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44-580: This was the origin and precursor to the Gall Force franchise. Originally appearing in the monthly Model Graphix magazine in Japan as a 3D photo novel using detailed models, this later set the stage for the animated films. Rabby, Patty, and Rumy were the only main Solnoid characters featured, and they were equipped with different uniforms, weapons, and vehicles than those shown in the regular Gall Force OVAs. Although it

88-643: A portmanteau of " architecture " and " ecology ", is a field of creating architectural design principles for very densely populated and ecologically low-impact human habitats. The term was coined in 1969 by architect Paolo Soleri , who believed that a completed arcology would provide space for a variety of residential, commercial, and agricultural facilities while minimizing individual human environmental impact . These structures have been largely hypothetical, as no large-scale arcology has yet been built. The concept has been popularized by various science fiction writers. Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle provided

132-634: A detailed description of an arcology in their 1981 novel Oath of Fealty . William Gibson mainstreamed the term in his seminal 1984 cyberpunk novel Neuromancer , where each corporation has its own self-contained city known as an arcology. More recently, authors such as Peter Hamilton in Neutronium Alchemist and Paolo Bacigalupi in The Water Knife explicitly used arcologies as part of their scenarios. They are often portrayed as self-contained or economically self-sufficient . An arcology

176-888: A form of sequential storytelling using photographs rather than illustrations for the images, along with the usual comics conventions of narrative text and word balloons containing dialogue. They are sometimes referred to in English as fumetti , photonovels , photoromances , and similar terms. The photographs may be of real people in staged scenes, or posed dolls and other toys on sets. Although far less common than illustrated comics, photo comics have filled certain niches in various places and times. For example, they have been used to adapt popular film and television works into print, tell original melodramas , and provide medical education. Photo comics have been popular at times in Italy and Latin America, and to

220-589: A huge amount of music, performed by the voice actors involved in the series. Several soundtracks were released for each film and OVA (and for each OVA episode in Earth Chapter's case). In addition, many music collections were released, featuring original songs performed by the aforementioned voice actors, along with various singles and a CD drama. So far, no soundtracks have been released for the films Destruction and Stardust War . Soundtracks Singles Music Collections Photo novel Photo comics are

264-635: A large population. An arcology would supply and maintain its own municipal or urban infrastructures in order to operate and connect with other urban environments apart from its own. Arcologies were proposed in order to reduce human impact on natural resources. Arcology designs might apply conventional building and civil engineering techniques in very large, but practical projects in order to achieve pedestrian economies of scale that have proven, post-automobile, to be difficult to achieve in other ways. Frank Lloyd Wright proposed an early version called Broadacre City although, in contrast to an arcology, his idea

308-517: A lesser extent in English-speaking countries. The terminology used to describe photo comics is somewhat inconsistent and idiosyncratic. Fumetti is an Italian word (literally "little puffs of smoke", in reference to word balloons ), which refers in that language to any kind of comics. Because of the popularity of photo comics in Italy, fumetti became a loanword in English referring specifically to that technique. By extension, comics which use

352-583: A mixture of photographic and illustrated imagery have been described as mezzo-fumetti ("half" fumetti). Meanwhile, the Spanish term fotonovela – referring to popular photo-comics melodramas in Latin America – was adapted in English as fotonovel or photonovel , and came to be associated primarily with film and television adaptations, which were marketed using those terms. Variations such as "photo funnies" and "photostories" have also been used. In Italian,

396-602: A photo comic is referred to as a fotoromanzo ("photonovel", plural: fotoromanzi ). In Spanish-speaking countries, the term fotonovela refers to several genres of photo comics, including original melodramas. There were attempts at photo comics in the early days of tabloids in the United States; as early as 1927 the New York Daily News featured Ziegfeld Follies stars Eddie Cantor and Frances Upton appearing in sequential photographs, telling jokes (presumably from

440-526: A regular feature of National Lampoon magazine beginning in the early 1970s. During the 1970s, lines of American paperback books were marketed as "Fotonovels" and "Photostories", adapting popular films and television shows. Although home video largely supplanted this market in the 1980s, a small number of photo comic adaptations continued to be produced as promotional tie-ins to the original work. Photo comics were common in British magazines such as Jackie in

484-737: A solution to the housing problems in East St. Louis, Illinois . Paolo Soleri proposed later solutions, and coined the term "arcology". Soleri describes ways of compacting city structures in three dimensions to combat two-dimensional urban sprawl , to economize on transportation and other energy uses. Like Wright, Soleri proposed changes in transportation, agriculture, and commerce. Soleri explored reductions in resource consumption and duplication, land reclamation; he also proposed to eliminate most private transportation. He advocated for greater "frugality" and favored greater use of shared social resources, including public transit (and public libraries). Arcosanti

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528-415: A surprise to Catty, for she has foreseen the disaster and sets her own plan into motion just before the virus strikes. Being a Yuman with heart, she leads a force of seven women into the final battle between man and machine! This 1996 OVA was a reimagining of the series, which replaced the amorphous Paranoids with a seemingly endless civil war between the "West Force" and "East Force" Solnoid armies. Unlike

572-492: A war of extermination against their creators. Rhea Gall Force plot summary In the year 2084, scientist Grey Newman found and reverse-engineered the technology from a Solnoid ship found on the Moon (see Eternal Story ) and unintentionally brought about the end of civilization. World War III breaks out and in the middle of battle, the human's own alien synthezoids turn against their creators, nearly annihilating humankind. Later in

616-563: A way for consumers to revisit motion-picture stories before the widespread availability of affordable home recording and video playback equipment such as VCRs. The widespread familiarity of fotonovelas in Spanish-language culture makes photo comics an effective vehicle for health promotion and health education. Since the small pamphlets can be traded among individuals, they possess an element of portability that traditional materials lack. Both health and non-health entities have utilized

660-418: Is a humorous Japanese take on Wacky Races in which characters from several major series produced by Artmic — Bubblegum Crisis , Gall Force , Genesis Survivor Gaiarth , among others—compete for a trillion dollar-heavy trophy sponsored by the megacorporation Genom. The amount of this prize brings out the worst of many of the main characters, and even weapons of mass destruction are brought to bear against

704-516: Is an experimental "arcology prototype", a demonstration project under construction in central Arizona since 1970. Designed by Paolo Soleri , its primary purpose is to demonstrate Soleri's personal designs, his application of principles of arcology to create a pedestrian-friendly urban form. Many cities in the world have proposed projects adhering to the design principles of the arcology concept, like Tokyo , and Dongtan near Shanghai . The Dongtan project may have collapsed, and it failed to open for

748-518: Is comparatively two-dimensional and depends on a road network. Wright's plan described transportation, agriculture, and commerce systems that would support an economy. Critics said that Wright's solution failed to account for population growth, and assumed a more rigid democracy than the US actually has. Buckminster Fuller proposed the Old Man River's City project , a domed city with a capacity of 125,000, as

792-423: Is distinguished from a merely large building in that it is designed to lessen the impact of human habitation on any given ecosystem . It could be self-sustainable, employing all or most of its own available resources for a comfortable life: power, climate control, food production, air and water conservation and purification, sewage treatment, etc. An arcology is designed to make it possible to supply those items for

836-514: The Follies scripts) with speech bubbles superimposed. Photo comics emerged in Italy in the 1940s and expanded into the 1950s. (Actress Sophia Loren worked for a time as a model. ) The lurid Italian crime photo comic Killing ran from 1966 through 1969, and was reprinted in other countries; it has been reprinted and revived numerous times since then. The technique spread to Latin America, first adapting popular films, then for original stories. By

880-672: The Shanghai World Expo in 2010. The Ihme-Zentrum in Hanover was an attempt to build a "city within a city". McMurdo Station of the United States Antarctic Program and other scientific research stations on Antarctica resemble the popular conception of an arcology as a technologically advanced, relatively self-sufficient human community. The Antarctic research base provides living and entertainment amenities for roughly 3,000 staff who visit each year. Its remoteness and

924-682: The Star Leaf crew . The timeline ends with events that will lead to the Rhea Arc . The first story arc consists of three episodes; Gall Force: Eternal Story Shin'ya Ootaki Seiko Nakano In 1985 a previous English dub for Gall Force: Eternal Story was released by Intervision Video with an unknown cast. This dub was later included as bonus feature on Central Park Media's DVD release. Gall Force 2: Destruction Rumiko Ukai Shou Hayami Urara Takano Gall Force 3: Stardust War Rumiko Ukai Tomoko Maruo Rhea Gall Force takes place in

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968-472: The Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards gave the first award for "Outstanding Photographic Comic". In 2010 and 2011 the bilingual photo comic Union of Heroes was nominated for the "Web-Sonderman"-Awards for the best German webcomic. In the 2010s, cartoonist John Byrne – inspired by 1970s photo comics adaptations of Star Trek episodes – produced a series of "photonovel adventures" which combined stills from

1012-543: The 1960s, there were about two dozen fotonovela movie adaptations circulating in Latin America and nearly three times as many original works. They remained popular in Mexico into the late 1980s, when 70 million copies of fotonovelas were printed each month. Photo comics first became successful in the United States and Canada with Harvey Kurtzman 's Help! magazine, which ran humorous photo stories from 1960 to 1965. Similar "Foto Funnies" – often featuring female nudity – were

1056-526: The 1969 earthquake. The Line was planned as a 170 kilometres (110 mi) long and 200 metres (660 ft) wide linear smart city in Saudi Arabia in Neom , Tabuk Province , designed to have no cars, streets or carbon emissions . The Line is planned to be the first development in Neom , a $ 500 billion project. The city's plans anticipated a population of 9 million. Excavation work had started along

1100-640: The 1980s, and a few are still published. There are a number of photo newspaper strips in the UK and the form was popular in girl's comics in the 1980s. Boy's comics of the early 1980s such as Load Runner and the relaunched Eagle also experimented with photo comics but without much success; when the Eagle was revamped, former photo comic strips such as Doomlord continued as illustrated strips. Online series such as Night Zero , A Softer World , and Alien Loves Predator are more recent examples of photo comics. In 2007,

1144-532: The Conch, an outlawed Solnoid anti-war organization which is trying to spread peace among the hostile parties. As they discover that the war is merely used as an insidious instrument of balance by one singular Solnoid party, the rogue Solnoid troopers unwittingly find themselves fighting for an idea completely alien to them, but which presents the only way of stopping this perpetuated madness. The 1988 omake Ten Little Gall Force ( テンリトルガルフォース , Ten Ritoru Garu Fōsu )

1188-611: The MME machines, the humans have won the battle. However, many lives were lost and the Earth was rendered terribly damaged and unstable to live on. Shortly afterwards, mankind began to restore Earth, and a new race of cyborgs called "Yumans" had begun to live with the humans. In desire for a better future, humanity is now linked in one large computer network. However, a conflict between the Humans and Yumans shortly began. Considering themselves far better than

1232-557: The Star Leaf crew. After the completion of Operation Exodus, the earth resistance must survive long enough for the arrival of the Mars reinforcements led by General McKenzie. It consists of three episodes. Earth Chapter 1 Earth Chapter 2 Earth Chapter 3 New Era concludes the story from Earth Chapter , but takes place about 200 years later. It consists of two episodes. New Era Plot Summary After centuries of war between humans and

1276-712: The aftermath of the Stardust War , but before the events of Earth Chapter . In the 21st century the Earthen discovery of derelict alien technology on the Moon—which are in fact the remnants of the events in Eternal Story —ignited an arms race as the "Western" and "Eastern" blocs rushed to deploy the technology as weapons, including a form of artificial life based on the Paranoids, the MME. This artificial life turned on humanity, starting

1320-421: The common uses of photo comics has been TV and film adaptations, usually abridged for length. Still frames from the film or video are reproduced, often in simple grids but sometimes with creative layouts and cropping, overlaid with balloons with abbreviated dialogue from the screenplays. They are a cost-effective way to adapt films and TV series into comics without the expense of commissioning illustrations, and were

1364-739: The competition. Ten Little Gall Force was released along with Scramble Wars in the United States by AnimEigo on a single VHS video titled Super-Deformed Double Feature . Strangely, as of this time, these have not been released on DVD as with the other Gall Force titles and are (in their VHS release) much-sought rare collector's items. Gall Force 1〈Red Devil Samba〉 Gall Force 2〈Blue Angel Rock〉 Gall Force 3〈White Fairy Waltz〉 Gall Force 4〈Black Demon Fugue〉 Gall Force 5〈Green Saint Aria〉 Rhea Gall Force〈Exodus〉 Gall Force Earth Chapter 1〈Project Atlantis〉 Gall Force Earth Chapter 2〈Tree of Resurrection〉 Gall Force Earth Chapter 3〈Outpost〉 Gall Force Earth Chapter 4〈The Longest Day〉 A shoot 'em up

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1408-828: The fotonovela as informational pamphlets. The fotonovelas produced by these organizations present information in a variety of illustrated forms but usually contain a summation of key points at the end. Health educators have also utilized the fotonovela because the medium overcomes issues of health literacy, which is the degree to which individuals can obtain, process and understand basic health information to make appropriate health decisions, in their target audience. Most providers believe that health education materials designed specifically for patients with low health literacy would be helpful: however, written educational materials found in most health settings have been deemed to have serious deficiencies. (Many marketed as "Fotonovels") (Many marketed as "Fotonovels") Arcologies Arcology ,

1452-454: The human, the Yumans began to plot a takeover. Now humanity lives separated into tightly packed arcologies built around the world, each keeping minimal contact with the other and dealing with internal problems like overpopulation. A young scientist named Nova, influenced by revolutionary leader of the Yumans, Genova, develops his own plans to bring humanity down. Using the tools he's acquired over

1496-482: The measures needed to protect its population from the harsh environment give it an insular character. The station is not self-sufficient – the U.S. military delivers 30,000 cubic metres (8,000,000 US gal) of fuel and 5 kilotonnes (11 million pounds) of supplies and equipment yearly through its Operation Deep Freeze resupply effort  – but it is isolated from conventional support networks. Under international treaty , it must avoid damage to

1540-559: The original saga's soundtracks. The plot tells of the struggle between the West Force and East Force armies of the Solnoids, which threatens to escalate into total destruction of the Solnoid race as both sides search for the ultimate war weapon, the anti-matter gun . By happenstance, however, several troopers from the East Force (Eluza, Rabby, Patty, and Rumy) and the West Force (Lufy) encounter

1584-461: The photo novel's existence. The original timeline for the Gall Force series consist of four story arcs: First Story Arc , Rhea Arc , Earth Chapter Arc and New Era Arc . Within each arc there are several episodes, with the exception of Rhea . The first arc starts with the centuries-long war between the Paranoids and the Solnoids, the exodus of early humanity to planet Terra , and the death of

1628-404: The previous OVAs' more somber and apocalyptic tones, The Revolution is a more traditional sci-fi adventure story, although it still stresses on the tragedies and wide-scale destruction caused by war. Four episodes were produced, along with one soundtrack album and a "vocal collection" starring the main female cast singing various songs, one of which being a "remake" of Disguised Spies from one of

1672-420: The series with original digitally rendered background illustrations and new dialogue, to produce new stories featuring the characters. Software applications such as Comic Life, Comic Strip It, and Strip Designer, which allow users to add word balloons and sound effects to their personal photos and incorporate them into storytelling layouts, have revived some interest in the medium. In the United States, one of

1716-457: The surrounding ecosystem. Begich Towers operates like a small-scale arcology encompassing nearly all of the population of Whittier, Alaska . The building contains residential housing as well as a police station, grocery, and municipal offices. Whittier once boasted a second structure known as the Buckner Building . The Buckner Building still stands but was deemed unfit for habitation after

1760-410: The year 2085, the remaining humans are on the run from the machines who are terminating them. In order to survive to defeat the alien machines, the human race must leave Earth , and go to Mars. Among these voyagers is one woman who bears the burden of guilt for her father's contribution to the destruction of civilization. The Earth Chapter Arc continues the story from Rhea Arc with reincarnations of

1804-498: The years, he awakens artificial intelligence to destroy all human life, by reprograming ev ery computer on Earth with the GORN virus. The virus is actually a bit more than Nova predicted, due to its intent on wiping out both humans and Yumans from the solar system. With the entire system now connected once more after all the wars, GORN is able to bring his presence everywhere in his attempt to achieve his long-term goals. GORN's plans are not

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1848-561: Was an animated mockumentary detailing a behind-the-scenes look at the production of Gall Force: Eternal Story and Destruction from the First Story Arc. Characters were drawn as super deformed versions of their Eternal Story counterparts. This video maintained a comedic tone as opposed to the somewhat serious war story in the original video it was supposedly documenting. Scramble Wars ( スクランブル・ウォーズ 突走れ!ゲノムトロフィーラリー , Sukuranburu Uōzu Tsuppashire! Genom Torofī Rarī ) (released 1992)

1892-613: Was released in Japan, simply titled Gall Force , for the Family Computer Disk System by HAL Laboratory on November 19, 1986. Another shoot-em-up, also developed by Hal, was released during the same year titled Gall Force: Defense of Chaos for the MSX , which was followed by Gall Force: Eternal Story , a graphic adventure game for the MSX2, in 1987. Similarly to other OVAs of the era (and by studios AIC and ARTMIC), Gall Force features

1936-403: Was the first-ever storyline to the Gall Force mythos proper, Star Front's place in the official continuity has been questioned and disregarded due to contradictions between it and Eternal Story. Although it is the actual origin of the franchise, it is now seen by fans as non-canon , or an alternate timeline . Another factor that causes question is the fact that fans outside Japan never knew of

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