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142-406: It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home of Ukraine women's national football team and Desna Chernihiv . It has a capacity of 12,060 spectators and 5,500 individual plastic seats. Beside its main arena, the football field, the center houses four sports schools and several sports sections. There are a boxing hall, a running track, a fitness room (weightlifting/gymnastics),

284-558: A Desna fan who died in February this year defending the city from the Russian forces. The club supports such a renaming. The Minister of Youth and Sports of Ukraine Vadym Gutzait announced this preliminary amount to the public. According to him, the ministry plans to demolish what is left of the sports arena in Chernihiv and build a new one. 10 million dollars are needed for the reconstruction of

426-423: A ball around a rectangular field called a pitch . The objective of the game is to score more goals than the opposing team by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular-framed goal defended by the opposing team. Traditionally, the game has been played over two 45-minute halves, for a total match time of 90 minutes. With an estimated 250 million players active in over 200 countries and territories, it

568-601: A stele of c.  375–400 BCE in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship trophy. Athenaeus , writing in 228 CE, mentions the Roman ball game harpastum . Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football , wrestling , and volleyball more than what

710-659: A 500-kilogram air bomb was found at the Gagarin Stadium, where the Chernihiv Olympic Training and Sports Center was destroyed by the occupiers in Chernihiv. As specified in the Main Directorate of the State Emergency Service in the region, previously, the ammunition was found under the rubble, although several times before the stadium was held and even children played football. Pyrotechnicians will take

852-488: A French XI team in 1920, and also made up most of the England team against a Scottish Ladies XI in the same year, winning 22–0. Despite being more popular than some men's football events, with one match seeing a 53,000 strong crowd in 1920, women's football in England suffered a blow in 1921 when The Football Association outlawed the playing of the game on association members' pitches, stating that "the game of football

994-491: A Russian missile strike killed seven in the city. On 17 April 2024, another Russian missile strike killed over a dozen people in the city. Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census : Despite considering Ukrainian a native language, not all people were using it in daily life, as Russian remained the primary language for communication in Chernihiv. A 2017 survey that asked what language do participants use at home revealed that Ukrainian

1136-442: A caution ( yellow card ) or dismissal ( red card ). A second yellow card in the same game leads to a red card, which results in a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in their official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their place and the player may not participate in further play. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while

1278-556: A certificate for vistup to participate for the Ukrainian Second League for the season 2020–21 . For the first time in the entire history, the place will be represented in professional football by two teams, one of which is FC Desna Chernihiv . In 2022 the club was admitted into the Ukrainian First League for the season 2022–23 , keeping high the name of the city in the sport sphere. WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv

1420-527: A city park (garden) that exists since 1804. The territory of the city garden was chosen for the construction of the stadium. At the end of the 18th century, there was a dacha of the Archbishop of Chernihiv on this territory. At the beginning of the 19th century, namely in 1804, a city garden was formed on the site of the modern stadium. During World War II , the Chernihiv Stadium was heavily damaged and in

1562-564: A competitive game, and involved the kicking of a mari , a ball made of animal skin. In North America, pasuckuakohowog was a ball game played by the Algonquians ; it was described as "almost identical to the kind of folk football being played in Europe at the same time, in which the ball was kicked through goals". Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on

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1704-497: A deadlock; some competitions may invoke replays . A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shoot-outs (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of

1846-553: A fitness-recreational complex (swimming pool, indoor field, and numbers of other sports halls), and a beach club (including a beach stadium, open air fitness rooms and swimming pools, and sauna). The sports complex also would include a hotel complex with 175 rooms. The stadium houses the Chernihiv boxing club "Ring", sports school "Atlet" specializing in athletics and weightlifting, as well as specialized sports school "Desna" specializing in association football. The Yuri Gagarin Stadium offers

1988-400: A goal has been scored or not; this was brought in to prevent controversy. Video assistant referees (VAR) have also been increasingly introduced in high-level matches to assist officials through video replays to correct clear and obvious mistakes. There are four types of calls that can be reviewed: mistaken identity in awarding a red or yellow card, goals and whether there was a violation during

2130-443: A good mix of concessions for supporters. Be prepared to queue as they are very popular with visitors, but there lack some in terms of facilities in particular, in the van of the gadgets they don't accept credit card but only cash for the moment. There are hot food is available from the bbq, and the fryers. There are also cold snacks available. The history of Chernihiv Stadium dates back to 1936 for 3,000 spectators in eastern portion of

2272-628: A latex bladder for pressurisation, but modern balls at all levels of the game are now synthetic. As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB , the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units . The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though use of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with

2414-527: A low of −5.6 °C (21.9 °F) in January to a high of 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) in July. Precipitation is well distributed throughout the year though precipitation is higher during the summer months and lower during the winter months. The record high was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) and the record low was −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F). Chernihiv's architectural monuments chronicle the two most flourishing periods in

2556-420: A massage room, an electronic scoreboard, a controlled-access entrance. The field has a water sprinkle system and floodlights. The center conducts competitions in athletics (track and field), football, boxing, and weightlifting. There is a prospective project on reconstructing the center into a sports city "Luchisty" (Radiant) which beside the football stadium (3,000 seats) would include an ice arena (4,000 seats),

2698-519: A meeting attended by representatives from Eton , Harrow , Rugby , Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club , formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to

2840-476: A memorial to the regiment's exploits during the storm of Azov in 1696. All through the most trying periods of its history, Chernihiv retained its ecclesiastical importance as the seat of either a bishopric or an archbishopric. At the outskirts of the modern city lie two ancient cave monasteries formerly used as the bishops' residences. The caves of the Yeletskyi Monastery are said to predate those of

2982-458: A new lawn will be laid that will meet all the necessary standards. At the same time, the hotel for athletes is being renovated. ” The training ground is ready, after the match with Skala, which took place on September 26, Chernihiv footballers returned home, where they held their first full training session on the new field and in mid-May 2017, the stadium completed the laying of the lawn. Chernihiv City Council officially committed itself after

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3124-426: A penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs , goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks. A standard adult football match consists of two halves of 45 minutes each. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee

3266-416: A relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain. The length of the pitch, or field, for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) in length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided

3408-567: A similar ancient game ( cuju , or tsu chu ) was played by women during the Han dynasty (25–220 CE), as female figures are depicted in frescoes of the period playing tsu chu . There are also reports of annual football matches played by women in Midlothian , Scotland, during the 1790s. Association football, the modern game, has documented early involvement of women. In 1863, football governing bodies introduced standardised rules to prohibit violence on

3550-554: A truce to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké , an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time. By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras . The sport also exacerbated tensions at

3692-432: A variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws. The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards . An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals. Headgear

3834-466: Is a city and municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of Chernihiv Oblast and Chernihiv Raion within the oblast. Chernihiv's population is 282,747 (2022 estimate). The city was designated as a Hero City of Ukraine by the Ukrainian government during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . The name Chernihiv / Chernigov is a compound name, which begins with

3976-474: Is called FC Desna Chernihiv , the original name of the club was " Avanhard Chernihiv " during its first year of existence. Between 1961 and 1970 the club was called Desna. In 1972 it was replaced with SC Chernihiv (team of the SKA Kyiv) that played in Chernihiv for the next couple of years. In 1977 Desna was revived now in place of the amateur club " Khimik Cherhihiv " that won regional competitions. On 27 May 2018,

4118-557: Is carried out by the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on the basis of the consent of the body authorized to manage state property, the decision of the session of the local council and in coordination with the Ministry of Finance, State Property Fund. " Chernihiv Regional Football Federation " proposed to held the "Winter Championship 2020" tournament and the Women's Football Committee of

4260-463: Is governed by FIFA . Under FIFA, there are six continental confederations: AFC , CAF , CONCACAF , CONMEBOL , OFC , and UEFA . Of these confederations, CONMEBOL is the oldest one, being founded in 1916. National associations (e.g. The FA in England) are responsible for managing the game in their own countries both professionally and at an amateur level, and coordinating competitions in accordance with

4402-410: Is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by

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4544-523: Is navigable from Novhorod-Siverskyi to its mouth, for about 535 km (332 mi). The Snov River , right tributary of the Desna River ( Dnieper basin ), also goes through Chernihiv. The length of the river is 253 km (157 mi). The area of its drainage basin is 8,700 km (3,400 sq mi). The Snov freezes in November – late January and stays icebound until March – early April. Part of

4686-438: Is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials. A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during

4828-405: Is positioned on each goal line, midway between the two touchlines. The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.32 m (24 ft) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2.44 m (8 ft) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws. In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area

4970-800: Is quite unsuitable for females and should not be encouraged." Players and football writers have argued that this ban was, in fact, due to envy of the large crowds that women's matches attracted, and because the FA had no control over the money made from the women's game. The FA ban led to the formation of the short-lived English Ladies Football Association and play moved to rugby grounds. Women's football also faced bans in several other countries , notably in Brazil from 1941 to 1979, in France from 1941 to 1970, and in Germany from 1955 to 1970. Restrictions began to be reduced in

5112-506: Is recognisable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football , the antecedent of all modern football codes , these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking it. Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world, FIFA has described that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The history of football in England dates back to at least

5254-625: Is the dominant region in women's football, with the United States winning the most FIFA Women's World Cups and Olympic tournaments. Europe and Asia come second and third in terms of international success, and the women's game has been improving in South America. Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The game is played using a spherical ball of 68–70 cm (27–28 in) circumference, known as

5396-451: Is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called "additional time" in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time , while lost time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of

5538-401: Is the world's most popular sport. The game of association football is played in accordance with the Laws of the Game , a set of rules that has been in effect since 1863 and maintained by the IFAB since 1886. The game is played with a football that is 68–70 cm (27–28 in) in circumference . The two teams compete to score goals by getting the ball into the other team's goal (between

5680-570: Is thought to be the oldest residential building in the Left-Bank Ukraine . The cloister's holiest icon used to be that of Theotokos , who made her epiphany to Sviatoslav of Chernigov on 6 February 1060. The icon, called Yeletskaya after the fir wood it was painted upon, was taken to Moscow by Svyatoslav's descendants, the Baryatinsky family, in 1579. The nearby Chernihiv Glory Memorial we can find Saint Anthony Caves of Saint Elijah and

5822-435: Is thought to have been borrowed from the slang of Rugby School . Initially spelt assoccer (a shortening of "association"), it was later reduced to the modern spelling. This form of slang also gave rise to rugger for rugby football, fiver and tenner for five pound and ten pound notes , and the now-archaic footer that was also a name for association football. The word soccer arrived at its current form in 1895 and

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5964-623: Is to build and enlarge the Yuri Gagarin Stadium in Chernihiv . On 12 April 2022 Ukraine women's national football team will play again in the stadium against Hungary for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification in the UEFA Group B . On 6 March 2022, during the Siege of Chernihiv during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the stadium started to be damaged in the part of the stands near

6106-404: Is to score goals; defenders , who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders , who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which

6248-421: The football (or soccer ball ). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by

6390-515: The Caribbean and Oceania regions (except Australia ) have yet to make a mark in international football. When it comes to men's national teams, Europeans and South Americans continue to dominate the FIFA World Cup, as no team from any other region has managed to even reach the final. These regional trends do not hold true for the women's game, as the United States women's national team has won

6532-577: The Cold War it was the site of Chernihiv air base . The close airport is in Kyiv at the Boryspil Airport located 143.1 kilometres (89 miles) away, and the smaller, municipally owned Zhuliany Airport located 158.7 km (98.6 mi) away on the southern outskirts of the city of Kyiv . A popular transport to Chernihiv from Kyiv is marshrutka from Chernihivska and Lisova metro stations, which go to

6674-620: The Desna River , in the area of a modern automobile bridge, a railway station was built along the Kyiv highway. Passengers were delivered here from the city and back by horse transport. In 1925, traffic was opened on the Nizhyn to Chernigiv section of the Southwest Railway. But rail transport in Chernihiv was postponed until 1928. The bridge over the Desna River was not ready and trains still arrived on

6816-603: The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Kyiv Monastery of the Caves). Its magnificent six-pillared cathedral was erected at the turn of the 11th to 12th centuries; some traces of its 750-year-old murals may still be seen in the interior. After the domes collapsed in 1611, they were augmented and reconstructed in the Ukrainian baroque style. The wall, monastic cells , and bell-tower all date from the 17th century. The nearby mother superior's house

6958-457: The Mazepa House, used to contain the regiment's chancellery. One of the most profusely decorated Cossack structures is undoubtedly the ecclesiastical collegium , surmounted by a bell-tower (1702). The archbishop's residence was constructed nearby in the 1780s. St. Catherine Church (1715), with its 5 gilded pear domes, traditional for Ukrainian architecture, is thought to have been intended as

7100-491: The Old East Slavic language . It is 1,130 km (700 mi) long, and has a drainage basin that covers 88,900 km (34,300 sq mi). In Ukraine, the river's width ranges from 60 to 250 m (200 to 820 ft), with its average depth being 3 m (9.8 ft). The mean annual discharge at its mouth is 360 m /s (13,000 cu ft/s). The river freezes over from early December to early April and

7242-565: The Ultras Desna supporters' curve on the top. On or about 10–11 March 2022 the stadium was heavily damaged, possibly due to the point of destruction, by Russian forces. After the shelling, the arena turned into ruins, but a lot of equipment remained inside, but looters robbed the Desna home arena, which had been bombed by Russian occupiers the day before. The looters took advantage of the situation by snatching TVs, rehabilitation devices and other things,

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7384-600: The 1950s was completely reconstructed, included stadium walls and two stands for 11,000 spectators. In 1961, it was named after the Russian Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin . On 25 May 1964, Yuri Gagarin visited the stadium and met with Andriyan Nikolayev . In the mid-1980s, the stadium capacity was increased to 14,000. In the season 1996–97 , was held the first leg of the Ukrainian Amateur Cup , between FC Domobudivnyk Chernihiv and FC Krystal Parkhomivka , ended with

7526-620: The 1960s and 1970s. The Italian women's football league was established in 1968. In December 1969, the Women's Football Association was formed in England, with the sport eventually becoming the most prominent team sport for women in the United Kingdom. Two unofficial women's World Cups were organised by the FIEFF in 1970 and in 1971 . Also in 1971, UEFA members voted to officially recognise women's football, while The Football Association rescinded

7668-583: The Bombardier YouTube channel reported. The video also shows the office of Desna head coach Oleksandr Ryabokon - a funnel 3–4 meters deep can be seen from the window. On 13 April The Chernihiv City Council reported that hundreds of city residents, along with SES employees and SES employees began to tidy up the stadium, the process was managed by rescuers from the Main Directorate of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in Chernihiv Oblast. Employees of

7810-570: The FIFA Women's World Cup four times, more than any other women's team. Football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite teams, while billions more watch the game on television or on the internet. A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football. Football has

7952-470: The Final of Ukrainian Amateur Cup was held between FC Domobudivnyk Chernihiv and FC Krystal Parkhomivka , ended with the victory of FC Domobudivnyk Chernihiv for 2–0 in the season 1996–97 . Media Football (soccer) Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who almost exclusively use their feet to propel

8094-861: The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association , the Football Association of Wales , and the Irish Football Association . FIFA , the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to the Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of

8236-472: The Gagarin Stadium in Chernihiv. At the end of July 2022, the stadium director Andriy Volkov told Vyacheslav Chaus , the governor of Chernihiv Oblast , that they sent letters to Europe's leading football clubs and sports associations asking for help in rebuilding the stadium in Chernihiv , which was destroyed by rioters in an airstrike in March. In particular they asked to Barcelona for some founds in order to help

8378-464: The Game while the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball deliberately, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of "penal fouls", punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an indirect free kick . The referee may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by

8520-531: The Holy Trinity features a small eponymous church , built 800 years ago. The roomy Trinity cathedral , one of the most imposing monuments of Cossack baroque , was erected between 1679 and 1689. Its refectory, with the adjoining church of Presentation to the Temple, was finished by 1679. There are also the 17th-century towered walls, monastic cells , and the five-tiered belfry from the 1780s. Other historic abbeys in

8662-470: The IFAB Laws. Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes ), one of whom must be the goalkeeper . Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are

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8804-430: The Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees . In many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise. Goal line technology is used to measure if the whole ball has crossed the goal-line thereby determining whether

8946-713: The Laws of the Game. The most prestigious senior international competitions are the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup . The men's World Cup is the most-viewed sporting event in the world, surpassing the Olympic Games . The two most prestigious competitions in club football are the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Women's Champions League , which attract an extensive television audience worldwide. The final of

9088-475: The Laws of the Game: to represent their team in the coin toss before kick-off or penalty kicks . The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they must use both their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with

9230-520: The Russian Ministry of Defense, in its first battle since the Second World War. On 10 March 2022, Mayor Vladyslav Atroshenko announced that the city had been completely encircled by Russian forces. On 5 April 2022, Governor of Chernihiv Oblast Vyacheslav Chaus stated that the Russian military has left Chernihiv Oblast, but that it had planted mines in many areas. On 19 August 2023,

9372-570: The Slavic root Cherni- / Cherno- , which means 'black'. Scholars vary with interpretations of the second part of the name ( -hiv / -gov , -говъ ) though scholars such as Dr. Martin Dimnik, Professor of Medieval History at University of Toronto , connect Chernihov with the worship of "the black god" Chernibog . The city of Chernihiv is also historically known by different names in other languages – Polish : Czernihów ; Yiddish : טשערניגאָב . Chernihiv

9514-601: The Stadion Yuriya Gagarina. From August 2021, the stadium started to receive 3087 and 3587 people attending the home match of Desna Chernihiv , considered a small success and miracle after the epidemy in the first six games of the season. In February 2022, Volodymyr Levin the president of Desna Chernihiv , after he made public is candidacy for the Servant of the People in the 206th constituency election, he said that his task

9656-430: The Ukrainian Football Association (UAF) accepted the proposal. They will be held in Gagarin Stadium on November 17–21, 2020. On 21 March 2021, Vitali Klitschko , the mayor of Kyiv , visited the training center, after his meeting with Vladyslav Atroshenko , the mayor of Chernihiv . In April 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine , Olimpik Donetsk decided to play away the home matches and they opted to play in

9798-422: The United States. A notable exception is New Zealand, where in the first two decades of the 21st century, under the influence of international television, "football" has been gaining prevalence, despite the dominance of other codes of football, namely rugby union and rugby league . The term soccer comes from Oxford "-er" slang, which was prevalent at the University of Oxford in England from about 1875, and

9940-405: The ammunition out of the city in a special car and neutralize it there. The main stadium of Chernihiv , which was bombed by the Russian military, will be renamed. One suggestion is to name it after a deceased defender of the city and a fan of "Desna". Discussions are under way to rename the Gagarin Stadium and Smirnov Lane (in the Kota district of Chernihiv ) in honor of Andriy "Sheriff" Kozachenko,

10082-492: The autonomous Cossack Hetmanate . With the abolishment of the Hetmanate, the city became an ordinary administrative center of the Russian Empire and a capital of local administrative units. The area in general was ruled by the Governor-General appointed from Saint Petersburg , the imperial capital, and Chernihiv was the capital of local namestnichestvo (province) (from 1782), Malorosiyskaya or Little Russian (from 1797) and Chernigov Governorate (from 1808). According to

10224-456: The ban that prohibited women from playing on association members' pitches in England. Women's football still faces many struggles, but its worldwide growth has seen major competitions being launched at both the national and international levels, mirroring the men's competitions. The FIFA Women's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991: the first tournament was held in China, featuring 12 teams from

10366-410: The beginning of each playing period with a kick-off until the end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by the referee. When the ball becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play: A foul occurs when a player commits an offence listed in the Laws of

10508-525: The beginning of the Croatian War of Independence of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990. Women's association football has historically seen opposition, with national associations severely curbing its development and several outlawing it completely. Women may have been playing football for as long as the game has existed. Evidence shows that

10650-404: The buildup, direct red card decisions, and penalty decisions. The ball is spherical with a circumference of between 68 and 70 cm (27 and 28 in), a weight in the range of 410 to 450 g (14 to 16 oz), and a pressure between 0.6 and 1.1 standard atmospheres (8.5 and 15.6 pounds per square inch ) at sea level. In the past the ball was made up of leather panels sewn together, with

10792-528: The census of 1897, the city of Chernihiv had 11,000 Jews out of a total population of 27,006. Their primary occupations were industrial and commercial. Many tobacco plantations and fruit gardens in the neighborhood were owned by Jews. There were 1,321 Jewish artisans in Chernihiv, including 404 tailors and seamstresses, but the demand for artisan labor was limited to the town. There were 69 Jewish day-laborers, almost exclusively teamsters . Few, however, were employed in factories. During World War II , Chernihiv

10934-695: The centre of Chernihiv, often to Peremohy Avenue. Buses to Novhorod-Siverskyi leave hourly from Chernihiv's Central bus station , located near the Chernihiv train station . Public transport includes buses and trolleybuses . There is no direct connection between railway station and Chernihiv-1 bus station to the most central sights on the Val. Trolleybus 1 and bus 38 are going to the Drama Theater stop near Piatnytska Church . Different routes come to Hotel Ukraine from different sides. The main Football club of Chernihiv

11076-732: The champions of these two club competitions would contest the Intercontinental Cup to prove which team was the best in the world. In the 21st century, South America has continued to produce some of the best footballers in the world, but its clubs have fallen behind the still dominant European clubs, which often sign the best players from Latin America and elsewhere. Meanwhile, football has improved in Africa , Asia and North America , and nowadays, these regions are at least on equal grounds with South America in club football, although countries in

11218-638: The city's history – those of Kievan Rus' (11th and 12th centuries) and of the Cossack Hetmanate (late 17th and early 18th centuries). The oldest church in the city and one of the oldest churches in Ukraine is the 5-domed Transfiguration Cathedral , commissioned in the early 1030s by Mstislav the Bold and completed several decades later by his brother, Yaroslav the Wise . The Cathedral of Sts Boris and Gleb , dating from

11360-494: The city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 41% spoke Russian. Chernihiv stands on the Desna River 150 km (93 mi) to the north-northeast of Kyiv . The area was served by Chernihiv Shestovytsia Airport prior to 2002, and during the Cold War it was the site of Chernihiv air base . The city of Chernihiv is crossed by Desna River , a major left tributary of the Dnieper River . "Desna" means "right hand" in

11502-746: The club. In Premier League in the season 2019–20 , Desna got into the play-offs for the Championship round table and qualified mathematically at least for the Europa League third qualifying round , for the first time in the history of the Club since 1960. FC Chernihiv is another club in the city of Chernihiv, founded in 2003, which they play in Chernihiv Arena , they won the Chernihiv Oblast Football Championship . The club in 2020, got

11644-425: The course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is five in 90 minutes, with each team being allowed one more if the game should go into extra-time; the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches . Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at

11786-515: The destroyed one and the future project of the new arena. The stadium is served by public transport from Krasna Square that stop just beside the stadium and from the main Chernihiv–Ovruch railway train station or taxi just outside the station. Since 2008 the Ukraine women's national football team , started to use the stadium also for UEFA Women's Euro qualify stages. In 1997 the first leg of

11928-505: The eighth century. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The Cambridge rules , first drawn up at the University of Cambridge in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge , at

12070-420: The end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match. IFAB recommends "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team". Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations. A game is officiated by a referee , who has "full authority to enforce

12212-405: The end of the game is the winner. There are situations where a goal can be disallowed, such as an offside call or a foul in the build-up to the goal. Depending on the format of the competition, an equal number of goals scored may result in a draw being declared with 1 point awarded to each team, or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shoot-out . Internationally, association football

12354-420: The forehead) other than their hands or arms. Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though players may not pass to teammates who are in an offside position. During gameplay, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling , passing the ball to a teammate, and by taking shots at

12496-514: The formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules. These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street , London. The only school to be represented on this occasion

12638-517: The four British associations. For most of the 20th century, Europe and South America were the dominant regions in association football. The FIFA World Cup , inaugurated in 1930 , became the main stage for players of both continents to show their worth and the strength of their national teams. In the second half of the century, the European Cup and the Copa Libertadores were created, and

12780-695: The game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of a team's players is known as a formation . Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager . There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulations and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football for both sexes, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on

12922-425: The goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of

13064-404: The highest global television audience in sport. In many parts of the world, football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans , local communities, and even nations. Ryszard Kapuściński says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games. The Ivory Coast national football team helped secure

13206-654: The instigation of Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football league , which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor . The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England . Laws of the Game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of

13348-595: The issue of possible covering of the stands. We will put in order the territory of the stadium, a children's town will be installed, under which the playground is ready. We will also decide on the North Stand, we have invited experts who will assess its condition, whether it can be reconstructed or will have to be rebuilt, after which we will make the final decision. In the first stage, the spare and main fields will be completely replaced. Modern drainage systems, automatic lawn watering systems will be installed on both fields and

13490-745: The lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s, with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup , which was founded by the footballer and cricketer Charles W. Alcock , and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow , again at

13632-615: The largest and earliest royal mounds in Eastern Europe , was excavated in the 19th century. The city was the second wealthiest and most important in the southern portion of the Kievan Rus' . From the early 11th century on, it was the seat of the powerful Principality of Chernigov , whose rulers at times vied for power with Kievan Grand Princes , and often overthrew them and took the primary seat in Kiev for themselves. The grand principality

13774-400: The left bank, where the old narrow-gauge railway station was located, and passengers got to Chernihiv by road bridge. According to 2006 data, the volume of freight traffic is 84,737 wagons per year. Over 4.5 million passengers are transported each year. However, the condition of the rolling stock and the quality of the services provided do not meet modern requirements. Since the introduction of

13916-607: The men's tournament is the most-watched annual sporting event in the world. Association football is one of a family of football codes that emerged from various ball games played worldwide since antiquity. Within the English-speaking world, the sport is now usually called "football" in Great Britain and most of Ulster in the north of Ireland, whereas people usually call it "soccer" in regions and countries where other codes of football are prevalent, such as Australia, Canada, South Africa, most of Ireland (excluding Ulster), and

14058-492: The mid-12th century, was much rebuilt in succeeding periods, before being restored to its original shape in the 20th century. Likewise built in brick, it has a single dome and six pillars. The crowning achievement of Chernihiv masters was the exquisite Piatnytska Church , constructed at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. This graceful building was seriously damaged in the Second World War ; its original medieval outlook

14200-624: The middle of the 17th century during and after the Khmelnytsky Uprising . In the Hetman State , Chernihiv was the city of deployment for the Chernihiv Cossack regiment (both a military and territorial unit of the state at the time). Under the 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo the legal suzerainty of the area was ceded to the Tsardom of Russia , with Chernihiv remaining an important center of

14342-581: The nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the IFAB. In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of association football. Within the United States, Major League Soccer used a distinct ruleset during the 1990s and the National Federation of State High School Associations and NCAA still use rulesets that are comparable to, but different from,

14484-456: The new high-speed train timetable, the trailed wagons of the 93/94 Chernihiv – Odesa train were canceled. As of 2015, regular trains from Minsk to Odesa , and from St. Petersburg to Kyiv to Kharkiv run through Chernihiv, and there are direct connections with Moscow. Trains to Crimea (Simferopol, Feodosia) were canceled on 27 December 2014 due to Russia's annexation of Crimea . The area was served by Chernihiv Shestovytsia Airport , and during

14626-456: The next stoppage of play. The referee's decision in all on-pitch matters is considered final. The score of a match cannot be altered after the game, even if later evidence shows that decisions (including awards/non-awards of goals) were incorrect. Chernihiv Chernihiv ( Ukrainian : Чернігів , IPA: [tʃerˈn⁽ʲ⁾iɦiu̯] ; Russian : Чернигов , romanized :  Chernigov , IPA: [tɕɪrˈnʲiɡəf] )

14768-426: The offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute, substituted player, and to non-players such as managers and support staff. Rather than stopping play,

14910-461: The original thirteen laws of the game. The sticking point was hacking, which a twelfth club at the meeting, Blackheath FC , had wanted to keep, resulting in them withdrawing from the FA. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, and instead in 1871, along with Blackheath, formed the Rugby Football Union . The FA rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and

15052-432: The pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (115 yd) long and 68 m (74 yd) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented. The longer boundary lines are touchlines , while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines . A rectangular goal

15194-437: The pitch, making it more socially acceptable for women to play. The first match recorded by the Scottish Football Association took place in 1892 in Glasgow . In England, the first recorded game of football between women took place in 1895. Women's football has traditionally been associated with charity games and physical exercise, particularly in the United Kingdom. Association football continued to be played by women since

15336-437: The player spends the most time. For example, there are central defenders and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of

15478-400: The players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa . Trailing 1–0 with two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty kick. Villa's goalkeeper deliberately kicked the ball out of play; by

15620-407: The posts, under the bar, and fully across the goal line). When the ball is in play, the players mainly use their feet, but may also use any other part of their body, such as their head, chest and thighs, except for their hands or arms, to control, strike, or pass the ball. Only the goalkeepers may use their hands and arms, and that only within the penalty area . The team that has scored more goals at

15762-412: The reconstruction after the end of the war. The director said that they funds for dismantling and a new project. Borussia Dortmund promised to help, but not in reconstruction. Their help was not significant. The reconstruction of the central stadium in Chernihiv requires a total of about 10 million euros. Currently, money is being collected for the examination of the surviving tribune, the dismantling of

15904-416: The referee may allow play to continue if doing so will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed. This is known as "playing an advantage". The referee may "call back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within "a few seconds". Even if an offence is not penalised due to advantage being played, the offender may still be sanctioned for misconduct at

16046-419: The referee. Stoppage time does not fully compensate for the time in which the ball is out of play , and a 90-minute game typically involves about an hour of "effective playing time". The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, towards the end of the half, the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time they intend to add. The fourth official then informs

16188-440: The respective six confederations. The World Cup has been held every four years since; by 2019 , it had expanded to 24 national teams, and 1.12 billion viewers watched the competition. Four years later , FIFA targeted the 32-team 2023 Women's World Cup at an audience of 2 billion, while about 1.4 million tickets were sold, setting a Women's World Cup record. Women's football has been an Olympic event since 1996 . North America

16330-535: The river forms the Russia–Ukraine border. According to Ruthenian chronicles, in 1068 a battle took place at the Snov River between Duke of Chernihiv Sviatoslav Yaroslavich and Cumans led by Duke Sharukan . Chernihiv has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with cold, cloudy and snowy winters, and warm, sunny summers. The average annual temperature for Chernihiv is 7.0 °C (44.6 °F), ranging from

16472-534: The rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart. At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2022–23 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.85 goals per match. The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers , or forwards, whose main task

16614-543: The sexes are so widely divided are all on the side of emancipation , and I look forward to the time when ladies may sit in Parliament and have a voice in the direction of affairs, especially those which concern them most." Honeyball and those like her paved the way for women's football. However, the women's game was frowned upon by the British football associations and continued without their support. It has been suggested that this

16756-595: The sports complex and FC Desna, fans and concerned residents of the city help them in this. On 14 April 2022, The Minister of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine Oleksandr Tkachenko held talks with the Minister of State for Culture and Mass Media of the Office of the Federal Chancellor Claudia Roth . As a result of the conversation, it became known that Germany and Borussia Dortmund are ready to help rebuild

16898-406: The stadium in Chernihiv destroyed by the Russian occupation forces. On 16 April 2022, a football match took place at the Gagarin Stadium in Chernihiv, the first match, under the personal supervision of the stadium director, took place on the cleaned field of the Gagarin Stadium. The Sonechko team won 2–0. Later the head of the Chernihiv regional military administration Vyacheslav Chaus announced, that

17040-428: The stadium includes two stages. The first is a training and main field, a hotel and a medical and rehabilitation center, a basement, locker rooms, new high-quality football gates, both for the main field and for the training field. This is what we have planned for this year - to create optimal living conditions and training for our team. The second stage is the tidying up of the stands, installation of plastic chairs, and

17182-581: The team got promoted to the Ukrainian Premier League for the first time in their history. The original team colours were blue shirts, blue shorts, blue socks. The team got into the Quarterfinals of the Ukrainian Cup in the season 2017–18 against Dynamo Kyiv . The club and during the season 2019–20 got again into the Quarterfinals of the Ukrainian Cup for the second time of the history of

17324-447: The time it was recovered, the clock had run out and the game was over, leaving Stoke unable to attempt the penalty. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until a penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed; thus, no game can end with an uncompleted penalty. In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required, various methods may be employed to break such

17466-531: The time of the first recorded women's games in the late 19th century. The best-documented early European team was founded by activist Nettie Honeyball in England in 1894. It was named the British Ladies' Football Club . Honeyball is quoted as, "I founded the association late last year [1894], with the fixed resolve of proving to the world that women are not the 'ornamental and useless' creatures men have pictured. I must confess, my convictions on all matters where

17608-422: The tournament or be the champion. Goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament, with goals scored in a penalty shoot-out not making up part of the final score. In competitions using two-legged matches , each team competes at home once, with an aggregate score from

17750-525: The transfer of the stadium to the municipal property of the city. Gagarin (its official name is SE "Olympic Training and Sports Center" Chernihiv ") to use it for its intended purpose and not to alienate it to private property. Also, to preserve this sports facility as a base for Olympic training and to ensure certification in accordance with the requirements of the International Association of Athletics Federations IAAF. The transfer of such an object

17892-597: The transmission of cuju outside of China, especially the form of the game popular in the Tang dynasty , the period when the inflatable ball was invented and replaced the stuffed ball. Other East Asian games include kemari in Japan and chuk-guk in Korea, both influenced by cuju . Kemari originated after the year 600 during the Asuka period . It was a ceremonial rather than

18034-439: The two matches deciding which team progresses. Where aggregates are equal, the away goals rule may be used to determine the winners, in which case the winner is the team that scored the most goals in the leg they played away from home. If the result is still equal, extra time and potentially a penalty shoot-out are required. Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball out of play . From

18176-567: The vicinity of Chernihiv include those in Kozelets and Hustynia , which feature superb examples of Ukrainian Baroque . Cheksil , one of the largest enterprises in the Ukrainian textile industry, is based in Chernihiv. The first stage of the plant was put into operation in 1963. The city also has the Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory established in 1933. In 1995 a manufacturer of goods for animals, called COLLAR Company,

18318-606: The victory of FC Domobudivnyk Chernihiv for 2–0. In 2005, the reconstruction of the stadium began, which was completed in 2008 with the assistance of the then sponsor of FC "Desna" Oleksiy Savchenko, in particular, plastic seats were installed on the west stand. In October 2011, the stadium received almost ₴5 million for renovations. In 2008, the stadium was used by Ukraine for the UEFA Women's Euro 2009 qualifying and for UEFA Women's Euro 2013 qualifying against Denmark , Portugal , Slovakia and Finland . In 2010 Oleksandr Povorozniuk , after become president of Desna Chernihiv

18460-510: Was Charterhouse . The Freemasons' Tavern was the setting for five more meetings of The FA between October and December 1863; the English FA eventually issued the first comprehensive set of rules named Laws of the Game , forming modern football. The laws included bans on running with the ball in hand and hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Eleven clubs, under the charge of FA secretary Ebenezer Cobb Morley , ratified

18602-552: Was burned again by Crimean khan Meñli I Giray in 1482 and 1497 and in the 15th to 17th centuries changed hands several times between Lithuania, Muscovy (1408–1420 and from 1503), and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1618–1648), where it was granted Magdeburg rights in 1623 and in 1635 became a seat of Chernihiv Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province . The area's importance increased again in

18744-510: Was established by Yuri Sinitsa . Chernihiv has a Chernihiv Polytechnic National University and Taras Shevchenko National University "Chernihiv College". Chernihiv has a train station with bus station called Chernihiv Ovruch railway . Narrow gauge railway of 76 versts was laid from the Kruty station of the Moscow Kyiv-Voronezh railway towards Chernihiv. In 1893, on the left bank of

18886-579: Was first mentioned (as Черниговъ ) in the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (907) , but the time of its establishment is unknown. Artifacts from the Khazar Khaganate uncovered by archaeological excavations at a settlement there indicate that it seems to have existed at least as early as the 9th century. Towards the end of the 10th century, the city probably had its own rulers. It was there that the Black Grave , one of

19028-527: Was first recorded as in exercise in the Zhan Guo Ce , a military history from the Han dynasty . Cuju players would pass the ball around, having to avoid it touching the ground at any point. It was then passed to a designated player, who attempted to kick it through the fengliu yan , a circular goal atop 10–11 meter poles. During the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), cuju games were standardised and rules were established. The Silk Road facilitated

19170-419: Was first recorded in 1889 in the earlier form of socca . Kicking ball games arose independently multiple times across multiple cultures. The Chinese competitive game cuju ( 蹴鞠 , literally "kickball"; also known as tsu chu ) resembles modern association football as well as a mix of basketball, and volleyball. This is the earliest form of a kicking game for which there is historical evidence. The game

19312-497: Was motivated by a perceived threat to the "masculinity" of the game. Women's football became popular on a large scale at the time of the First World War , when female employment in heavy industry spurred the growth of the game, much as it had done for men 50 years earlier. The most successful team of the era was Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. of Preston, England . The team played in one of the first women's international matches against

19454-498: Was occupied by the German Army from 9 September 1941 to 21 September 1943. The Germans operated a Nazi prison and a forced labour battalion for Jews in the city. The Statue of Lenin on Myru Avenue was toppled on February 21, 2014, as part of the demolitions of the statues of Lenin in Ukraine . Until 18 July 2020, Chernihiv was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Chernihiv Raion even though it

19596-411: Was ready to invest his own funds in the football club: However, the local authorities, despite promises to support the club and complete the Stadium, but at the ended he did nothing. In the summer of 2016, a large-scale reconstruction of the stadium began. The vice-president of the club Igor Bazalinsky said that the work on the stadium will be carried out in two stages: “Our plan for the reconstruction of

19738-596: Was reconstructed to a design by Pyotr Baranovsky . The historic center of Chernihiv has been on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List since 1989, but currently the creation of a renewed nomination is underway. The earliest residential buildings in the downtown date from the late 17th century, a period when a Cossack regiment was deployed there. Two most representative residences are those of Polkovnyk Lyzohub (1690s) and Polkovnyk Polubotok (18th century). The former mansion, popularly known as

19880-478: Was spoken only by 18% of the city's population, both Ukrainian and Russian were at 28%, while Russian was the most at 53%. However the 2022 Russian invasion has caused a new wave of Ukrainization in Chernihiv, with more and more people switching to Ukrainian in their private lives. According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute between April and May 2023, 53% of

20022-483: Was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to five, the city was merged into Chernihiv Raion. In June 2022, Chernihiv signed an agreement with Rzeszów, Poland to become sister cities. On 24 February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , the city was under siege by the Russian Armed Forces according to

20164-565: Was the largest in Kievan Rus and included not only the Severian towns but even such remote regions as Murom , Ryazan and Tmutarakan . The golden age of Chernigov, when the city population peaked at 25,000, lasted until 1239 when the city was sacked by the hordes of Batu Khan , and entered a long period of relative obscurity. The area fell under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1353. The city

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