56-599: St Benet (an abbreviation for St Benedict ) or St Benet's may refer to: St Benet's, Paul's Wharf , a Welsh Anglican church in the City of London, England St Benet's Abbey , a medieval monastery in Norfolk, England St Benet's Chapel, Netherton , in Liverpool, England St Bene't's Church , in Cambridge, England St Benet's College ,
112-443: A Christocentric life on earth) and administrative (how to run a monastery efficiently). More than half of the chapters describe how to be obedient and humble, and what to do when a member of the community is not. About one-fourth regulate the work of God (the "opus Dei"). One-tenth outline how, and by whom, the monastery should be managed. Benedictine asceticism is known for its moderation. This devotional medal originally came from
168-459: A cross in honor of Saint Benedict. On one side, the medal has an image of Saint Benedict, holding the Holy Rule in his left hand and a cross in his right. There is a raven on one side of him, with a cup on the other side of him. Around the medal's outer margin are the words "Eius in obitu nostro praesentia muniamur" ("May we be strengthened by his presence in the hour of our death"). The other side of
224-521: A former church and parish in the City of London, England St Benet Fink Church, Tottenham , in Tottenham, London, England St Benet Gracechurch , a former church in the City of London, England St Benet Sherehog , a former church in the City of London, England Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title St Benet . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
280-623: A manifestation of the temporal power of the pope , as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. By 1861, much of the Papal States' territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy . Only Lazio, including Rome, remained under the pope's temporal control. In 1870, the pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all except the Leonine City of Rome, which the new Italian state did not occupy militarily despite its annexation of Lazio. In 1929,
336-615: A predominantly hilly territory (68.9%). The mountainous and flat areas are equivalent to 26.9% and 4.2% of the territorial distribution respectively. For centuries before the unification of Italy , which occurred in 1861, central Italy was divided into two states: the Papal States and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The Papal States , officially the State of the Church, were a series of territories in
392-501: A provincial calendar of saints is published in each province. In almost all of these, Saint Benedict is commemorated on 11 July. Benedict is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 11 July. Benedict wrote the Rule for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot. The Rule comprises seventy-three short chapters. Its wisdom is twofold: spiritual (how to live
448-452: Is Benedict's day of death and that his memorial is celebrated on 11 July, while on 11 July it devotes seven lines to speaking of him, and mentions the tradition that he died on 21 March. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates Saint Benedict on 14 March. The Lutheran Churches celebrate the Feast of Saint Benedict on July 11. The Anglican Communion has no single universal calendar, but
504-423: Is based on Tuscan, specifically on its Florentine dialect , and it became the language of culture throughout Italy because of the prestige of the works by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli , and Francesco Guicciardini . It would later become the official language of all Italian states and of the Kingdom of Italy when it was formed. Corsican on the island of Corsica and
560-679: Is known for its picturesque landscapes and attracts tourists from all over the world, including Italy itself. Pristine landscapes serve as one of the primary motivators for tourists to visit central Italy, although there are others, such as a rich history of art. Roman cuisine comes from the Italian city of Rome . It features fresh, seasonal and simply prepared ingredients from the Roman Campagna . Then include peas , globe artichokes and fava beans , shellfish, milk-fed lamb and goat , and cheeses such as pecorino romano and ricotta . Olive oil
616-598: Is the patron saint of speleologists . On the island of Tenerife ( Spain ) he is the patron saint of fields and farmers. An important romeria ( Romería Regional de San Benito Abad ) is held on this island in his honor, one of the most important in the country. In the pre-1970 General Roman Calendar , his feast is kept on 21 March, the day of his death according to some manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum and that of Bede . Because on that date his liturgical memorial would always be impeded by
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#1733086183299672-551: The Colosseum . Florence , regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance , is Tuscany 's most visited city, and nearby cities like Siena , Pisa , Arezzo and Lucca also have rich cultural heritage. Umbria 's population is small, but it has many important cities such as Perugia and Assisi . For similar reasons, Lazio and Tuscany are some of Italy's most visited regions and the main targets for Ecotourism . The area
728-1058: The Etruscans , the North Picenes , the South Picene , the Umbri , the Latins , the Romans , the Byzantines and the Lombards . Some of its woodlands and mountains are preserved in several National Parks ; a major example is the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park , located in Abruzzo , with smaller parts in Lazio and Molise . It is the oldest in the Apennine Mountains and the second-oldest in Italy, with an important role in
784-680: The House of Bourbon-Parma ( Kingdom of Etruria , 1801–1807) and later annexed it directly to the First French Empire . After the collapse of the Napoleon in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. The United Provinces of Central Italy , a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia , annexed Tuscany in 1859. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860 as part of the Unification of Italy after a landslide referendum in which 95% of voters approved. In 2023,
840-604: The Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th century until the unification of Italy , between 1859 and 1870. The state had its origins in the rise of Christianity throughout Italy and, with it, the rising influence of the Christian Church . By the mid-8th century, with the decline of the Byzantine Empire in Italy,
896-717: The Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini , the head of the Italian government, ended the " Prisoner in the Vatican " problem involving a unified Italy and the Holy See by negotiating the Lateran Treaty , signed by the two parties. The treaty recognized the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created international territorial entity, a city-state within Rome limited to a token territory that became
952-651: The Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west. The main rivers of this portion of the territory are the Arno and the Tiber with their tributaries (e.g. Aniene ), and the Liri - Garigliano . The most important lakes are Lake Trasimeno , Lake Montedoglio , Lake Bolsena , Lake Bracciano , Lake Vico , Lake Albano and Lake Nemi . From an altimetric point of view, central Italy has
1008-530: The Vatican City . The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860 and replaced the Republic of Florence . The grand duchy's capital was Florence . In the 19th century, the population of the grand duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after he had conquered the Republic of Siena , Cosimo I de' Medici
1064-404: The country's 20 regions : The easternmost and southernmost parts of Lazio ( Cittaducale , Amatrice , Sora , Cassino , Isola del Liri , Sperlonga , Fondi , Gaeta and Formia districts, as well as the islands of Ponza and Ventotene ) are sometimes connected to southern Italy (the so-called Mezzogiorno ) for cultural and historical reasons since they were once part of the Kingdom of
1120-498: The "Red Belt". The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 380.9 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 21.6% of Italy's economic output. The GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 31,500 euro, or 105% of the EU27 average the same year. The regions of Central Italy were exposed to different historical influences because of the peoples that settled there, such as the Celts ,
1176-575: The 14th–19th century name of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge St Benet's Hall, Oxford , a hall of the University of Oxford, England St Benet's Multi Academy Trust , serving schools in the Diocese of Norwich, England See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with St Benet All pages with titles beginning with St. Benet All pages with titles beginning with Saint Benet Benet (disambiguation) St Benet Fink ,
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#17330861832991232-458: The Corso-Sardinian transitional varieties spoken in northern Sardinia ( Gallurese and Sassarese ) are classified by scholars as a direct offshoot from medieval Tuscan, even though they now constitute a distinct linguistic group. Marche , Tuscany , and Umbria , together with Emilia-Romagna , are considered to be the most left-leaning regions in Italy and together are also referred to as
1288-511: The Two Sicilies , and southern Italian dialects are spoken. As a geographical region, however, central Italy may also include the regions of Abruzzo and Molise , which are otherwise considered part of southern Italy for socio-cultural, linguistic and historical reasons. Central Italy is crossed by the northern and central Apennines and is washed by the Adriatic Sea to the east, by
1344-500: The beginning of the state's long economic decline. It peaked under Cosimo III . Francis Stephen of Lorraine , a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon , for his entire rule. His descendants ruled and resided in the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to
1400-399: The best sources: a handful of Benedict's disciples who lived with him and witnessed his various miracles. These followers, he says, are Constantinus, who succeeded Benedict as Abbot of Monte Cassino, Honoratus , who was abbot of Subiaco when St. Gregory wrote his Dialogues , Valentinianus , and Simplicius . In Gregory's day, history was not recognised as an independent field of study; it
1456-415: The cross. An investigation found a number of painted crosses on the walls of the abbey with the letters now found on St Benedict medals, but their meaning had been forgotten. A manuscript written in 1415 was eventually found that had a picture of Benedict holding a scroll in one hand and a staff which ended in a cross in the other. On the scroll and staff were written the full words of the initials contained on
1512-557: The cross. Either the inscription "PAX" (Peace) or the Christogram "IHS" may be found at the top of the cross in most cases. Around the medal's margin on this side are the Vade Retro Satana initials VRSNSMV which stand for "Vade Retro Satana, Nonquam Suade Mihi Vana" ("Begone Satan, do not suggest to me thy vanities") then a space followed by the initials SMQLIVB which signify "Sunt Mala Quae Libas, Ipse Venena Bibas" ("Evil are
1568-594: The crosses. Medals then began to be struck in Germany, which then spread throughout Europe. This medal was first approved by Pope Benedict XIV in his briefs of 23 December 1741 and 12 March 1742. Benedict has been also the motif of many collector's coins around the world. The Austria 50 euro 'The Christian Religious Orders' , issued on 13 March 2002 is one of them. The early Middle Ages have been called "the Benedictine centuries." In April 2008, Pope Benedict XVI discussed
1624-483: The dialects spoken in those areas have been assimilated into Gallo-Italic and Southern Italo-Romance respectively. In addition, the dialect of Rome has undergone considerable Tuscanization from the fifteenth century onwards, such that it has lost many of its central Italian features. Tuscan dialect is a set of Italo-Dalmatian varieties of Romance spoken in Tuscany , Corsica , and Sardinia . Standard Italian
1680-570: The earlier Rule of the Master , but it also has a unique spirit of balance, moderation and reasonableness ( ἐπιείκεια , epieíkeia ), which persuaded most Christian religious communities founded throughout the Middle Ages to adopt it. As a result, Benedict's Rule became one of the most influential religious rules in Western Christendom . For this reason, Giuseppe Carletti regarded Benedict as
1736-515: The foundational document for thousands of religious communities in the Middle Ages. To this day, The Rule of St. Benedict is the most common and influential Rule used by monasteries and monks, more than 1,400 years after its writing. A basilica was built upon the birthplace of Benedict and Scholastica in the 1400s. Ruins of their familial home were excavated from beneath the church and preserved. The earthquake of 30 October 2016 completely devastated
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1792-411: The founder of Western Christian monasticism . Apart from a short poem attributed to Mark of Monte Cassino, the only ancient account of Benedict is found in the second volume of Pope Gregory I 's four-book Dialogues , thought to have been written in 593, although the authenticity of this work is disputed. Gregory's account of Benedict's life, however, is not a biography in the modern sense of
1848-635: The group and went back to his cave at Subiaco. There lived in the neighborhood a priest called Florentius who, moved by envy, tried to ruin him. He tried to poison him with poisoned bread. When he prayed a blessing over the bread, a raven swept in and took the loaf away. From this time his miracles seem to have become frequent, and many people, attracted by his sanctity and character, came to Subiaco to be under his guidance. Having failed by sending him poisonous bread, Florentius tried to seduce his monks with some prostitutes. To avoid further temptations, in about 530 Benedict left Subiaco. He founded 12 monasteries in
1904-494: The influence St Benedict had on Western Europe. The pope said that "with his life and work St Benedict exercised a fundamental influence on the development of European civilization and culture" and helped Europe to emerge from the "dark night of history" that followed the fall of the Roman empire . Benedict contributed more than anyone else to the rise of monasticism in the West. His Rule was
1960-566: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Benet&oldid=980251275 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages St Benedict Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire , near Orléans , France Benedict of Nursia ( Latin : Benedictus Nursiae ; Italian : Benedetto da Norcia ; 2 March 480 – 21 March 547), often known as Saint Benedict ,
2016-531: The medal has a cross with the initials CSSML on the vertical bar which signify "Crux Sacra Sit Mihi Lux" ("May the Holy Cross be my light") and on the horizontal bar are the initials NDSMD which stand for "Non-Draco Sit Mihi Dux" ("Let not the dragon be my guide"). The initials CSPB stand for "Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti" ("The Cross of the Holy Father Benedict") and are located on the interior angles of
2072-539: The modern Norcia , in Umbria . If 480 is accepted as the year of his birth, the year of his abandonment of his studies and leaving home would be about 500. Gregory's narrative makes it impossible to suppose him younger than 20 at the time. Benedict was sent to Rome to study, but was disappointed by the academic studies he encountered there. Seeking to flee the great city, he left with his nurse and settled in Enfide . Enfide, which
2128-489: The mountain now rises almost perpendicularly; while on the right, it strikes in a rapid descent down to where, in Benedict's day, 500 feet (150 m) below, lay the blue waters of a lake. The cave has a large triangular-shaped opening and is about ten feet deep. On his way from Enfide, Benedict met a monk, Romanus of Subiaco , whose monastery was on the mountain above the cliff overhanging the cave. Romanus discussed with Benedict
2184-456: The mountains of central Italy . The present-day Order of Saint Benedict emerged later and, moreover, is not an "order" as the term is commonly understood, but a confederation of autonomous congregations . Benedict's main achievement, his Rule of Saint Benedict , contains a set of rules for his monks to follow. Heavily influenced by the writings of John Cassian ( c. 360 – c. 435 ), it shows strong affinity with
2240-517: The northern one may be referred to as the Area Perimediana , a distinction that will be made throughout this article. The two areas are divided along a line running approximately from Rome in the southwest to Ancona in the northeast. In the Early Middle Ages, Central Italian extended north into Romagna and covered all of modern-day Lazio , Abruzzo , and Molise . Since then, however,
2296-408: The northern part of the province of Ancona , Marche region, and Neapolitan , spoken in southern Lazio and in southern Marche as well as eastern fringes of Umbria . Central Italian refers to the dialects of Italo-Romance spoken in the so-called Area Mediana , which covers a swathe of central Italy. Area Mediana is also used in a narrower sense to describe the southern part in which case
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2352-524: The observance of Lent , the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar moved his memorial to 11 July, the date that appears in some Gallic liturgical books of the end of the 8th century as the feast commemorating his birth ( Natalis S. Benedicti ). There is some uncertainty about the origin of this feast. Accordingly, on 21 March the Roman Martyrology mentions in a line and a half that it
2408-421: The outer world and by the visits of Romanus, Benedict matured both in mind and character, in knowledge of himself and of his fellow-man, and at the same time he became not merely known to, but secured the respect of, those about him; so much so that on the death of the abbot of a monastery in the neighbourhood (identified by some with Vicovaro ), the community came to him and begged him to become its abbot. Benedict
2464-699: The papacy became effectively sovereign. Several Christian rulers, including Frankish kings Charlemagne and Pepin the Short , donated further lands to be governed by the Church. During the Renaissance , the papal territory expanded greatly, and the Pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers as well as the head of the Church. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio , which includes Rome ; Marche ; Umbria ; Romagna ; and portions of Emilia . Those holdings were considered to be
2520-498: The population in central Italy amounts to 11,680,843 inhabitants. Here is the population residing in 2023 in municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants: Central Italy is dominated by Central Italian and the Tuscan dialect . Other languages spoken are Gallo-Piceno ("Gallo-Italic Marche" or "Gaul-Marche"), a Gallo-Italic language spoken in the Province of Pesaro and Urbino and in
2576-493: The preservation of endemic species such as the Italian wolf , Abruzzo chamois and Marsican brown bear . Central Italy has many major tourist attractions, many of which are protected by UNESCO . Central Italy is possibly the most visited in Italy and contains many popular attractions as well as sought-after landscapes. Rome boasts the remaining wonders of the Roman Empire and some of the world's best-known landmarks, such as
2632-545: The purpose which had brought him to Subiaco, and gave him the monk's habit. By his advice Benedict became a hermit and for three years lived in this cave above the lake. Gregory tells little of Benedict's later life. He now speaks of Benedict no longer as a youth ( puer ), but as a man ( vir ) of God. Romanus , Gregory states, served Benedict in every way he could. The monk apparently visited him frequently, and on fixed days brought him food. During these three years of solitude, broken only by occasional communications with
2688-461: The structure of the basilica, leaving only the front facade and altar standing. Central Italy Central Italy ( Italian : Italia centrale or Centro Italia ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first-level NUTS region , and a European Parliament constituency . Central Italy encompasses four of
2744-517: The things thou profferest, drink thou thine own poison"). This medal was first struck in 1880 to commemorate the fourteenth centenary of Benedict's birth and is also called the Jubilee Medal; its exact origin, however, is unknown. In 1647, during a witchcraft trial at Natternberg near Metten Abbey in Bavaria, the accused women testified they had no power over Metten, which was under the protection of
2800-468: The tradition of Subiaco identifies with the modern Affile , is in the Simbruini mountains, about forty miles from Rome and two miles from Subiaco. A short distance from Enfide is the entrance to a narrow, gloomy valley, penetrating the mountains and leading directly to Subiaco. The path continues to ascend, and the side of the ravine on which it runs becomes steeper until a cave is reached, above this point
2856-525: The vicinity of Subiaco, and, eventually, in 530 he founded the great Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino , which lies on a hilltop between Rome and Naples. Benedict died of a fever at Monte Cassino not long after his sister, Scholastica , and was buried in the same tomb. According to tradition, this occurred on 21 March 547. He was named patron protector of Europe by Pope Paul VI in 1964. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared him co- patron of Europe, together with Cyril and Methodius . Furthermore, he
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#17330861832992912-555: The word. It provides instead a spiritual portrait of the gentle, disciplined abbot. In a letter to Bishop Maximilian of Syracuse, Gregory states his intention for his Dialogues , saying they are a kind of floretum (an anthology , literally, 'flower garden') of the most striking miracles of Italian holy men. Gregory did not set out to write a chronological, historically anchored story of Benedict, but he did base his anecdotes on direct testimony. To establish his authority, Gregory explains that his information came from what he considered
2968-404: Was a branch of grammar or rhetoric, and historia was an account that summed up the findings of the learned when they wrote what was, at that time, considered history. Gregory's Dialogues , Book Two, then, an authentic medieval hagiography cast as a conversation between the Pope and his deacon Peter, is designed to teach spiritual lessons. Benedict was the son of a Roman noble of Nursia ,
3024-417: Was acquainted with the life and discipline of the monastery, and knew that "their manners were diverse from his and therefore that they would never agree together: yet, at length, overcome with their entreaty, he gave his consent". The experiment failed; the monks tried to poison him. The legend goes that they first tried to poison his drink. He prayed a blessing over the cup and the cup shattered. Thus he left
3080-695: Was an Italian Catholic monk. He is famed in the Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Lutheran Churches , the Anglican Communion , and Old Catholic Churches . In 1964 Pope Paul VI declared Benedict a patron saint of Europe . Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco in present-day Lazio, Italy (about 65 kilometres (40 mi) to the east of Rome), before moving further south-east to Monte Cassino in
3136-436: Was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on August 27, 1569. The grand duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons until the reign of Ferdinando II , which saw
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