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92-505: Eric Stanley George Graham (12 November 1900 – 21 October 1941) was a New Zealander who killed seven people. Graham was born and raised in Kokatahi , New Zealand and, as a child, worked at the Longford Hotel, built in 1902, ten miles from Hokitika , whose proprietor was his father, John Graham. Graham met his wife, Dorothy McCoy, when she moved from Rakaia in the late 1920s to work at

184-450: A 7mm Mauser rifle and ammunition. This was the weapon Graham used to shoot his victims. On 4 October 1941, a neighbour of Graham's, Anker Madsen, complained to Constable Edward Best , stationed in nearby Kaniere , that Graham was accusing him of poisoning his cattle . Best decided not to respond in order to give Graham time to calm down. On 8 October, Graham confronted Madsen with a rifle. Later that morning, Best attempted to discuss

276-811: A National Police commissioner is the chief of a police station . This rank is called comisario principal . A commissioner exists in the biggest cities, and in smaller cities, the chief of the police is headed by a superintendent . In the Civil Guard , this rank does not exist because it has a military organization. In England and Wales, outside of Greater London, police and crime commissioners are directly elected officials charged with securing efficient and effective policing of their police area . They are not warranted police officers , although they appoint and hold to account their chief constable . The first police and crime commissioners were elected in November 2012, with

368-524: A staple drink across the world, was first invented in Invercargill in 1890 by food chemist David Strang. Katherine Sheppard , a suffragette , is regarded as the mother of the modern women's suffrage movement. Her efforts within the Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand led to New Zealand becoming the first nation in the world to enact universal suffrage . Sexologist John Money , recognised today as

460-469: A 10-year period, reported recent racist experiences were highest among Asian participants followed by Māori and Pacific peoples, with Europeans reporting the lowest experience of racism. New Zealand culture is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of the islands, and the cultural input of the Māori and the various waves of multiethnic migration which followed

552-508: A British commissioner would be (Landes-) Polizeipräsident or Inspekteur der Polizei , titles that differ between police forces in Germany. The head of the Hong Kong Police (Royal Hong Kong Police Force 1969 to 30 June 1997) force has used this title since 1938. The National Police of Iceland employs a national commissioner ( Icelandic : Ríkislögreglustjóri ) (four-star-rank) that

644-561: A bilateral agreement for skilled migrants with the Netherlands, and a large number of Dutch immigrants arrived in New Zealand. Others came in the 1950s from Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and Austria to meet needs in specialised occupations. By the 1960s, the policy of excluding people based on nationality yielded a population overwhelmingly European in origin. By the mid-1960s, a desire for cheap unskilled labour led to ethnic diversification. In

736-532: A commissioner ( komisarz ) is a relatively low rank, directly above podkomisarz and below nadkomisarz , comparable to a lieutenant of the armed forces. Historically, in the Civil Police of Portugal, a police commissioner ( Portuguese : comissário ) was a divisional commander in the Lisbon and Oporto police forces or the chief of a district police force in the other districts of the country. The chief of each of

828-684: A common history , culture , and language ( New Zealand English ). People of various ethnicities and national origins are citizens of New Zealand, governed by its nationality law . Originally composed solely of the indigenous Māori , the ethnic makeup of the population has been dominated since the 19th century by New Zealanders of European descent , mainly of English , Scottish , Welsh and Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European and Middle Eastern ancestries such as Greek , Turkish , Italian and other groups such as Arab , German , Dutch , Scandinavian , South Slavic and Jewish , with Western European groups predominating. Today,

920-693: A contentious figure for his experiments regarding children and the David Reimer case , was a pioneer of modern gender identity studies. Money's theory that gender is learnt has become outdated and even condemned, although his terms gender role and sexual orientation remain common in modern parlance. He also established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic, the first clinic in the United States to perform sexual reassignment surgeries. Surgeon and otolaryngologist Harold Gillies

1012-465: A cultural influence on a global scale, through film , language , te ao Māori , art , science , music and technology, and founded the modern women's suffrage and anti-nuclear movements. Technological and scientific achievements of New Zealanders stem back as far as Kupe and the earliest Polynesian navigators , who used sophisticated astral methods that helped laid the groundwork for both navigation and modern astronomy . Modern trench warfare

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1104-495: A dead heifer was found with meat taken from it. On 17 October, a farmhouse belonging to Henry Growcott, a childhood friend of Graham's, was broken into and food was taken. On 20 October, parties of police were positioned around his home, expecting Graham to return to the Growcott farm. In the middle of the night, after being spotted by two police constables and a local civilian carrying his rifle and ammunition belts, an injured Graham

1196-596: A fifth of all Māori, representing 3% of the total population. Many New Zealanders regularly use Māori words and expressions, such as " kia ora ", while speaking English. Māori are active in all spheres of New Zealand culture and society, with independent representation in areas such as media, politics and sport. Most European New Zealanders have British and/or Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Germans , Poles (historically noted as "Germans" due to Partitions of Poland ), French , Dutch , Scandinavian and South Slavs . In 1961,

1288-402: A long time, invisible while Māori lived in rural communities. When Māori and Pākehā (Europeans) began living in closer proximity, the belief that the country had "the best race relations in the world" was tested. The first Race Relations Concilitator was appointed in 1971 to help combat racial discrimination among New Zealanders. Agitation regarding Treaty of Waitangi violations intensified in

1380-650: A nation. In response to attempts by the New Zealand Company to establish a separate colony in Wellington, and mindful of French claims in Akaroa , Hobson, appointed as Lieutenant-Governor on 14 January 1840, declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840. He published two proclamations published in the New Zealand Advertiser and Bay Of Islands Gazette issue of 19 June 1840. One "assert[s] on

1472-527: A police academy (graduating as Diplom-Verwaltungswirt or bachelor of public administration). The highest possible rank within this career bracket is that of Erster Polizeihauptkommissar or Erster Kriminalhauptkommissar . The work of a Kommissar , in general, centers on investigation of felonies, depending on the branch of police and department to which he belongs, similar to the equivalent of an inspector in British-styled police forces. Roughly equivalent to

1564-725: A police commissary. In France, Italy, Spain and some Latin American countries "commissary" denotes the head of a single police station (analogous to a inspector or chief inspector in UK and Commonwealth countries). However titles such as commissaire in French, commissario in Italian and comisario in Spanish can mean either commissioner or commissary in English, depending on the context. The Australian Federal Police and

1656-406: A professional chief of police is in charge of day-to-day operations. In either event, commissioners are the designated heads of the organizations. In police services of the UK, Commonwealth and United States, the title of commissioner may designate the head of an entire police force, or a member of an oversight board of police commissioners. A police commissioner should not be confused with

1748-492: A third ethnicity), due to a high rate of intermarriage between the two cultures. Under the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1974, a Māori is defined as "a person of the Māori race of New Zealand; and includes any descendant of such a person", replacing an earlier legal application based on an arbitrarily defined "degree of Maori [ sic ] blood". According to the 2006 census, the largest iwi by population

1840-514: Is Ngāpuhi (125,601), followed by Ngāti Porou (71,049), Ngāi Tahu (54,819) and Waikato (40,083). However, over 110,000 people of Māori descent in the 2013 census could not identify their iwi. Outside of New Zealand, a large Māori population exists in Australia, estimated at 155,000 in 2011. The Māori Party has suggested a special seat should be created in the New Zealand parliament representing Māori in Australia. Smaller communities also exist in

1932-548: Is also a significant diaspora , estimated at around 750,000. Of these, about 640,800 lived in Australia (a June 2013 estimate ), which was equivalent to 12% of the resident population of New Zealand. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are heavily concentrated in other English-speaking countries , specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere. New Zealanders have had

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2024-468: Is appointed for a five-year term by the governor-general , and reports to the minister of police . The position combines two functions, that of chief constable in charge of policing and cases, and chief executive responsible for assets and budgeting. The rank insignia is a sword and a rectangular cylinder crossed over each other with a single crown above. In military terms, the rank is equivalent to Lieutenant General . The Police Force Act 1886 split

2116-452: Is called "divisional commissioner". This is sometimes equated to a chief superintendent, but can in some cases hold a similar function to a Deputy Chief Constable . A former intermediate rank of "principal commissioner" was abolished in 2006. The second-highest career bracket in German law enforcement leads to the rank of police commissioner or Kommissar . Training encompasses three years in

2208-436: Is often argued to have originated in New Zealand among Māori in the 19th century. New Zealanders also pioneered nuclear physics ( Ernest Rutherford ), the women's suffrage movement ( Kate Sheppard ), modern Western conceptions of gender identity ( John Money ) and plastic surgery ( Harold Gillies ). New Zealand culture is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of

2300-619: Is regarded as the father of modern plastic surgery , which he pioneered on soldiers physically dismembered beyond regular care during the First World War . English ( New Zealand English ) is the dominant language spoken by New Zealanders, and a de facto official language of New Zealand. According to the 2013 New Zealand census , 96.1% of New Zealanders spoke English. The country's de jure official languages are Māori (Te Reo) and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL). Other languages are also used by ethnic communities. Just under half of

2392-608: Is said to be the mother of Zealandia. As a rhetorical evocation of a New Zealand national identity, Zealandia appeared on postage stamps , posters, cartoons, war memorials , and New Zealand government publications most commonly during the first half of the 20th century. The personification was a commonly used symbol of the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition , which was held in Wellington in 1939 and 1940. Two large Zealandia statues serve as war memorials that honour

2484-536: Is the head of 15 districts across Iceland. The commissioner is not an experienced police officer whatsoever, like most police chiefs in Iceland are educated lawyers, not experienced police officers. Of the 15 districts in the Icelandic police, each has a police chief of its own, but the national commissioner is above them, the minister of judicial affairs is in charge of law enforcement in Iceland. The garda commissioner

2576-1252: Is the officer overseeing the Garda Síochána , the national police force. In India, the commissioner of police designation is held by different ranks of Indian Police Service officers at different places. The Commissioner of Police holds a pivotal role as the head of city police forces in India. For example, it is held by a Director General of Police (DGP) rank officer in Delhi and Kolkata ; and by an Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) rank officer in Mumbai , Bangalore , Hyderabad , Visakhapatnam , Lucknow , Kanpur , Varanasi, Prayagraj (Allahabad), Gautam Budh Nagar , and Surat ; by Inspector General of Police (IGP) officer in Cyberabad Metropolitan Police , Gurgaon , Pune , Nashik , Coimbatore , Madurai , Thane , Howrah , Siliguri , Trivandrum , and Cochin ; and by Deputy Inspector General of Police officer in Bidhannagar , Kozhikode and in many small cities. In

2668-454: The .303 rifle taken from the local who had accompanied George Ridley into Graham's property, and a .32 ACP Colt Revolver stolen from Sergeant Cooper's body. Returning the next evening to discover three members of the Home Guard in his house, Graham opened fire and killed home guardsmen Richard "Maxie" Coulson and Gregory Hutchison in a gunfight. During that engagement, he was wounded in

2760-585: The Indonesian National Police , the four levels of commissioner are police chief commissioner ( komisaris besar polisi ), police deputy chief commissioner ( ajun komisaris besar polisi ), police commissioner ( komisaris polisi ), and police deputy commissioner ( ajun komisaris polisi ). Due to strong military influence in its history, even now, police ranks can be compared to the ranks of the Indonesian military. The four commissioner ranks are equivalent to

2852-527: The Indonesian military ranks of colonel , lieutenant colonel , major , and captain , respectively. In the Italian Police , a commissioner ( commissario ) is the superintendent of a commissariato , a police station/detachment that can either serve an entire township of small or medium dimensions, or a limited area in a metropolitan city. The Japanese Prefectural police forces used this rank, and it

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2944-474: The New Zealand Parliament passed legislation that intended to limit Asiatic migration to New Zealand, and prevented Asians from naturalising. In particular, the New Zealand government levied a poll tax on Chinese immigrants up until the 1930s, when Japan went to war with China. New Zealand finally abolished the poll tax in 1944. An influx of Jewish refugees from central Europe came in the 1930s. Many of

3036-578: The New Zealand census since 1851 . One of the many complications in interpreting religious affiliation data in New Zealand is the large proportion who object to answering the question, roughly 173,000 in 2013. Most reporting of percentages is based on the total number of responses, rather than the total population. Police commissioner Police commissioners may be experienced police officers , though some are politically appointed, or elected civilians; not sworn police officers. In such cases, usually

3128-467: The Society Islands . After a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand in about AD 1250–1300, making New Zealand one of the most recently settled major landmasses. Some researchers have suggested an earlier wave of arrivals dating to as early as AD 50–150; these people then either died out or left the islands. Over the following centuries

3220-479: The Westland Co-operative Dairy Company and incurred debt from a venture into cattle breeding . As income from his farm dropped, he fell into debt totalling more than £550 (approximately NZ$ 49,263 in 2015). His behaviour took a turn for the worse, and he began threatening and abusing passing neighbours. Graham and his wife practised target shooting from the back of their home in the middle of

3312-544: The commissioner of police is the head of the national law enforcement agency called the Mauritius Police Force (MPF), which is responsible for policing on mainland Mauritius, Rodrigues, and other outer islands. The position dates back to 1767, when Antoine Codère was the first commissioner of police. The commissioner operates under the aegis of the Home Affairs Division of the prime minister's office and

3404-411: The haka . A tradition of resourcefulness came from the pioneering backgrounds of both Māori and non-Māori. Zealandia is a national personification of New Zealand and New Zealanders. In her stereotypical form, Zealandia appears as a woman of European descent who is dressed in flowing robes (or gown). She is similar in dress and appearance to Britannia (the female personification of Britain), who

3496-641: The modern age . Polynesians made contact with nearly every island within the vast Polynesian Triangle , inventing the catamaran and conceiving some of the most complex astronomy in the world to help navigate the Pacific. The continuance of this knowledge after the immediate settlement of New Zealand is evident in the non-tangible 360° compass developed and used by Māori long before European settlement. Māori compasses were divided into 32 different whare , or houses, between north, south, east, and west. This helped navigators memorise upwards of 200 stars. Memorisation

3588-553: The 1840s to withstand British artillery bombardments. These systems included firing trenches, communication trenches, tunnels , and anti-artillery bunkers. The Ngāpuhi pā Ruapekapeka is often considered to be the most technologically impressive by historians, and was described in 2017 as "one of the most sophisticated military installations" the British Empire had ever tackled, by broadcaster Mihingarangi Forbes for RNZ . There has been an academic debate surrounding this since

3680-453: The 1960s and 1970s Māoridom underwent a cultural revival. The Māori population has seen stability in the 21st century. In the 2013 Census, 598,602 people identified as being part of the Māori ethnic group, accounting for 14.9% of the New Zealand population, while 668,724 people (17.5%) claimed Māori descent. 278,199 people identified as of sole Māori ethnicity, while 291,015 identified as of both European and Māori ethnicity (with or without

3772-489: The 1970s. The Waitangi Tribunal was set up in 1975 to consider alleged breaches, and in 1984 was empowered to look back to 1840. In general, New Zealanders of European descent consider themselves to be mostly free of racial prejudice, perceiving the country to be a more inclusive society, a notion that has been challenged especially by members of ethnic minority groups. According to research published in 2018, which analysed New Zealand adults' reported experience of racism over

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3864-512: The 1980s, when in his book The New Zealand Wars, historian James Belich claimed that Northern Māori had effectively invented trench warfare during the first stages of the New Zealand Wars. However, given that trenches of some form or another have always been present in human warfare, this conclusion has been contentious and criticised by other historians. New Zealanders in the modern era have been prolific innovators. Instant coffee , today

3956-410: The 2013 Census, Asian ancestries total was 11.8% of the population, Chinese remained the largest Asian ethnic group in 2013, with 171,411 people while Indian was the second-largest Asian ethnic group in 2013, with 155,178 with Filipino a distant third with 40,350 people. The Asian component actually predates the Pacific component. There had been people of Asian ethnicity living in New Zealand from

4048-519: The British colonisation of New Zealand. British settlers brought a legal, political, and economic system that has flourished, along with the British system of agriculture that has transformed the landscape. The development of a New Zealand identity and national character, separate from the British colonial identity, is most often linked with the period surrounding the First World War, which gave rise to

4140-790: The Deputy Commissioner of Police and Secretariat, reports directly to the monarch . In Canada, the highest-ranking officer of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and of the Ontario Provincial Police holds the rank of commissioner. In the province of Alberta, the Police Act requires the municipality to appoint police commissioners that are required to provide public oversight of the police. In Alberta's capital city, Edmonton , there are nine commissioners, including two city councillors and seven city-appointed members,

4232-677: The Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Māori killed several of the crew, and no more Europeans went to New Zealand until British explorer James Cook 's voyage of 1768–71. Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling , sealing , exploring and trading ships. They traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artefacts and water. On occasion, Europeans and Māori traded goods for sex. Some early European arrivals integrated closely with

4324-580: The Lisbon and Oporto police forces had the title of commissioner general ( comissário-geral ). With the reorganization of Civil Police and its transformation in the Public Security Police (PSP) in the 1930s, commissioner became a police rank in this force. Presently, commissioner is an officer rank in the PSP, roughly equivalent to the military rank of captain. It is above the rank of subcommissioner and below that of superintendent. Commissioners usually have

4416-657: The MPF employs around 12,500 police officers, who are posted at the eight divisions and 14 branches. The first chief commissioner is the head of the National Police Corps . The commissioner is appointed by the Crown, and reports to the minister of Justice and Security . The commissioner is the highest-ranking sworn police member in the country. The commissioner of police is the head of the New Zealand Police . The commissioner

4508-595: The Middle East, most recently from Somalia. While there had been previous settlers from the Middle East, such as Syrians, people from Equatorial Africa have been very few in the past. In 2013, 67,752 people or 1.7% self-identified with one or more ethnicities other than European, Māori, Pacific, Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and African. The vast majority of these people, 65,973 people, identified only as 'New Zealander'. After 1840, many issues to do with sovereignty and land ownership remained unresolved and, for

4600-518: The Polynesian settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori . The population was divided into iwi (tribes) and hapū (subtribes) which would cooperate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their distinct Moriori culture. Due to New Zealand's geographic isolation, 500 years passed before

4692-430: The United Kingdom (approx. 8,000), the United States (up to 3,500) and Canada (approx. 1,000). The most common region this group lived in was Auckland Region (23.9 percent or 142,770 people). They are the second-largest ethnic group in New Zealand, after European New Zealanders. In addition, more than 120,000 Māori live in Australia. The Māori language (known as Te Reo Māori ) is still spoken to some extent by about

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4784-406: The autonomous Australian state and territory police forces are each presided over by a commissioner, who is accountable to constituents through a minister of state. The state of Victoria at one time (during the 19th-century Gold Rush ) appointed commissioners for both the metropolitan area and the goldfields. Outranking both was a " chief commissioner "—a title that has survived the disappearance of

4876-437: The boom times stopped, some blamed the migrants for the economic downturn affecting the country, and many of those people suffered dawn raids from 1974. This component was 1.2% of the total population in the 2013 census. The Latin American ethnic group almost doubled in size between the 2006 and 2013 censuses, increasing from 6,654 people to 13,182. A more recent component comprises refugees and other settlers from Africa and

4968-458: The case, with the Graham character being played by Brian Wenzel . Unlike real life, the Graham character is captured alive, with the detectives wondering at the end of the episode whether he would be found insane or sentenced to death. In 1974 Nightwood Films produced a 26-minute documentary concerning the manhunt. This film is the only audio-visual record of many of the participants' recollections. It

5060-577: The casualties of the Second Boer War : one is in Waimate and the other is in Palmerston . Some smaller statues exist in museums and in private hands. The female figure who appears on the left side of the national coat of arms has been identified as Zealandia (in a "cut down nightie"). Māori, and other Polynesians, have been credited by many historians as being the world's foremost navigators prior to

5152-453: The census showed that 91.8% of New Zealanders self-identified as being of European descent, down from 95% in 1926. The Māori-language loanword Pākehā came into use to refer to European New Zealanders, although some European New Zealanders reject this appellation. Twenty-first century New Zealanders increasingly use the word "Pākehā" to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders. The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were

5244-516: The commissioner was no longer the highest paid official on the New Zealand public payroll instead being the 5th. The top spot instead being the Guardian of New Zealand Superannuation . In 2020, then Commissioner of Police, Andrew Coster was paid a salary of $ 700,000 NZD . In Nigeria , a commissioner of police is the head of an entire state branch of the Nigeria Police Force . In Poland,

5336-628: The concept of the Anzac spirit . However, cultural links between New Zealand and Great Britain are maintained by a common language, sustained immigration from the UK, and the fact that many young New Zealanders spend time in Britain on " overseas experience ", known as "OE". New Zealanders also identify closely with Australians , as a result of the two nations' shared historical, cultural and geographic characteristics. The New Zealand government promotes Māori culture by supporting Māori-language schools, by ensuring

5428-578: The earlier junior commissioners. In Victoria, as elsewhere, the second-highest rank is deputy commissioner. The insignia of rank worn by a commissioner in the Australian Federal Police and the New South Wales Police Force is a crown over a star and crossed and wreathed tipstaves, similar to the insignia of a military full general. In all other civilian forces, the insignia is a crown over crossed and wreathed tipstaves, similar to

5520-404: The early days of European settlement, albeit in very small numbers. During the period of gold rushes later in the nineteenth century the number of Chinese temporary settlers both from China and from Australia and America increased sharply. This was an interlude in many respects, though there was a small population which remained and settled permanently. However, a century later in the 1980s and 1990s

5612-411: The ethnic makeup of the New Zealand population is undergoing a process of change, with new waves of immigration , higher birth rates and increasing interracial marriage resulting in the New Zealand population of Māori, Asian , Pasifika and multiracial descent growing at a higher rate than those of solely European descent, with such groups projected to make up a larger proportion of the population in

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5704-679: The former Yugoslavia . New Zealand limited immigration to those who would meet a labour shortage in New Zealand. To encourage those to come, the Government introduced free and assisted passages in 1947, a schema expanded by the First National Government in 1950. However, when it became clear that not enough skilled migrants would come from the British Isles alone, recruitment began in Northern European countries. New Zealand signed

5796-493: The future. New Zealand has an estimated resident population of around 5,338,500 (as of June 2024). Over one million New Zealanders recorded in the 2013 New Zealand census were born overseas, and by 2021 over a quarter of New Zealanders are estimated to be foreign born. Rapidly increasing ethnic groups vary from being well-established, such as Indians and Chinese , to nascent ones such as African New Zealanders . While most New Zealanders are resident in New Zealand, there

5888-578: The grounds of Discovery, the Sovereign Rights of Her Majesty over the Southern Islands of New Zealand, commonly called 'The Middle Island' ( South Island ) and 'Stewart's Island' ( Stewart Island / Rakiura ); and the Island, commonly called 'The Northern Island', having been ceded Sovereignty to Her Majesty". The second proclamation expanded on how sovereignty over the "Northern Island" had been ceded under

5980-566: The hotel. They married in Christchurch on 22 December 1930, living there for six months before moving to run a small dairy farm at Kowhitirangi on the West Coast . They were to have a son and a daughter. Through the late 1930s, Graham maintained reasonably good relations with his neighbours, although he and his wife took little part in social life. By 1940, though, the Graham family was under severe financial pressure, having had cream condemned by

6072-654: The house, killing them both instantly with the one bullet. When the badly wounded Cooper attempted to leave to obtain help, Graham shot him dead on the path in front of the house. Best was shot once more after allegedly attempting to plead with him, and died three days later. Graham also fatally wounded a field instructor for the Canterbury education board named George Ridley, who had entered Graham's property to assist any wounded along with an armed local, whom Graham threatened and disarmed. Graham then fled his house, armed with both of his Winchester rifles , his 7mm Mauser Rifle ,

6164-570: The indigenous Māori people and became known as Pākehā Māori . James Belich characterises many of the very early European settlers as forerunners of a " crew culture" – as distinct from the majority of later European immigrants. The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840. Confusion and disagreement continue to surround the Treaty. However, most New Zealanders still regard "the Treaty" as marking New Zealand's foundation as

6256-599: The insignia of a military lieutenant-general. After the proclamation of the 1959 Constitution of Brunei , it was stated that a Commissioner of Police has to be appointed for the Royal Brunei Police Force (RBPF). The first commissioner was appointed on 29 September 1959, assuming command of the force. The Commissioner of Police, who oversees the RPB headquarters (the Commissioner's of Police Office) with assistance from

6348-437: The islands, and the cultural input of the Māori and the various waves of multiethnic migration which followed the British colonisation of New Zealand. A colloquial name for New Zealanders is a Kiwi ( / k iː w iː / ). The table above shows the broad ethnic composition of the New Zealand population at the 1961 census compared to that from the most recent data of the 2013 census. People of European descent constituted

6440-478: The language is visible in government departments and literature, by insisting on traditional Māori welcomes ( pōwhiri ) at government functions and state school award programs, and by having Māori run the welfare services targeted at their people. New Zealanders are distinctive for their twangy dialect of English and propensity to travel long distances, and are quickly associated with the All Blacks rugby team and

6532-514: The loss of much of their land coupled with high fatality rate due to introduced diseases and epidemics, Māori went into a period of decline, and in the late 19th century it was believed that the Māori population would cease to exist as a separate race and would be assimilated into the European population. However, the predicted decline did not occur, and numbers recovered. Despite a high degree of intermarriage between Māori and European populations, Māori were able to retain their cultural identity and in

6624-765: The lowest electorate turnout ever in England and Wales. Historically the title "commissioner" has denoted the professional chief police officer of certain police forces, and that is still the case within Greater London, with the Commissioner of the City of London Police and the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis . Both these commissioners are appointed, not elected, and since the 1950s have been career police officers (as opposed to

6716-432: The majority of the 4.2 million people living in New Zealand, with 2,969,391 or 74.0% of the population in the 2013 New Zealand census . Those of full or part-Māori ancestry comprise 14.9% of New Zealanders. The residual "others" ethnic group consists largely of Asians and Pacific Islanders. The Māori people are most likely descended from people who emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to

6808-486: The matter with Graham but backed off after Graham pointed two rifles out of a window at him. Best retreated to Hokitika for back-up and returned to the farm with Sergeant William Cooper , 43, and Constables Frederick Jordan , 26, and Percy Tulloch , 35. After a short conversation inside his house, Graham shot and wounded Sergeant Cooper and Constable Best after Sergeant Cooper apparently reached to disarm Graham. He then fired at Constables Jordan and Tulloch as they ran into

6900-642: The next phase of settlement, the arrival of Europeans. Only then did the indigenous inhabitants need to distinguish themselves from the new arrivals, using the term "Māori" which means "normal" or "ordinary". Between the mid-1840s through to the 1860s, disputes over questionable land purchases led to the New Zealand Wars , which resulted in large tracts of tribal land being confiscated by the colonial government. Settlements such as Parihaka in Taranaki have become almost legendary because of injustices done there. With

6992-457: The night. Graham was an expert marksman and had an assortment of firearms. In early 1941, Graham was in a dispute with the police , who wanted his .303 rifle for war use. This was finally handed over on 15 July, but Graham and his wife still held a shotgun and two Winchester rifles , a .22 and a .405 . On 11 September, at Ashby Bergh's department store at High Street in central Christchurch, Mrs. Graham purchased, on her husband's behalf,

7084-499: The number of people of Asian ethnicities grew rapidly, and they are likely to exceed the Pacific population within the next few years. In the 1950s and 1960s, New Zealand encouraged migrants from the South Pacific. The country had a large demand for unskilled labour in the manufacturing sector. As long as this demand continued, migrants were encouraged by the government to come from the South Pacific, and many overstayed. However, when

7176-481: The object being to "provide civilian oversight for the police service". The commissioners appoint and oversee a chief of police, to whom is delegated the day-to-day management of the force. In reference to the police of France and other French-speaking countries, the rank of commissaire is a rank equating to somewhere in between the British police ranks of superintendent and chief superintendent . The rank above

7268-612: The persons of Polish origin in New Zealand arrived as orphans from Eastern Poland via Siberia and Iran in 1944 during World War II. With the agencies of the United Nations dealing with humanitarian efforts following the Second World War , New Zealand accepted about 5,000 refugees and displaced persons from Europe, and more than 1,100 Hungarians between 1956 and 1959 (see Refugees in New Zealand ). The post-WWII immigration included more persons from Greece , Italy , Poland and

7360-493: The police from the standing army and militia on 1 September 1886. Sir George Whitmore was appointed as the first commissioner, reporting to the minister of defence. Early commissioners came from the United Kingdom with military or law-enforcement experience, such as Walter Dinnie, who had served as inspector at Scotland Yard . In 2006, the commissioner was the highest paid official on the New Zealand public payroll. By 2019,

7452-403: The population at the 2013 census declared an affiliation to Christianity. However, regular church attendance is probably closer to 15%. Before European colonisation the religion of the indigenous Māori population was animistic , but the subsequent efforts of missionaries such as Samuel Marsden resulted in many Māori converting to Christianity. Religious affiliation has been collected in

7544-448: The right shoulder. The ensuing manhunt was the biggest in New Zealand history. It was overseen by Commissioner of Police Denis Cummings . More than 100 New Zealand Police and several hundred New Zealand Army and Home Guard personnel searched the area for Graham for 12 days, with orders to shoot on sight if they found Graham armed. On 10 October, both of Graham's Winchester rifles and 800 rounds of ammunition were discovered. Blood

7636-546: The role of second-in-command of PSP divisions commanded by subintendents. The rank insignia of a commissioner consists in a dark blue epaulet with three PSP stars (silver six points stars with the "SP" monogram in the center). In the Romanian Police , similarly to the French Police (see commissaire de police ), the rank of commissioner ( comisar ) is equivalent to the British police rank of superintendent. In Spain,

7728-448: The south of England, giving a definite English influence to the "Canterbury Settlement" . By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000. Other settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and the Indian subcontinent , but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did so for the next 150 years. Between 1881 and the 1920s,

7820-628: The states in Malaysia, a special status for two states. In The Malta Police Force , the commissioner of police is the head of the police department, responsible for its entire management and control. Since 2016, a chief executive officer at the Malta Police Force was appointed, to work alongside the commissioner of police to implement the Police Force Vision. In the Republic of Mauritius ,

7912-543: The treaty signed that February. Following the formalising of sovereignty, an organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began, and by 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, generating a definite Scottish influence in Murihiku , while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from

8004-489: Was also the first time the large cache of photographs taken during the manhunt by Home Guardsman Dave Stevenson were made public. A 1981 British-New Zealand film, Bad Blood , was made about Stanley Graham and his chain of killings, as well as the dimensions of historical context and social injustice involved. Australian actor Jack Thompson played Graham. New Zealander New Zealanders ( Māori : Tāngata Aotearoa ) are people associated with New Zealand , sharing

8096-491: Was buried at Hokitika Cemetery . Constable Quirke reported that Graham told him he was intending to give up that night. Later that month, the Graham property was burnt to the ground and Mrs Graham and her children left the area. There have been several biographical accounts of his life and the murders published since the tragedies occurred. In 1968 the Australian drama series Homicide based episode 180, "Dead or Alive", on

8188-494: Was discovered on one of the rifles, suggesting he had been wounded. In the next few days, Graham's blood-soaked shirt and the .303 rifle he had stolen earlier were recovered, and after 9 October, he was sighted numerous times by home guardsmen and civilians and, on at least three occasions, was fired upon whilst attempting to return to his home or simply walking in its vicinity. On at least two occasions, cattle on nearby farms were found slashed or shot, and on at least one occasion,

8280-522: Was formerly known as chief superintendent . The rank holders assumed the responsibility of being a chief of the prefectural police force. It was lower than a senior commissioner and higher than a superintendent . The commissioner of police in Japan is equivalent to a army major general . In the Royal Malaysia Police , states of Sabah and Sarawak contingent are led by police commissioner than rest of

8372-458: Was integral to Māori knowledge, which had no written language . Oral tradition was maintained in New Zealand by guilds for centuries after Māori arrival, despite later colonial efforts to suppress it. In the New Zealand Wars (1845–1872), the Māori developed elaborate trench and bunker systems as part of the already-existent fortified areas known as pā , employing them successfully as early as

8464-458: Was shot by Auckland Constable James D'Arcy Quirke with a .303 rifle from a distance of 25 metres as he crawled through a patch of scrub. After being shot, he was surrounded by almost a hundred police and army personnel, reportedly telling one of them that he "could have shot some more". He died the following morning at approximately 5:25 a.m. at Westland Hospital , Hokitika , the same hospital where Constable Best had died from his injuries. He

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