclamation of Emergency" on 14 October 1999. On 3 November 2007, President General Musharraf declared
12064-635: Was imposed in Beijing in 1989 following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 by the Communist-ruled government on mainland China. In Egypt, states of emergency were in effect almost continuously from 1967 to 2021. A state of emergency gives military courts the power to try civilians and allows the government to detain for renewable 45-day periods and without court orders anyone deemed to be threatening state security. Public demonstrations are banned under
12180-568: Was imposed until April 27, 1838. Martial law was proclaimed a second time on November 4, 1838, this time by acting Governor John Colborne , and was applied in the district of Montreal until August 24, 1839. In China, martial law in the Beiyang government could be dated back to the final year of the Qing dynasty . The outline of a 1908 draft constitution—modeled on Japan 's Meiji Constitution —included provisions for martial law. The Provisional Government of
12296-529: Was in effect from 1949 to 1966 over some geographical areas of Israel having large Arab populations, primarily the Negev , Galilee , and the Triangle . The residents of these areas were subject to martial law. The Israel Defense Forces enforced strict residency rules. Any Arab not registered in a census taken during November 1948 was deported. Permits from the military governor had to be procured to travel more than
12412-529: Was in force and to legitimize such actions. But in the text itself, there is no mention of any grants of power to declare Martial Law. But the Supreme Court of India in Puttaswamy v. Union of India judgement made it clear that certain rights of life and liberty are natural rights , which cannot be curbed by the state while also upholding the inherent right of issuing writs by Courts. As the power of Martial Law
12528-455: Was initially well received, but it eventually proved unpopular as the military's human rights abuses (e.g. use of torture in intelligence gathering, forced disappearances ), along with the decadence and excess of the Marcos family and their allies, had emerged. Coupled with economic downturns, these factors fermented dissent in various sectors (e.g. the urban middle class ) that crystallised with
12644-414: Was planned for 30 June. The removal of Morsi from office by the coalition was a result of a coup d'état following protests, that were instigated by frustration with Morsi's year-long rule in which Egypt faced economic issues, energy shortages, lack of security, and diplomatic crises. Some of the issues that might have caused the protests and lead to the later removal of Morsi include: Leaked tapes from
12760-484: Was preparing to leave the country, the Shah dissolved the military government and appointed Shapour Bakhtiar , a reformist critic of his rule, as the new prime minister on 4 January 1979. Bakhtiar's government fell on 11 February and gave rise to the Islamic Republic and the creation of a new constitution. Article 79 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran forbids the proclamation of martial law without
12876-412: Was reported that Barack Obama called Morsi. The call went along the United States ' vision that the only option out of the stressed situation would be to call for an early general presidential election in which Morsi is not a candidate. Morsi replied, "the Egyptian people decide," before he closed the line. On 2 July, opponents and supporters of Morsi gathered in the capital, Cairo. The deadline set by
12992-493: Was seen as most influential in the lead-up to the coup d’état as a revenge for powers lost during the Egyptian revolution of 2011 according to a Reuters analysis. On 28 June, protests against Morsi started to build throughout Egypt including in such cities as Cairo , Alexandria , Dakahlia , Gharbiya and Aswan as a "warm up" for the massive protests expected on 30 June that were planned by Tamarod. Pro-Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood supporters started counter demonstrations at
13108-521: Was started as a grassroots movement to collect signatures to remove Morsi by 30 June. They called for peaceful demonstrations across Egypt especially in front of the Presidential Palace in Cairo. The movement was supported by the National Salvation Front , April 6 Youth Movement and Strong Egypt Party . In a poll published by PEW research center in May 2013, 54% of Egyptians approved of Morsi against
13224-470: Was the first civilian martial law. The third was imposed by the General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq on 5 July 1977. After several tumultuous years, which witnessed the secession of East Pakistan to form Bangladesh, politician Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over in 1971 as the first civilian martial law administrator in recent history, imposing selective martial law in areas hostile to his rule, such as
13340-425: Was to have jurisdiction: high treason, espionage, terrorism, and drug trafficking. The changes to the law were to take effect in three years. The Parliament of Jordan had voted against proposals to remove all jurisdiction over civilians in the court. The judges on the State Security Court are both civilians and military personnel. The court can adjudicate in cases against military and civilians. The jurisdiction of
13456-476: Was under martial law several times, in the late 70s after Mujib was assassinated , Martial Law was declared temporarily and Hussain Muhammad Ershad declared Martial Law in the early 80s. The War Measures Act was a Parliament of Canada statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers, stopping short of martial law, i.e., the military did not administer justice, which remained in
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