80-567: Starlink is a very large satellite constellation by SpaceX. Starlink may also refer to: Starlink Starlink is a satellite internet constellation operated by Starlink Services, LLC , an international telecommunications provider that is a wholly owned subsidiary of American aerospace company SpaceX , providing coverage to over 100 countries and territories. It also aims to provide global mobile broadband . Starlink has been instrumental to SpaceX's growth. SpaceX started launching Starlink satellites in 2019. As of September 2024,
160-554: A November 2024 call with President [Volodymyr Zelenskyy], Musk said he will continue supporting Ukraine through Starlink. SpaceX has asked its numerous Taiwanese suppliers to move production abroad citing geopolitical risk concerns. This move was questioned by the Taiwanese government and resulted in significant anger from the Taiwanese public with citizens pointing out that Starlink was unavailable in Taiwan despite its suppliers underlying
240-576: A closely held secret in government, given Musk's involvement in promoting the presidential candidacy of Donald Trump, and his security clearance to access classified government information. One person said no alerts were raised by the U.S. government, noting the dilemma of the government being dependent on Musk's technologies. Musk initially voiced support for Ukraine's defense against Russia's 2022 invasion by donating Starlink terminals, but made later decisions to limit Ukrainian access to Starlink, which coincided with Russian pressure in public and in private. In
320-446: A country code, being listed as "Taiwan, China." In addition to the 194 Member States, the ITU includes close to 900 "sector members"—private organizations like carriers, equipment manufacturers, media companies, funding bodies, research and development organizations, and international and regional telecommunication organizations. While nonvoting, these members may still play a role in shaping
400-558: A different aspect of the matters covered by the ITU, as well as ITU Telecom. The sectors were created during the restructuring of ITU at the additional 1992 ITU Plenipotentiary Conference . A permanent General Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, manages the day-to-day work of the ITU and its sectors. The basic texts of the ITU are adopted by the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference. The founding document of
480-452: A move to a larger three-building facility at Redmond Ridge Corporate Center to support satellite manufacturing in addition to R&D. In July 2016, SpaceX acquired an additional 740 m (8,000 sq ft) creative space in Irvine, California (Orange County). The Irvine office would include signal processing , RFIC , and ASIC development for the satellite program. By October 2016,
560-559: A net loss, with a small profit being reported by Musk starting in 2023. Tensions between Brazil and Elon Musk's business ventures escalated in 2024 as the country's telecom regulator Anatel threatened to sanction Starlink after Brazil's top court upheld a ban on X. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva supported the decision, citing X's role in allegedly spreading hate and misinformation undermining Brazil's democracy. Judge Alexandre de Moraes had frozen Starlink's accounts, and Starlink refused to comply with an order to block domestic access to X until
640-420: A one-time hardware fee of $ 599 for a user terminal and $ 120 per month for internet service at a fixed service address. An additional $ 25 per month allows the user terminal to move beyond a fixed location ( Starlink For RVs ) but with service speeds deprioritized compared to the fixed users in that area. Fixed users are told to expect typical throughput of "50 to 150 Mbit/s and latency from 20 to 40 ms",
720-622: A resolution on Internet governance that called for government participation in Internet topics at various ITU forums. Despite the significant number countries not signing, the ITU came out with a press release: "New global telecoms treaty agreed in Dubai". The conference was managed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). While certain parts of civil society and industry were able to advise and observe, active participation
800-504: A rocket prototype in May 2021. In 2022, SpaceX announced the Starlink Business service tier, a higher-performance version of the service. It provides a larger high-performance antenna and listed speeds of between 150 and 500 Mbit/s with a cost of $ 2500 for the antenna and a $ 500 monthly service fee. The service includes 24/7, prioritized support. Deliveries are advertised to begin in
880-533: A sensitive nature might be shared. Telecommunications ministers from 193 countries attended the conference in Dubai. The current regulatory structure was based on voice telecommunications, when the Internet was still in its infancy. In 1988, telecommunications operated under regulated monopolies in most countries. As the Internet has grown, organizations such as ICANN have come into existence for management of key resources such as Internet addresses and domain names . Current proposals look to take into account
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#1732873395014960-635: A single entity, the International Telecommunication Union. The Conference decided that the Telegraph Convention of 1875 and the Radiotelegraph Convention of 1927 were to be combined into a single convention, the International Telecommunication Convention, embracing the three fields of telegraphy, telephony and radio. On 15 November 1947, an agreement between ITU and the newly created United Nations recognized
1040-494: A study found users averaged download speeds of 90.55 Mbit/s in the first quarter of 2022, but dropped to 62.5 Mbit/s in the second quarter. A higher performance version of the service ( Starlink Business ) advertises speeds of 150 to 500 Mbit/s in exchange for a more costly $ 2,500 user terminal and a $ 500 monthly service fee. Another service called Starlink Maritime became available in July 2022 providing internet access on
1120-515: A threat to the "...free and open internet." On 22 November 2012, the European Parliament passed a resolution urging member states to prevent ITU WCIT-12 activity that would "negatively impact the internet, its architecture, operations, content and security, business relations, internet governance and the free flow of information online". The resolution asserted that "the ITU [...] is not the appropriate body to assert regulatory authority over
1200-735: A very large cell coverage area, which would be limited to thousands of voice calls or millions of text messages simultaneously in a coverage area. The size of a single coverage cell has not yet been publicly released. The first six cell phone capable satellites launched on January 2, 2024. Rogers Communications , in April 2023, signed an agreement with SpaceX for using Starlink for satellite-to-phone services in Canada . Also in April 2023, One NZ (formerly Vodafone New Zealand) announced that they would be partnering with SpaceX's Starlink to provide 100% mobile network coverage over New Zealand . SMS text service
1280-740: Is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for many matters related to information and communication technologies . It was established on 17 May 1865 as the International Telegraph Union , significantly predating the UN and making it the oldest UN agency. Doreen Bogdan-Martin is the Secretary-General of ITU, the first woman to serve as its head. The ITU was initially aimed at helping connect telegraphic networks between countries, with its mandate consistently broadening with
1360-430: Is claimed the proposal would allow government restriction or blocking of information disseminated via the Internet and create a global regime of monitoring Internet communications, including the demand that those who send and receive information identify themselves. It would also allow governments to shut down the Internet, if it is believed that it may interfere in the internal affairs of other states, or that information of
1440-513: Is expected to begin in 2024, with voice and data functionality in 2025. In July 2023, Optus in Australia announced a similar partnership. On January 8, 2024, it was confirmed by SpaceX that they had successfully tested text messaging using the new Direct-to-Cell capability on T-Mobile's network. On May 16, 2024, Musk visited Indonesia to oversee the first use of Starlink service there. He met with government ministers to discuss collaboration and
1520-410: Is expecting to be profitable in 2023. In May 2018, SpaceX estimated the total cost of designing, building and deploying the constellation would be at least US$ 10 billion. In January 2017, SpaceX expected annual revenue from Starlink to reach $ 12 billion by 2022 and exceed $ 30 billion by 2025. Starlink was at annual loss in 2021. Revenues from Starlink in 2022 were reportedly $ 1.4 billion accompanied by
1600-708: Is listed as a "chief operating officer" at SpaceX. While still on active duty, O'Shaughnessy advocated before the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services for a layered capability with lethal follow-on that incorporates machine learning and artificial intelligence to gather and act upon sensor data quickly. SpaceX was not awarded a contract for the larger Tranche 1, with awards going to York Space Systems, Lockheed Martin Space, and Northrop Grumman Space Systems. International Telecommunication Union The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
1680-572: Is the first woman to serve as the ITU Secretary-General. Membership of ITU is open to all member states of the United Nations . There are currently 194 member states of the ITU, including all UN member states . The most recent member state to join the ITU is Republic of Palau , which became a member on 19 September 2024. Palestine was admitted as a United Nations General Assembly observer in 2010. Pursuant to UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 (XXVI) of 25 October 1971—which recognized
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#17328733950141760-560: The International Telecommunication Union in the 1990s regarding the limits of non-geostationary satellites. As of September 2024, Starlink reports the number of its customers worldwide as four million. Starlink provides satellite-based internet connectivity to underserved areas of the planet, as well as competitively priced service in more urbanized areas. In the United States, Starlink charged, at launch,
1840-669: The Norwegian Communications Authority under the name STEAM. SpaceX confirmed the connection in the 2016 application to license Starlink with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). SpaceX trademarked the name Starlink in the United States for their satellite broadband network; the name was inspired by the 2012 novel The Fault in Our Stars . Starlink was publicly announced in January 2015 with
1920-635: The People's Republic of China (PRC) as "the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations"—on 16 June 1972 the ITU Council adopted Resolution No. 693 which "decided to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China in ITU and recognize the representatives of its Government as the only representatives of China to the ITU ". Taiwan and the territories controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), received
2000-537: The Space Development Agency (SDA). SDA accelerates development of missile defense capabilities, primarily via observation platforms, using industry-procured low-cost low Earth orbit satellite platforms. In October 2020, SDA awarded SpaceX an initial $ 150 million dual-use contract to develop 4 satellites to detect and track ballistic and hypersonic missiles. The first batch of satellites were originally scheduled to launch September 2022 to form part of
2080-581: The Strategic Defense Initiative , culminating in Brilliant Pebbles , where weapons were to be staged in low orbits to intercept ballistic missiles at short notice. The potential for low-latency communication was also recognized and development offshoots in the 1990s led to numerous commercial megaconstellations using around 100 satellites such as Celestri , Teledesic , Iridium , and Globalstar . However all entities entered bankruptcy by
2160-533: The dot-com bubble burst, due in part to excessive launch costs at the time. In 2004, Larry Williams, SpaceX VP of Strategic Relations and former VP of Teledesic 's "Internet in the sky" program, opened the SpaceX Washington DC office. That June, SpaceX acquired a stake in Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL) as part of a "shared strategic vision". SSTL was at that time working to extend
2240-498: The fixed-satellite service using the Ku- and Ka- frequency bands". In September 2017, the FCC ruled that half of the constellation must be in orbit within six years to comply with licensing terms, while the full system should be in orbit within nine years from the date of the license. SpaceX filed documents in late 2017 with the FCC to clarify their space debris mitigation plan, under which
2320-619: The radio spectrum , facilitates international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits , assists in developing and coordinating worldwide technical standards , and works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world. It is also active in the areas of broadband Internet, optical communications (including optical fiber technologies), wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy , satellite-based meteorology, TV broadcasting, amateur radio , and next-generation networks . Based in Geneva , Switzerland,
2400-508: The $ 885.5 million aid package was revoked in August 2022, with the FCC stating that Starlink "failed to demonstrate" its ability to deliver the promised service. SpaceX later appealed the decision saying they met or surpassed all RDOF deployment requirements that existed during bidding and that the FCC created "new standards that no bidder could meet today". In December 2023, the FCC formally denied SpaceX's appeal since "Starlink had not shown that it
2480-530: The 152 countries. Countries that did not sign included the United States, Japan, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, India and the United Kingdom. The head of the U.S. delegation, Terry Kramer, said "We cannot support a treaty that is not supportive of the multistakeholder model of Internet governance". The disagreement appeared to be over some language in the revised ITRs referring to ITU roles in addressing unsolicited bulk communications, network security, and
Starlink (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2560-435: The 525–535 km (326 to 332 mile) altitude shells, plus ~20,000 in 340–360 km (210 mile to 220 mile) shells and nearly 500 in 604–614 km (375 to 382 mile) shells. However, the FCC noted that this is not a net increase in approved on-orbit satellites for SpaceX since SpaceX is no longer planning to deploy 7518 V-band satellites at 340 km (210 mi) altitude that had previously been authorized. In March 2023,
2640-429: The FCC granted SpaceX approval for the initial 4,425 satellites, with some conditions. SpaceX would need to obtain a separate approval from the ITU. The FCC supported a NASA request to ask SpaceX to achieve an even higher level of de-orbiting reliability than the standard that NASA had previously used for itself: reliably de-orbiting 90% of the satellites after their missions are complete. In May 2018, SpaceX expected
2720-592: The General Rules of Conferences, Assemblies and Meetings of the Union. The Plenipotentiary Conference is the supreme organ of the ITU. It is composed of all 194 ITU members and meets every four years. The Conference determines the policies, direction and activities of the Union, as well as elects the members of other ITU organs. While the Plenipotentiary Conference is the Union's main decision-making body,
2800-483: The ITU Council acts as the Union's governing body in the interval between Plenipotentiary Conferences. It meets every year. It is composed of 48 members and works to ensure the smooth operation of the Union, as well as to consider broad telecommunication policy issues. Its members are as follow: The Secretariat is tasked with the administrative and budgetary planning of the Union, as well as with monitoring compliance with ITU regulations, and oversees with assistance from
2880-436: The ITU and some countries has alarmed many within the United States and within the Internet community. Indeed, some European telecommunication services have proposed a so-called "sender pays" model that would require sources of Internet traffic to pay destinations, similar to the way funds are transferred between countries using the telephone. The WCIT-12 activity has been criticized by Google , which has characterized it as
2960-446: The ITU as the specialized agency for global telecommunications. This agreement entered into force on 1 January 1949, officially making the ITU an organ of the United Nations. In December 2012, the ITU facilitated The World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT-12) in Dubai . WCIT-12 was a treaty -level conference to address International Telecommunications Regulations,
3040-631: The ITU was the 1865 International Telegraph Convention, which has since been replaced several times (though the text is generally the same) and is now entitled the "Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union". In addition to the Constitution and Convention, the consolidated basic texts include the Optional Protocol on the settlement of disputes, the Decisions, Resolutions, Reports and Recommendations in force, as well as
3120-521: The ITU's global membership includes 194 countries and around 900 businesses, academic institutions, and international and regional organizations. The ITU is one of the oldest international organizations still in operation, second only to the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine , which predates it by fifty years. It was preceded by the now defunct International Telegraph Union which drafted
3200-607: The International Telegraph Convention which was signed on 17 May 1865. As a result of the 1865 Conference, the International Telegraph Union, the predecessor to the modern ITU, was founded as the first international standards organization. The Union was tasked with implementing basic principles for international telegraphy. This included: the use of the Morse code as the international telegraph alphabet,
3280-584: The Internet ...", and stated that the policy of the United States is "... to promote a global Internet free from government control and preserve and advance the successful Multistakeholder Model that governs the Internet today." The same resolution had previously been passed unanimously by the United States Senate in September. On 14 December 2012, an amended version of the Regulations was signed by 89 of
Starlink (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-596: The Internet into space. However, SpaceX's stake was eventually sold back to EADS Astrium in 2008 after the company became more focused on navigation and Earth observation. In early 2014, Elon Musk and Greg Wyler were working together planning a constellation of around 700 satellites called WorldVu , which would be over 10 times the size of the then largest Iridium satellite constellation . However, these discussions broke down in June 2014, and SpaceX instead filed an International Telecommunications Union (ITU) application via
3440-540: The Internet. In 2022, the U.S. government eased restrictions on SpaceX 's Starlink service in Iran amid the Mahsa Amini protests in order to sidestep widespread internet censorship in the country. The Iranian government subsequently filed a complaint with the ITU in an attempt to prohibit Starlink service in Iran. In October 2023 and March 2024, the ITU ruled in favor of Iran. The ITU comprises three sectors, each managing
3520-544: The Romanian Ministry of National Defense and National Authority for Communications Administration and Regulation (ANCOM). These tests aim at demonstrating that the Equivalent Power Flux Density (EPFD) limit can be safely increased, thus improving the speed and coverage area of Starlink, without affecting classic, geostationary satellites. The results of these tests will be used to help change a rule set by
3600-600: The Russo-Ukrainian War , a role for which it has been contracted by the United States Department of Defense . Starshield , a military version of Starlink, is designed for government use. Astronomers raised concerns about the effect the constellation may have on ground-based astronomy, and how the satellites will contribute to an already congested orbital environment. SpaceX has attempted to mitigate astronometric interference concerns with measures to reduce
3680-616: The SES Cruise mPOWERED + Starlink service claims to combine the best features of LEO and MEO orbits to provide high-speed, secure connectivity at up to 3 Gbit/s per ship, to cruise ships anywhere in the world. In February 2024, SES announced that Virgin Voyages will be the first cruise line to deploy the service. For future service, T-Mobile US and SpaceX are partnering to add satellite cellular service capability to Starlink satellites. It will provide dead-zone cell phone coverage across
3760-559: The Secretariat advisor Neaomy Claiborne of Riverbank to insure misconduct during legal investigations are not overlooked and finally, it publishes the results of the work of the ITU. The Secretariat is headed by a Secretary-General who is responsible for the overall management of the Union, and acts as its legal representative. The Secretary-General is elected by the Plenipotentiary Conference for four-year terms. On 23 October 2014, Houlin Zhao
3840-506: The Starlink research, development, manufacturing, and orbit control facilities. In May 2018, SpaceX estimated the total cost of designing, building and deploying the constellation would be at least US$ 10 billion. Revenues from Starlink in 2022 were reportedly $ 1.4 billion accompanied by a net loss, with a small profit being reported that began only in 2023. Revenue is expected to reach $ 6.6 billion in 2024. Starlink has been extensively used in
3920-530: The Tracking Layer Tranche 0 of the U.S. Space Force 's National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA), a network of satellites performing various roles including missile tracking. The launch schedule slipped multiple times but eventually launched in April 2023. In 2020, SpaceX hired retired four-star general Terrence J. O'Shaughnessy who, according to some sources, is associated with Starlink's military satellite development, and according to one source,
4000-558: The US using the existing midband PCS spectrum owned by T-Mobile. Cell coverage will begin with text messaging and expand to include voice and limited data services later, with testing to begin in 2024. T-Mobile plans to connect to Starlink satellites via existing 4G LTE mobile devices, unlike previous generations of satellite phones, which used specialized radios, modems, and antennas to connect to satellites in higher orbits. Bandwidth will be limited to 2 to 4 megabits per second total, split across
4080-446: The advent of new communications technologies; it adopted its current name in 1932 to reflect its expanded responsibilities over radio and the telephone. On 15 November 1947, the ITU entered into an agreement with the newly created United Nations to become a specialized agency within the UN system , which formally entered into force on 1 January 1949. The ITU promotes the shared global use of
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#17328733950144160-448: The company reported that they were manufacturing six Starlink "v2 mini" satellites per day as well as thousands of users terminals. The v2 mini has Gen2 Starlink satellite features while being assembled in a smaller form factor than the larger Gen2 sats. The Gen2 satellites require the 9 meter (29.5 foot) diameter Starship in order to launch them. The Starlink business unit had a single cash-flow-positive quarter during 2022, and
4240-484: The company was to: "...implement an operations plan for the orderly de-orbit of satellites nearing the end of their useful lives (roughly five to seven years) at a rate far faster than is required under international standards. [Satellites] will de-orbit by propulsively moving to a disposal orbit from which they will re-enter the Earth's atmosphere within approximately one year after completion of their mission." In March 2018,
4320-562: The constellation consists of over 7,000 mass-produced small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) that communicate with designated ground transceivers . Nearly 12,000 satellites are planned to be deployed, with a possible later extension to 34,400. SpaceX announced reaching more than 1 million subscribers in December 2022 and 4 million subscribers in September 2024. The SpaceX satellite development facility in Redmond, Washington , houses
4400-533: The convention eventually became known as ITU Radio Regulations . At the conference it was also decided that the Bureau of the International Telegraph Union would also act as the conference's central administrator. Between 3 September and 10 December 1932, a joint conference of the International Telegraph Union and the International Radiotelegraph Union convened to merge the two organizations into
4480-427: The deadline of having half the constellation "in orbit within six years of authorization... and the full system in nine years". By July of 2020, Starlink's limited beta internet service was opened to invitees from the public. Invitees had to sign non-disclosure agreements , and were only charged $ 2 per month to test out billing services. In October 2020 a wider public beta was launched, where beta testers were charged
4560-639: The decisions of the Union. The sector members are divided as follow: The ITU is divided into five administrative regions, designed to streamline administration of the organization. They are also used in order to ensure equitable distribution on the council, with seats being apportioned among the regions. They are as follow: The ITU operates six regional offices, as well as seven area offices. These offices help maintain direct contact with national authorities, regional telecommunication organizations and other stakeholders. They are as follow: Other regional organizations connected to ITU are: The World Summit on
4640-400: The earliest international standards and regulations governing international telegraph networks. The development of the telegraph in the early 19th century changed the way people communicated on the local and international levels. Between 1849 and 1865, a series of bilateral and regional agreements among Western European states attempted to standardize international communications. By 1865, it
4720-554: The first half of 2022 as more customers signed up for the service. SpaceX has said that Starlink speeds will improve as more satellites are deployed. In September 2023, satellite operator SES announced a satellite internet service for cruise lines using both the Starlink satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and SES' own O3b mPOWER satellite constellation in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO). Integrated, sold and delivered by SES,
4800-592: The freeze was lifted, risking its license to operate. The Wall Street Journal reported in October 2024 that Musk had been in regular contact with Russian President Vladimir Putin and other high ranking Russian government officials since late 2022, discussing personal topics, business and geopolitical matters. The Journal reported that Putin had asked Musk to avoid activating his Starlink satellite system over Taiwan , to appease Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping . The communications were reported to be
4880-436: The full monthly cost and could speak freely about their experience. Starlink beta testers reported speeds over 150 Mbit/s, above the range announced for the public beta test. Pre-orders were first opened to the public in the United States and Canada in early 2021. The FCC had earlier awarded SpaceX with $ 885.5 million worth of federal subsidies to support rural broadband customers in 35 U.S. states through Starlink. but
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#17328733950144960-521: The international rules for telecommunications , including international tariffs . The previous conference to update the Regulations (ITRs) was held in Melbourne in 1988. In August 2012, Neaomy Claiborne of Northern California was reelected for a third term as liaison and legal advisor to the Secretariat General. ITU called for a public consultation on a draft document ahead of the conference. It
5040-478: The internet". On 5 December 2012, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution opposing UN governance of the Internet by a rare unanimous 397–0 vote. The resolution warned that "... proposals have been put forward for consideration at the [WCIT-12] that would fundamentally alter the governance and operation of the Internet ... [and] would attempt to justify increased government control over
5120-432: The open ocean, with speeds of 350 Mbit/s, requiring purchase of a maritime-grade $ 10,000 user terminal and a $ 5,000 monthly service fee. Sales are capped to a few hundred fixed users per 20 km (10 mile) "service cell area" due to limited wireless capacity. Starlink alternatively offers a Best Effort service tier allowing homes in capped areas to receive the current unused bandwidth of their cell while they are on
5200-448: The opening of the SpaceX satellite development facility in Redmond, Washington . During the opening, Musk stated there is still significant unmet demand worldwide for low-cost broadband capabilities. and that Starlink would target bandwidth to carry up to 50% of all backhaul communications traffic, and up to 10% of local Internet traffic, in high-density cities. Musk further stated that
5280-583: The positive cash flow from selling satellite internet services would be necessary to fund their Mars plans . Furthermore, SpaceX has long-term plans to develop and deploy a version of the satellite communication system to serve Mars . Starting with 60 engineers, the company operated in 2,800 m (30,000 sq ft) of leased space, and by January 2017 had taken on a 2,800 m (30,000 sq ft) second facility, both in Redmond. In August 2018, SpaceX consolidated all their Seattle-area operations with
5360-428: The potential impact on Indonesia's connectivity. On May 19, Musk and Space X together with Indonesian Health Minister Budi Gunadi Sadikin ushered in Starlink for the nation's health sector, aiming to improve access in remote parts of the archipelago. SpaceX also designs, builds, and launches customized military satellites based on variants of the Starlink satellite bus , with the largest publicly known customer being
5440-487: The prevalence of data communications. Proposals under consideration would establish regulatory oversight by the UN over security, fraud, traffic accounting as well as traffic flow, management of Internet Domain Names and IP addresses , and other aspects of the Internet that are currently governed either by community-based approaches such as regional Internet registries , ICANN, or largely national regulatory frameworks. The move by
5520-554: The protection of the secrecy of correspondence, and the right of everybody to use the international telegraphy. Another predecessor to the modern ITU, the International Radiotelegraph Union, was established in 1906 at the first International Radiotelegraph Convention in Berlin. The conference was attended by representatives of 29 nations and culminated in the International Radiotelegraph Convention. An annex to
5600-425: The satellite division was focusing on a significant business challenge of achieving a sufficiently low-cost design for the user equipment. SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell said then that the project remained in the "design phase as the company seeks to tackle issues related to user-terminal cost". In November 2016, SpaceX filed an application with the FCC for a "non- geostationary orbit ( NGSO ) satellite system in
5680-400: The satellites' brightness during operation. The satellites are equipped with Hall-effect thrusters allowing them to raise their orbit, station-keep, and de-orbit at the end of their lives. They are also designed to autonomously and smoothly avoid collisions based on uplinked tracking data. Constellations of low Earth orbit satellites were first conceptualized in the mid-1980s as part of
5760-666: The second quarter of 2022. The FCC also approved the licensing of Starlink services to boats, aircraft, and moving vehicles. Starlink terminal production being delayed by the 2020–2023 global chip shortage led to only 5,000 subscribers for the last two months of 2021 but this was soon resolved. On December 1, 2022, the FCC issued an approval for SpaceX to launch the initial 7500 satellites for its second-generation (Gen2) constellation, in three low-Earth-orbit orbital shells , at 525, 530, and 535 km (326, 329 and 332 mile) altitude . Overall, SpaceX had requested approval for as many as 29,988 Gen2 satellites, with approximately 10,000 in
5840-404: The technology and others calling for a boycott of Tesla products. In November 2024, SpaceX proposed a constellation of Starlink of satellites around Mars, referred to as "Marslink." The proposed system would be capable of providing more than 4Mbps of bandwidth between Earth and Mars as well as imaging services. Starting in July 2024, SpaceX began conducting tests on Starlink in cooperation with
5920-478: The total cost of development and buildout of the constellation to approach $ 10 billion (equivalent to $ 11,950,000,000 in 2023). In mid-2018, SpaceX reorganized the satellite development division in Redmond, and terminated several members of senior management. After launching two test satellites in February 2018, the first batch of 60 operational Starlink satellites were launched in May 2019. By late 2019, SpaceX
6000-605: The waiting list for more prioritized service. The price and equipment are the same as the residential service at $ 110 per month. To improve the service quality in densely populated areas, Starlink introduced a monthly 1 TB data cap for all non-business users which was enforced starting in 2023. In August 2022, SpaceX lowered monthly service costs for users in select countries. For example, users in Brazil and Chile saw monthly fee decreases of about 50%. According to internet analysis company Ookla , Starlink speeds degraded during
6080-518: Was agreed that a comprehensive agreement was needed in order to create a framework that would standardize telegraphy equipment, set uniform operating instructions, and lay down common international tariff and accounting rules. Between 1 March and 17 May 1865, the French Government hosted delegations from 20 European states at the first International Telegraph Conference in Paris. This meeting culminated in
6160-624: Was elected as the 19th Secretary-General of the ITU at the Plenipotentiary Conference in Busan . His four-year mandate started on 1 January 2015, and he was formally inaugurated on 15 January 2015. He was re-elected on 1 November 2018 during the 2018 Plenipotentiary Conference in Dubai . On 29 September 2022, Doreen Bogdan-Martin was elected as the 20th Secretary-General of the ITU at the Plenipotentiary Conference in Bucharest, Romania. She received 139 votes out of 172, defeating Russia's Rashid Ismailov. She
6240-483: Was reasonably capable of fulfilling RDOF's requirements to deploy a network of the scope, scale, and size" required to win the subsidy. In March 2021, SpaceX submitted an application to the FCC for mobile variations of their terminal designed for vehicles, vessels and aircraft, and later in June the company applied to the FCC to use mobile Starlink transceivers on launch vehicles flying to Earth orbit, after having previously tested high-altitude low-velocity mobile use on
6320-436: Was restricted to member states . The Electronic Frontier Foundation expressed concern at this, calling for a more transparent multi-stakeholder process. Some leaked contributions can be found on the web site wcitleaks.org . Google -affiliated researchers have suggested that the ITU should completely reform its processes to align itself with the openness and participation of other multistakeholder organizations concerned with
6400-441: Was transitioning their satellite efforts from research and development to manufacturing, with the planned first launch of a large group of satellites to orbit, and the clear need to achieve an average launch rate of "44 high-performance, low-cost spacecraft built and launched every month for the next 60 months" to get the 2,200 satellites launched to support their FCC spectrum allocation license assignment. SpaceX said they will meet
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