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44-401: The Star Bird manual describes it as "THE AMAZING SPACESHIP with realistic engine sounds and flashing laser blasts". The toy was constructed in three main pieces: the front inner hull which held the electronics and front lasers, the front outer hull (a thin plastic shell over the inner hull), the main body consisting of the center stalk like section and wings. A molded plastic engine piece fit into

88-457: A 40 mm bearing, grease should be replaced every 5000 working hours, while for a 100 mm bearing it should be replaced every 500 working hours. Lubrication can also be done with an oil, which has advantage of higher maximum load, but needs some way to keep oil in bearing, as it normally tends to run out of it. For oil lubrication it is recommended that for applications where oil does not become warmer than 50 °C , oil should be replaced once

132-504: A bearing that rotates (either axle hole or outer circumference) must be fixed, while for a part that does not rotate this is not necessary (so it can be allowed to slide). If a bearing is loaded axially, both sides must be fixed. If an axle has two bearings, and temperature varies, axle shrinks or expands, therefore it is not admissible for both bearings to be fixed on both their sides, since expansion of axle would exert axial forces that would destroy these bearings. Therefore, at least one of

176-507: A bearing to have its nominal lifespan at its nominal maximum load, it must be lubricated with a lubricant (oil or grease) that has at least the minimum dynamic viscosity (usually denoted with the Greek letter ν {\displaystyle \nu } ) recommended for that bearing. The recommended dynamic viscosity is inversely proportional to diameter of bearing. The recommended dynamic viscosity decreases with rotating frequency. As

220-593: A groove in the axle assembly. Jules Suriray , a Parisian bicycle mechanic , designed the first radial style ball bearing in 1869, which was then fitted to the winning bicycle ridden by James Moore in the world's first bicycle road race, Paris-Rouen , in November 1869. There are several common designs of ball bearing, each offering various performance trade-offs. They can be made from many different materials, including stainless steel , chrome steel , and ceramic ( silicon nitride , Si 3 N 4 ). A hybrid ball bearing

264-432: A lifespan at least 5 times as long. The industry standard life calculation is based upon the work of Lundberg and Palmgren performed in 1947. The formula assumes the life to be limited by metal fatigue and that the life distribution can be described by a Weibull distribution . Many variations of the formula exist that include factors for material properties, lubrication, and loading. Factoring for loading may be viewed as

308-506: A precursor to the later work of Abraham Darby I who successfully used coke to smelt iron. Three successive generations of the same family all bearing the name Abraham Darby are renowned for their contributions to the development of the English iron industry. Their works at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire nurtured the start of improvements in metallurgy that allowed large-scale production of

352-401: A rough indication: for less than 3000 RPM , recommended viscosity increases with factor 6 for a factor 10 decrease in speed, and for more than 3000 RPM , recommended viscosity decreases with factor 3 for a factor 10 increase in speed. For a bearing where average of outer diameter of bearing and diameter of axle hole is 50 mm , and that is rotating at 3000 RPM , recommended dynamic viscosity

396-422: A tacit admission that modern materials demonstrate a different relationship between load and life than Lundberg and Palmgren determined . If a bearing is not rotating, maximum load is determined by force that causes plastic deformation of elements or raceways. The indentations caused by the elements can concentrate stresses and generate cracks at the components. Maximum load for not or very slowly rotating bearings

440-462: A wide range of applications, some of which include skateboards and centrifugal pumps. Although bearings had been developed since ancient times, the first modern recorded patent on ball bearings was awarded to Philip Vaughan , a Welsh inventor and ironmaster who created the first design for a ball bearing in Carmarthen in 1794. His was the first modern ball-bearing design, with the ball running along

484-410: A year, while for applications where oil does not become warmer than 100 °C , oil should be replaced 4 times per year. For car engines, oil becomes 100 °C but the engine has an oil filter to maintain oil quality; therefore, the oil is usually changed less frequently than the oil in bearings. If the bearing is used under oscillation, oil lubrication should be preferred. If grease lubrication

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528-399: Is 12 mm /s . Note that dynamic viscosity of oil varies strongly with temperature: a temperature increase of 50–70 °C causes the viscosity to decrease by factor 10. If the viscosity of lubricant is higher than recommended, lifespan of bearing increases, roughly proportional to square root of viscosity. If the viscosity of the lubricant is lower than recommended, the lifespan of

572-474: Is a bearing with ceramic balls and metal races. The calculated life for a bearing is based on the load it carries and its operating speed. The industry standard usable bearing lifespan is inversely proportional to the bearing load cubed. Nominal maximum load of a bearing, is for a lifespan of 1 million rotations, which at 50 Hz (i.e., 3000 RPM) is a lifespan of 5.5 working hours. 90% of bearings of that type have at least that lifespan, and 50% of bearings have

616-417: Is called "static" maximum load. Also, if a bearing is not rotating, oscillating forces on the bearing can cause impact damage to the bearing race or the rolling elements, known as brinelling . A second lesser form called false brinelling occurs if the bearing only rotates across a short arc and pushes lubricant out away from the rolling elements. For a rotating bearing, the dynamic load capacity indicates

660-447: Is circa 50% of maximum radial load, but it also says that "light" and/or "small" bearings can take axial loads that are 25% of maximum radial load. For single-row edge-contact ball bearings, axial load can be about 2 times max radial load, and for cone-bearings maximum axial load is between 1 and 2 times maximum radial load. Often Conrad-style ball bearings will exhibit contact ellipse truncation under axial load. That means that either

704-541: Is necessary, the composition should be adapted to the parameters that occur. Greases with a high bleeding rate and low base oil viscosity should be preferred if possible. Most bearings are meant for supporting loads perpendicular to axle ("radial loads"). Whether they can also bear axial loads, and if so, how much, depends on the type of bearing. Thrust bearings (commonly found on lazy susans ) are specifically designed for axial loads. For single-row deep-groove ball bearings, SKF's documentation says that maximum axial load

748-443: Is normally held within the bearing releasing the lubricant oil as it is compressed by the balls. It provides a protective barrier for the bearing metal from the environment, but has disadvantages that this grease must be replaced periodically, and maximum load of bearing decreases (because if bearing gets too warm, grease melts and runs out of bearing). Time between grease replacements decreases very strongly with diameter of bearing: for

792-417: Is notably out of scale with the others as, for the craft to be the small, fast, maneuverable fighter its design implies it would have to be much smaller than the scale of the escape pod and interceptor pieces (and of the simple plastic astronaut figures supplied with the play set). Along with the original Star Bird, a Japanese exclusive was also released. Unlike the other models, this version came in one piece,

836-630: The Continental Army . Van Leer's furnace was a center of colonial ironmaking and is associated with the introduction of the Franklin Stove , and the retreat of George Washington 's army following its defeat at the Battle of Brandywine , where they came for musket repairs. The location is listed as a temporary George Washington Headquarter . W Van Leer's children all joined the iron business as well. Lowthian Bell (1816–1904) was, like Abraham Darby,

880-491: The ID of the outer ring is large enough, or the OD of the inner ring is small enough, so as to reduce the area of contact between the balls and raceway. When this is the case, it can significantly increase the stresses in the bearing, often invalidating rules of thumb regarding relationships between radial and axial load capacity. With construction types other than Conrad, one can further decrease

924-607: The balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling, they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding against each other. Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds of rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races. However, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races. Common ball bearing designs include angular contact, axial, deep-groove, and preloaded pairs. The balls in ball bearings can also be configured in various ways. Ball bearings are used in

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968-499: The bearing (where width is measured in direction of axle). Bearings have static load ratings. These are based on not exceeding a certain amount of plastic deformation in the raceway. These ratings may be exceeded by a large amount for certain applications. For a bearing to operate properly, it needs to be lubricated. In most cases the lubricant is based on elastohydrodynamic effect (by oil or grease) but working at extreme temperatures dry lubricated bearings are also available. For

1012-439: The bearing decreases, and by how much depends on which type of oil being used. For oils with EP ('extreme pressure') additives, the lifespan is proportional to the square root of dynamic viscosity, just as it was for too high viscosity, while for ordinary oils lifespan is proportional to the square of the viscosity if a lower-than-recommended viscosity is used. Lubrication can be done with a grease, which has advantages that grease

1056-568: The bearings must be able to slide. A 'freely sliding fit' is one where there is at least a 4 μm clearance, presumably because surface-roughness of a surface made on a lathe is normally between 1.6 and 3.2 μm. Bearings can withstand their maximum load only if the mating parts are properly sized. Bearing manufacturers supply tolerances for the fit of the shaft and the housing so that this can be achieved. The material and hardness may also be specified. Fittings that are not allowed to slip are made to diameters that prevent slipping and consequently

1100-411: The cage that holds the rolling elements at equal distances, due to the rolling elements trying to all slide together at the location of highest sideways torque. If the cage collapses or breaks apart, the rolling elements group together, the inner ring loses support, and may pop out of the center. In general, maximum load on a ball bearing is proportional to outer diameter of the bearing times the width of

1144-661: The center-lines of rotation of these bearings are not the same, then large forces are exerted on the bearing, which may destroy it. Some very small amount of misalignment is acceptable, and how much depends on type of bearing. For bearings that are specifically made to be 'self-aligning', acceptable misalignment is between 1.5 and 3 degrees of arc. Bearings that are not designed to be self-aligning can accept misalignment of only 2–10 minutes of arc (0.033-0.166 degrees) . In general, ball bearings are used in most applications that involve moving parts. Some of these applications have specific features and requirements: The ball size increases as

1188-688: The economy of the northeast of England. Bell accumulated a large fortune, with mansions including Washington New Hall , Rounton Grange near Northallerton , and the mediaeval Mount Grace Priory near Osmotherley . Henry Bolckow (1806–1878) and John Vaughan (1799–1868) were lifelong business partners, friends, and brothers-in-law. They established what became the largest of all Victorian era iron and steel companies, Bolckow Vaughan , in Middlesbrough. Bolckow brought financial acumen, and Vaughan brought ironmaking and engineering expertise. The two men trusted each other implicitly and "never interfered in

1232-452: The forceful patriarch of an ironmaking dynasty. Both his son Hugh Bell and his grandson Maurice Bell were directors of the Bell iron and steel company. His father, Thomas Bell, was a founder of Losh, Wilson and Bell , an iron and alkali company. The firm had works at Walker, near Newcastle upon Tyne , and at Port Clarence , Middlesbrough , contributing largely to the growth of those towns and of

1276-676: The great expansion in the British iron industry during the Industrial Revolution. An early ironmaster was John Winter (about 1600–1676) who owned substantial holdings in the Forest of Dean . During the English Civil War he cast cannons for Charles I . Following the Restoration , Winter developed his interest in the iron industry, and experimented with a new type of coking oven . This was

1320-400: The iron that made the development of steam engines and railways possible, although their most notable innovation was The Iron Bridge . One of the best-known ironmasters of the early part of the industrial revolution was John Wilkinson (1728–1808), who was considered to have "iron madness", extending even to making cast iron coffins. Wilkinson's patented method for boring iron cylinders

1364-470: The load to which the bearing endures 1,000,000 cycles. If a bearing is rotating, but experiences heavy load that lasts shorter than one revolution, static max load must be used in computations, since the bearing does not rotate during the maximum load. If a sideways torque is applied to a deep groove radial bearing, an uneven force in the shape of an ellipse is applied on the outer ring by the rolling elements, concentrating in two regions on opposite sides of

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1408-408: The main body or engine piece (in "dragster" configuration). Two simple, detachable drone-like "Interceptors" are provided at the end of each wing. Star Bird also had a rotating laser turret which doubled as an escape-pod/orbiter-type ship. Very much to the dismay of current-day collectors the twin lasers from the turret are often missing in today's offerings of the play set. The dragster configuration

1452-473: The market in 1979. The Star Bird Intruder had a black hull and consisted of the cockpit and Interceptor section only. It featured a pistol grip and feature that, when used along with the original toy could be used to simulate space dogfighting . The Intruder hit the market in 1980, mainly in the USA and UK. Ball bearing A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain

1496-408: The mating surfaces cannot be brought into position without force. For small bearings this is best done with a press because tapping with a hammer damages both bearing and shaft, while for large bearings the necessary forces are so great that there is no alternative to heating one part before fitting, so that thermal expansion allows a temporary sliding fit. If a shaft is supported by two bearings, and

1540-477: The outer ring ID and increase the inner ring OD to guard against this. If both axial and radial loads are present, they can be added vectorially, to result in the total load on bearing, which in combination with nominal maximum load can be used to predict lifespan. However, in order to correctly predict the rating life of ball bearings the ISO/TS 16281 should be used with the help of a calculation software. The part of

1584-399: The outer ring. If the outer ring is not strong enough, or if it is not sufficiently braced by the supporting structure, the outer ring will deform into an oval shape from the sideways torque stress, until the gap is large enough for the rolling elements to escape. The inner ring then pops out and the bearing structurally collapses. A sideways torque on a radial bearing also applies pressure to

1628-571: The rear of the main body and was removable. The toy is only used in three configurations: the Star Bird which consists of all available pieces, the Star Bird Fighter which is mostly only the front hull attached to the bare engine piece, and the Star Bird Orbiter which is the main body without the front outer hull. When turned on the Star Bird mimics an engine sound. If the toy is pointed upwards

1672-426: The separation between the bearing races . The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it causes

1716-563: The series increases, for any given inner diameter or outer diameter (not both). The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity. Series 200 and 300 are the most common. Ironmaster An ironmaster is the manager, and usually owner, of a forge or blast furnace for the processing of iron. It is a term mainly associated with the period of the Industrial Revolution , especially in Great Britain. The ironmaster

1760-633: The slightest degree with each other's work. Mr. Bolckow had the entire management of the financial department, while Mr. Vaughan as worthily controlled the practical work of the establishment." At its peak the firm was the largest steel producer in Britain, possibly in the world. Andrew Handyside (1805–1887) was born in Edinburgh and set up works in Derby where he made ornamental items, bridges and pillar boxes, many of which survive today. Samuel Richards (1769–1842)

1804-450: The sound would be altered by a ball bearing switch to imply a doppler effect acceleration or taking-off, while a nose down orientation gives the sound of decelerating engines. A button at the rear of the cockpit activates the LEDs at the front of the toy, along with a blast noise, to simulate the firing of its lasers. The button was designed to be pressed by the thumb while the ship was held by

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1848-659: Was available in two paint schemes (Red and White, and Silvery-Gray and Black), and sported foldout wheels and plastic missile projectiles. This version is unofficially known as "the Bandai Star Bird." This version is hard to obtain. The Star Bird Space Avenger had red flame decals on a white chassis. In accordance to local markets' demands the packaging for the Star Bird was manufactured in English, French, Spanish, German ( Supervogel ) and Dutch. The Command Base came in German packaging as well. A Star Bird Command Base , arrived on

1892-546: Was first used to create cannons, but later provided the precision needed to create James Watt 's first steam engines. Samuel Van Leer was a well-known ironmaster and a United States Army officer during the American Revolutionary War . He started a military career with enthusiasm with his neighbor General Anthony Wayne in 1775. His furnace, Reading Furnace in Pennsylvania, supplied cannon and cannonballs for

1936-450: Was usually a large-scale entrepreneur and thus an important member of a community. He would have a large country house or mansion as his residence. The organization of operations surrounding the smelting , refining , and casting of iron was labour-intensive, and so there would be numerous workers reliant on the furnace works. There were ironmasters (possibly not called such) from the 17th century onward, but they became more prominent with

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