Sremska Rača ( Serbian Cyrillic : Сремска Рача ) is a village located in the city of Sremska Mitrovica , Serbia. As of 2011 census, the village has a population of 624 inhabitants. A border crossing between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the village.
86-664: In Serbian , the village is known as Sremska Rača (Сремска Рача), in Croatian as Srijemska Rača , and in Hungarian as Racsa . Sremska Raca is a settlement in Serbia in the municipality Sremska Mitrovica in the Srem district and is 35 km away from Sremska Mitrovica. It is located on a narrow belt between the Sava and Bosut rivers. According to the 2011 census report, there were 624 inhabitants. Sremska Rača
172-538: A Slavic language ( Indo-European ), of the South Slavic subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are Bosnian , Croatian , and Montenegrin . "An examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system." It has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian , than with Slovene (Slovene
258-580: A large part of the Danube Swabian population were expelled as a revenge for their presumed participation in German occupation of Yugoslavia . Their property has become publicly owned and redistributed to the World War II victims. According to the 1981 census, the total population of the city had reached 104,775, including 63,373 (60.48%) Croats, 13,716 (13.09%) Serbs and 1,521 (1.45%) Hungarians . Prior to
344-553: A modern paved road since 1958. The new Drava bridge to the north was built in 1962. The first faculty opened in Osijek was Faculty of Economy (in 1959 as Centre for economic studies of the Faculty of Economy in Zagreb), followed immediately by a high school of agriculture, later renamed as Faculty of Agriculture and Faculty of Philosophy. The Faculty of Law was established in 1975. thus becoming
430-525: Is January. The average annual humidity is 78%. The maximum saturation of air humidity is in December (88%) and the minimum in August (73%). In other months, the saturation of the air depends on the amount of precipitation. The most common of the winds is the east - kosava followed by the west and northwest winds. The southern wind is the least frequent. Sremska Rača is a settlement with a short development period. When
516-659: Is a famous Roman military settlement from the first century . Many items such as metal bowls, armour and swords are stored in the Museum of Srem in Sremska Mitrovica . Rača gained importance because of its favourable position on the Sava into which the Drina flows from the Bosnian side. There, from time immemorial was a major crossing over the Rača and a trade route crossroads as well. At the end of
602-449: Is a rare example of synchronic digraphia , a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or the other. In general, the alphabets are used interchangeably; except in the legal sphere, where Cyrillic is required, there is no context where one alphabet or another predominates. Although Serbian language authorities have recognized
688-445: Is a typical lowland area with an average altitude of 81m and a maximum altitude difference of 2m. The area of Sremska Rača has a slightly humid temperate continental climate. This is due to the clash of two basic climatic types - the drier, moderately continental climate of Vojvodina and the humid climate of the mountainous regions of Bosnia. The characteristics of this climate are moderately warm summers and cold winters. The coldest month
774-630: Is also the basis of standard Croatian , Bosnian , and Montenegrin varieties and therefore the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Montenegrins was issued in 2017. The other dialect spoken by Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian . Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally digraphic , using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
860-458: Is by far the largest exporter in the city area. Other industries include a regional brewery, the Pivovara Osijek (first Croatian beer), a sugar processing plant, as well as a candy factory Kandit . The Niveta brush factory founded as Siva in 1922 still operates. The Osijek area used to be much more industrialised and a broad range of goods and products were being manufactured there. One of
946-522: Is part of the Western South Slavic subgroup, but there are still significant differences in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation to the standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian, although it is closer to the Kajkavian and Chakavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian ). Speakers by country: Serbian was the official language of Montenegro until October 2007, when the new Constitution of Montenegro replaced
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#17328689666921032-517: Is shows that it was in accord with its time; for example, the Serbian Alexandride , a book about Alexander the Great , and a translation of Tristan and Iseult into Serbian. Although not belonging to the literature proper, the corpus of Serbian literacy in the 14th and 15th centuries contains numerous legal, commercial and administrative texts with marked presence of Serbian vernacular juxtaposed on
1118-708: Is the "identity script" of the Serbian nation. However, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language , or standard language itself by any means, leaving the choice of script as a matter of personal preference and to the free will in all aspects of life (publishing, media, trade and commerce, etc.), except in government paperwork production and in official written communication with state officials, which have to be in Cyrillic. Traffic signs and directional signs, and place names, on main or international roads are to be written with both Cyrillic and Latin script To most Serbians,
1204-523: Is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia , as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja County . Osijek is on the right bank of the Drava River, 25 km (16 mi) upstream of its confluence with the Danube , at an elevation of 94 m (308 ft). The name was given to the city due to its position on elevated ground, which prevented
1290-435: Is the only general historical dictionary of Serbo-Croatian. Its first editor was Đuro Daničić , followed by Pero Budmani and the famous Vukovian Tomislav Maretić . The sources of this dictionary are, especially in the first volumes, mainly Štokavian . There are older, pre-standard dictionaries, such as the 1791 German–Serbian dictionary or 15th century Arabic-Persian-Greek-Serbian Conversation Textbook . The standard and
1376-518: Is the only tram network still in operation in Croatia outside of Zagreb. The network is currently being completely overhauled and more than doubled in length, and the city's old trams have been thoroughly modernized. Notable people who were born or have lived in Osijek include Matija Petar Katančić , an 18th-century Croatian writer, professor of archaeology , translator of the Bible into Croatian, and author of
1462-767: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Cyrillic script : Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свешћу и треба једни према другима да поступају у духу братства. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Latin alphabet : Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i svešću i treba jedni prema drugima da postupaju u duhu bratstva. Article 1 of
1548-699: The 2017 Davis Cup World Group between Croatia and Spain at the Gradski vrt Hall in February 2017. The new Opus Arena stadium, with a capacity of 13,005 spectators, was opened on July 22, 2023 with the official match of the first round of the Croatian First League between the NK Osijek and NK Slaven Belupo . Osijek remains a popular domestic tourist destination for its Baroque style, open spaces and ample recreational opportunities. The most important sights in
1634-640: The Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (HNS) 1. A possible coalition between HDSSB and SDP provoked criticism of the Social Democrats for lack of principle such as from Damir Kajin , who called it a 'sellotape coalition', alluding to the charges of war crimes that the HDSSB leader Branimir Glavaš is facing. After the parties failed to agree on a coalition, the Croatian government called new elections for
1720-556: The Illyrians and, in the second half of the fourth century BC, invading Celtic tribes, the Scordisci. After the conquest of Pannonia , Osijek, known at the time as Mursa , was under the administration and protection of the Roman 7th legion , which maintained a military castrum at the colony and a bridge over the river Drava . There is evidence that the Roman emperor Hadrian established
1806-658: The Ottoman census of 1579. In 1566, Suleiman the Magnificent built a famous, 8-km-long wooden bridge of boats in Osijek, considered at that time to be one of the wonders of the world. In Ottoman Empire, Osijek was part of the Sanjak of Pojega , Budin Eyalet , and became a commercial center as an important conduit for East-West trade. Following the Second Battle of Mohács in 1687, Osijek
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#17328689666921892-619: The Proto-Slavic language . There are many loanwords from different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, English, Russian, German, Czech and French. Serbian literature emerged in the Middle Ages , and included such works as Miroslavljevo jevanđelje ( Miroslav's Gospel ) in 1186 and Dušanov zakonik ( Dušan's Code ) in 1349. Little secular medieval literature has been preserved, but what there
1978-751: The Second World War , on 19 July 1943, the Second Srem Communist Partisan Detachment was formed in Sremska Rača, while on 17 January 1944, the Sixth Vojvodina Brigade was formed. During World War II, thousands of fighters passed through Rača, going to Bosnia . Later, in memory of the fight, a song emerged: "When the Srem's set off from Fruška Gora". The head of the English military mission also visited Sremska Rača and described in
2064-506: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Osijek Osijek ( Croatian pronunciation: [ôsijeːk] ) is the fourth-largest city in Croatia , with a population of 96,848 in 2021. It
2150-467: The baroque Tvrđa, one of the most immediately recognizable structures in the region – facilitated the development of tourism. The Osijek oil refinery was a strategic bombing target of the Oil Campaign of World War II . After the war, the local German-speaking populace was expelled . The daily newspaper Glas Slavonije was relocated to Osijek and has been printed there ever since. A history archive
2236-411: The 1910 census, the city had 31,388 inhabitants. The official Austrian census lists 12,625 as Croats , 11,269 as Germans or Danube Swabians , 3,729 as Hungarians , 2,889 as Serbs and 876 others. According to religion, there were 24,976 Roman Catholics , 2,943 Orthodox Christians , 2,340 Jews , 594 Reformed (Calvinists), 385 Evangelicals , 122 Greek Catholics and 28 others. After World War II
2322-586: The Constitution of 1992. Amid opposition from pro-Serbian parties, Montenegrin was made the sole official language of the country, and Serbian was given the status of a language in official use along with Bosnian , Albanian , and Croatian . In the 2023 Montenegrin census, 43.18% declared Serbian to be their native language, while Montenegrin was declared by 34.52% of the population. Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic ( ћирилица , ćirilica ) and Latin script ( latinica , латиница ). Serbian
2408-482: The Croatian War of Independence, the 1991 census recorded a total population of 165,253, composed of 110,934 (67.1%) Croats, 33,146 (20.0%) Serbs, 3,156 (1.9%) Hungarians , 276 (0.16%) Germans , and 17,741 (10.7%) people categorised as Yugoslavs or 'others'. According to the census of 2001, the total population of Osijek dropped to 114,616. Croats made up the majority of Osijek's citizens, comprising 86.58 per cent of
2494-579: The Drava river and its backwaters. Hunting in the area known as Kopački Rit (in Baranja ) is famous beyond the borders of Croatia. The abundance of game and agriculture has made Osijek the country's semi-official gastronomical capital. Local dishes include traditional Slavonian-style specialities ( kulen , paprika-flavoured sausage, other kinds of sausages, ham , bacon, dairy products), as well as boiled dumplings , venison , slavonski čobanac and fish dishes such as
2580-481: The Drava river. The city is home to a monument to Ante Starčević. The Co-cathedral of St. Peter and Paul is a Neo-Gothic structure with the second highest tower in Croatia after the Zagreb Cathedral . The tower measures 90 m (295.28 ft) and can be seen from throughout Osijek. Because of its size most locals refer to it as the cathedral but it is only a parish church. The Church of St Peter and St Paul
2666-761: The Gradski vrt, on the north side. The Gradski stadion opened in October 1953 and closed in September 1987, and staged a qualifying round of the Speedway World Championship in 1955, 1979 and 1982 and a round of the 1977 World Cup . A new sports hall ( Dvorana Gradski vrt ) was built as the 2009 World Men's Handball Championship venue. Osijek hosts an extreme sports contest called the "Pannonian challenge", which features competitions in skateboarding , inline skating , freestyle BMX and MTB dirt racing . Osijek hosted
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2752-768: The Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one. Latin script has become more and more popular in Serbia, as it is easier to input on phones and computers. The sort order of the ćirilica ( ћирилица ) alphabet: The sort order of the latinica ( латиница ) alphabet: Serbian is a highly inflected language , with grammatical morphology for nouns, pronouns and adjectives as well as verbs. Serbian nouns are classified into three declensional types, denoted largely by their nominative case endings as "-a" type, "-i" and "-e" type. Into each of these declensional types may fall nouns of any of three genders : masculine, feminine or neuter. Each noun may be inflected to represent
2838-410: The Latin script predominates, although both scripts are commonly seen. The Serbian government has encouraged increasing the use of Cyrillic in these contexts. Larger signs, especially those put up by the government, will often feature both alphabets; if the sign has English on it, then usually only Cyrillic is used for the Serbian text. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors
2924-450: The Latin script tends to imply a cosmopolitan or neutral attitude, while Cyrillic appeals to a more traditional or vintage sensibility. In media, the public broadcaster, Radio Television of Serbia , predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, like RTV Pink , predominantly use the Latin script. Newspapers can be found in both scripts. In the public sphere, with logos, outdoor signage and retail packaging,
3010-556: The Pan-European Corridor Vc , linking Osijek to the rest of the Croatian modern highway network, was completed and opened in April 2009. From Osijek, it is possible to take the train and bus to numerous destinations including Zagreb , Rijeka , Požega , Virovitica , Našice , Slavonski Brod , Erdut , Vrpolje , Dalj and Đakovo . A small tram network runs through the city, which has been in continuous operation since 1884 and
3096-476: The beginning of the 13th century, the entire official correspondence of Dubrovnik with states in the hinterland was conducted in Serbian. In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and for the next 400 years there was no opportunity for the creation of secular written literature. However, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature,
3182-573: The book "Partisan Pictures" the suffering of the population there. During World War II, the entire village was burned down and the villagers cruelly massacred by the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar , which was also made up of Muslims from Bosnia. This act was carried out in retaliation for the Partisan attacks on German transport. After World War II, out of 220 houses, only three remained,
3268-423: The bridge over the Sava was built, Sremska Rača remained within the embankment. In 1931, Rača survived a catastrophic flood, which is why the state moved it outside the embankment in 1934 to the particularly flat terrain on which it remains today. Sremska Rača, 5 kilometres away from the river, has a rich historical past. [1] At the site of Bela Crkva , about 1 kilometre south of the center of today's village, there
3354-619: The census of 2011, the following settlements were recorded: The city's population is divided into the following units of local administration: Major institutions in the city include the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek (established in 1975), the Croatian National Theatre , the Museum of Slavonia (established in 1877), and the printing house dating to 1735. The city also has several gymnasiums ,
3440-458: The centre of an important agricultural region. At the November 2007 elections, no party held a majority, which is not unusual for Croatia as local elections have proportional representation . However, the three mathematically possible coalitions had political problems that made coalition building unusually difficult. The November elections were early (izvanredne) elections caused by the breakdown of
3526-555: The city being flooded by the local swamp waters. Its name Osijek derives from the Croatian word oseka ' ebb tide '. Due to its history within the Habsburg monarchy and briefly in the Ottoman Empire , as well as the presence of German, Hungarian, and Serbian minorities throughout its history, Osijek has (or had) its names in other languages: Hungarian : Eszék , German: Essek , Esseg , or Essegg , Latin : Essek , Turkish : Ösek , and English: Esseck . Its Roman name
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3612-489: The city include the main square, Ante Starčević Square , Tvrđa the 18th century Baroque citadel, the promenade along the Drava ("promenada"), and the suspension pedestrian bridge toward Baranja . The Municipal Park of King Petar Krešimir IV and the Tomislav Park date from the beginning of the 20th century, and are protected national landmarks. Osijek is also home to one of the few Croatian zoological gardens, along
3698-613: The city sustained damage by Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and local Serbs , especially to the centre and Co-cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul and to the periphery. About 800 people were killed in the shelling of the town from August 1991 to June 1992. Overall, a total of 1,724 people from Osijek were killed over the course of the war, including 1,327 soldiers and 397 civilians. At least five Croatian officials were condemned for war crimes against Serb civilians in Osijek, including General Branimir Glavaš. Osijek has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ). According to
3784-726: The city throughout the year. The most important of them are the Croatian Tambura Music Festival (in May), attended by tambura orchestras from all over Croatia and the Osijek Summer Nights (during June, July and August), a series of cultural and entertainment programs in the open, accompanied by food and fairs. The Day of the City of Osijek is celebrated with a cultural and artistic activities and exhibitions. The surroundings of Osijek provide opportunities for hunting and angling on
3870-573: The city's main football team, which are followed by their supporters group called Kohorta Osijek , playing in the Croatian First League at Gradski vrt stadium. The city is also home to a number of smaller teams including NK Grafičar Vodovod and NK Metalac . Before the Second World War , the city's most successful club was Slavija Osijek , which collapsed in 1941. A motorcycle speedway stadium existed in City Garden, immediately adjacent to
3956-451: The city's population. Other ethnicities include 8,767 (7.65%) Serbs, 1,154 (1.01%) Hungarians, 480 (0.42%) Albanians , 211 (0.18%) Bosniaks , 175 (0.15%) Montenegrins , 178 (0.16%) ethnic Macedonians , 124 (0.11%) Romani , and others including 24 Jews. Osijek's population in 2001 included 96,600 (84.28%) Roman Catholics , 78 (0.07%) Eastern-rite Catholics , 8,619 (7.52%) Orthodox Christians , and 966 (0.84%) Muslims and others. In
4042-563: The city. These elections took place on 9 March 2008 and gave the HSP 9 councilors, the HDSSB 6, HDZ, 5, SDP, 3 and a coalition of HNS and two smaller parties 2. Anto Đapić has expressed his hope for a coalition with the HDZ. Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in
4128-672: The coalition of the two main parties, the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP) and the Croatian Democratic Assembly of Slavonia and Baranja (HDSSB). The cause of the breakdown was disagreement over the building of a new sports stadium. At the elections held on 25 November 2007, the HSP and the HDSSB gained 7 seats each, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) 6 seats, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) 4, and
4214-462: The earliest factories was the Drava match factory, established in 1856, which no longer exists. Other industries included production of synthetic materials, agricultural machinery, metal furniture, wood and timber, textiles, footwear, and silk, as well as metal processing and printing. However, the 1990s saw most of these industries decline and in some cases close completely. However, the city remains at
4300-568: The early 19th century, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić promoted the spoken language of the people as a literary norm. The dialects of Serbo-Croatian , regarded Serbian (traditionally spoken in Serbia), include: Vuk Karadžić 's Srpski rječnik , first published in 1818, is the earliest dictionary of modern literary Serbian. The Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (I–XXIII), published by the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1880 to 1976,
4386-481: The famous riblji paprikaš (fish stew made with paprika ). The two brands of beer brewed in Osijek are Osječko and Esseker. The recreational and sports centre Copacabana , opened in 1980, on the left bank of the Drava river, provides opportunities for various water sports (outdoor swimming pools and a sand beach with various facilities) during the summer months. The city offers various playgrounds: football , handball , basketball, tennis courts, etc. NK Osijek are
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#17328689666924472-426: The first half of the 14th century, Elizabeth, the wife of the Hungarian King Charles I , rebuilt the abbey of St. Nicholas and handed it to the Franciscans for the monastery. In the second half of the 14th century, after the death of King Lajos I or Louis I (son of Charles I ), records were kept of the "Royal Town of Rača at the mouth of the Drina River in the Sava". According to one document, citizens complained to
4558-430: The first new member of newly established University of Osijek . As part of further development as a regional food industry and agricultural centre, a major (working) collective for agriculture and industry was established in 1962. During the 1980s, a new pedestrian suspension bridge over the Drava was built. A regional centre of National Television JRT was also opened. During the war in Croatia , from 1991 to 1995,
4644-847: The first paper on archaeology in Croatia, Josip Juraj Strossmayer , a Croatian Maecenas bishop, Franjo Šeper , Archbishop of Zagreb from 1960 to 1968, and Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith from 1968 to 1981, Francis, Duke of Teck , a German prince, sculptor Oscar Nemon , painters Adolf Waldinger and Bela Čikoš Sesija , musicologist Franjo Kuhač , violinist Franjo Krežma , musicians Miroslav Škoro , Branko Mihaljević and Krunoslav Slabinac , historian Ferdo Šišić , linguist Snježana Kordić , TV journalist Vladimir Herzog , Hollywood producer Branko Lustig , footballers Davor Šuker , Franjo Glaser and Borna Barišić , sport shooter Jasna Šekarić and tennis players Jelena Dokić and Donna Vekić . Nobel Prize winners Lavoslav (Leopold) Ružička and Vladimir Prelog also lived in
4730-488: The fortress of Rača was rebuilt because the old one was already destroyed. That year, the Austrian Emperor Joseph II personally visited Rača and for that occasion, a road was built from the village of Rača to the fort. At the beginning of the 19th century, Rača had 58 houses and 445 inhabitants. At the end of the same century, the fort was rebuilt and redeveloped into a 300-strong penitentiary . There were usually about 180 convicts and 20 guards in it. The unhealthy facility and
4816-456: The heart of the town. Holy Trinity Square is surrounded on the north by the building of the Military Command , on the west by the Main Guard building and on the east by the Magistrate building (presently Museum of Slavonia). In the middle of the square, a monument to the plague was erected in 1729 by General Maximilian Petras' widow. The Gornji Grad ("Upper Town") was founded in 1692 and Donji Grad ("Lower Town") followed in 1698 settled mostly by
4902-484: The inhabitants from swampy area of Baranja . Tvrđa, Gornji Grad, and Donji Grad continued as separate municipalities until 1786, when they were united into a single entity. In the late 18th century, it took over from Virovitica as the centre of the Virovitica County . The Habsburg empire also facilitated the migration and settlement of German immigrants into the town and region during this period. A particular German city dialect, Essekerisch , formed. In 1809, Osijek
4988-406: The latter one, had long-term consequences for the colony and the region, which was already under ever-increasing pressure from the invading Goths and other invading tribes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the destruction of local tribes by Avar Kaghanate in sixth century, this area was resettled by Slavic tribes. The earliest recorded mention of Osijek dates back to 1196. The town
5074-408: The management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Albanians , Hungarians , Germans , Slovaks and Serbs of Croatia each fulfilled legal requirements to elect 15 members minority councils of the City of Osijek while Bosniaks , Macedonians , Montenegrins of Croatia elected individual representatives. Numerous events take place in
5160-431: The matrix of Serbian Church Slavonic . By the beginning of the 14th century the Serbo-Croatian language, which was so rigorously proscribed by earlier local laws, becomes the dominant language of the Republic of Ragusa . However, despite her wealthy citizens speaking the Serbo-Croatian dialect of Dubrovnik in their family circles, they sent their children to Florentine schools to become perfectly fluent in Italian. Since
5246-407: The most notable form being epic poetry . The epic poems were mainly written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s, a few centuries or even a millennium longer than by most other "epic folks". Goethe and Jacob Grimm learned Serbian in order to read Serbian epic poetry in the original. By the end of the 18th century, the written literature had become estranged from
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#17328689666925332-415: The noun they modify, but must agree in number, gender and case with the modified noun. Serbian verbs are conjugated in four past forms— perfect , aorist , imperfect , and pluperfect —of which the last two have a very limited use (imperfect is still used in some dialects, but the majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic), one future tense (also known as the first future tense, as opposed to
5418-517: The noun's grammatical case , of which Serbian has seven: Nouns are further inflected to represent the noun's number , singular or plural. Pronouns, when used, are inflected along the same case and number morphology as nouns. Serbian is a pro-drop language , meaning that pronouns may be omitted from a sentence when their meaning is easily inferred from the text. In cases where pronouns may be dropped, they may also be used to add emphasis. For example: Adjectives in Serbian may be placed before or after
5504-451: The official status of both scripts in contemporary Standard Serbian for more than half of a century now, due to historical reasons, the Cyrillic script was made the official script of Serbia's administration by the 2006 Constitution . The Latin script continues to be used in official contexts, although the government has indicated its desire to phase out this practice due to national sentiment. The Ministry of Culture believes that Cyrillic
5590-401: The oldest of which dates to 1729, a drawing school from the 19th century, a zoological garden , a centre for the promotion of livestock breeding, and an institute for sugar beet farming. The Saponia chemical factory is the largest factory in the Osijek area. It is a major producer of detergents, soap and cosmetics whose products are recognized throughout the region as being of quality. It
5676-626: The only completed etymological dictionary of Serbian is the " Skok ", written by the Croatian linguist Petar Skok : Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika ("Etymological Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian"). I-IV. Zagreb 1971–1974. There is also a new monumental Etimološki rečnik srpskog jezika (Etymological Dictionary of Serbian). So far, two volumes have been published: I (with words on A-), and II (Ba-Bd). There are specialized etymological dictionaries for German, Italian, Croatian, Turkish, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, English and other loanwords (cf. chapter word origin ). Article 1 of
5762-425: The poor food made everyone feel sick Not long after, the object was bought by a merchant from Osijek who turned it into a brewery . The fort was later sold again and the brick removed. In 1911 the Šid -Rača railway was built. Between the two world wars, there was a municipality in Rača with a post office, telegraph and telephone, as well as a gendarmerie station and financial administrative control bureau. During
5848-440: The queen about clerks, who did not allow them to practice old, free customs. In doing so, the queen gave the citizens the freedom to choose between a chief and a juror, who would judge with her clerk. When Bosnia fell under the Turkish yoke , Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus went on a campaign against the Turks and stayed in Rača for two days. In 1529, it was probably conquered by the Turks. Evliya Çelebi wrote about Rača: “It
5934-411: The region and beyond. By offering a diverse range of cultural experiences, these festivals have contributed to the city's growing reputation as a cultural hub. Transport links to and from Osijek include major railway and highway junctions, a river port , and Osijek Airport . International flights from the airport to Cologne/Bonn Airport in Germany commenced in March 2008. A four-lane highway, part of
6020-401: The rest was totally razed to the ground. In 1953, the local community, the post office and the veterinary community were reconstructed. Serbian language Serbian ( српски / srpski , pronounced [sr̩̂pskiː] ) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs . It is the official and national language of Serbia , one of
6106-427: The river bend, situated was the town and fortress of Rača, and the village of Stara Rača was located 2 kilometres from the city on the eastern and western sides of the peninsula on the banks of the Sava. In the Middle Ages, Rača was recorded in a single document in 1275. This property was first owned by Hungarian nobles from the Einard family, then by Somakoš Kukojevacki, Ivan Morović and finally by Stephen Báthory . In
6192-413: The second conditional (without use in the spoken language—it should be used for impossible conditional clauses). Serbian has active and passive voice . As for the non-finite verb forms, Serbian has one infinitive , two adjectival participles (the active and the passive), and two adverbial participles (the present and the past). Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to
6278-433: The second future tense or the future exact, which is considered a tense of the conditional mood by some contemporary linguists), and one present tense . These are the tenses of the indicative mood. Apart from the indicative mood, there is also the imperative mood . The conditional mood has two more tenses: the first conditional (commonly used in conditional clauses, both for possible and impossible conditional clauses) and
6364-412: The settlement from scratch, regardless he raised Mursa to the status of a colony with special privileges in 133. After that, Mursa had a turbulent history, with several decisive battles taking place at its immediate proximity, among which the most notable are the battle between Aureolus and Ingenuus in 260 and the especially brutal and bloody Battle of Mursa Major in 351. These battles, especially
6450-466: The spoken language. In the second half of the 18th century, the new language appeared, called Slavonic-Serbian . This artificial idiom superseded the works of poets and historians like Gavrilo Stefanović Venclović , who wrote in essentially modern Serbian in the 1720s. These vernacular compositions have remained cloistered from the general public and received due attention only with the advent of modern literary historians and writers like Milorad Pavić . In
6536-525: The three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and co-official in Montenegro and Kosovo . It is a recognized minority language in Croatia , North Macedonia , Romania , Hungary , Slovakia , and the Czech Republic . Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian (more specifically on the dialects of Šumadija-Vojvodina and Eastern Herzegovina ), which
6622-497: Was Aelia Mursa , Mursa , and later Mursa Major , which may be a form of the pre-existing name. Etymologically, mursa may be a variant of Moras from the Proto-Indo-European word *móri 'sea, marshland' (cf. morass ), or it may come from the root mur 'wall', indicating a fortified place. The origins of human habitation in the Osijek area date back to Neolithic times, with the first known inhabitants belonging to
6708-477: Was a beautiful city on the banks of the Sava River, laid on high, flat terrain covered with greenery. The city itself lay at the top of a cape. It had a triangular shape and was made of brick ... ” In 1699 Rača became part of Austria . Two years later, a 100-foot, 50-man cavalry and 100 border guards were set up in the town. The village was then populated by Serbs and in 1733 had 14 homes and 62 inhabitants. In 1784
6794-501: Was a feudal property of Kórógyi family between 1353 and 1472. After the death of the last Kórógyi, King Matthias Corvinus granted it to the Rozgonyi family. The city was almost completely destroyed by the Ottoman army on 8 August 1526, just before the Battle of Mohács . It was invested with a Turkish garrison in 1529. The Turks rebuilt it in Ottoman oriental style and it was mentioned in
6880-511: Was accompanied by a prosperous economy and developed trade relations, was related to religious festivals, public events (fairs), entertainment, and sports. The Novi Grad (New Town) section of the city was built in the 19th century, as well as Retfala to the west. The newest additions to the city include Sjenjak, Vijenac Ivana Meštrovića , Novi Grad and Jug II , which were built in the 20th century. The city's geographical riverside location, and noted cultural and historical heritage – particularly
6966-415: Was designed by Franz Langenberg and contains 40 stained glass windows, although they are not all intact after the bombing in the 1990s. The church also contains sculptures by Eduard Hauser. Osijek has become home to several large festivals and events that are now well-attended and enriching the city and its culture. These events have brought a vibrant atmosphere to Osijek, attracting visitors from all over
7052-477: Was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić , who created it based on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet used for Serbian ( latinica ) was designed by the Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s based on the Czech system with a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system. Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian ,
7138-421: Was established in the city in 1947 and GISKO (city library) in 1949. A children's theatre and an art gallery were open in 1950. As a continuation of the tradition of promoting national heritage, especially in music, society of culture and art, " Pajo Kolarić " was established on 21 March 1954. Osijek has been connected with the Croatian republic's capital Zagreb and the previous federal capital Belgrade by
7224-521: Was granted the title of a Free Royal City , and during the early 19th century, it was the largest city in Croatia. The city developed along the lines of other central European cities, with cultural, architectural and socioeconomic influences filtering down from Vienna and Buda . At the beginning of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , the town was held by the Hungarians, but on 4 February 1849, it
7310-713: Was taken by the Austrians under General Baron Trebersberg . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Osijek was the seat of the Virovitica County of the autonomous territory Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in Austria-Hungary . During the 19th century, cultural life mostly revolved around the theatre, museums (the first museum, Museum of Slavonia , was opened in 1877 by private donations), collections, and printing houses (the Franciscans ). City society, whose development
7396-582: Was taken by the Habsburg monarchy on 29 September 1687, after more than 150 years of Ottoman rule. . Osijek was restored to western rule on 29 September 1687, when the Turks were ousted and the city was occupied by the Habsburg Empire . Between 1712 and 1715, Austrian authorities built a new fortress, outer walls, and all five planned bastions (authored by the architect Maximilian de Gosseau) known as Tvrđa , in
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