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36-688: Most participants in Square Off are college-level and law school debaters from various universities around the Philippines debating on important socio-political issues dominating the Philippine landscape. However, some episodes had politicians , civil servants or other influential figures participate in the debates debating on the same issues. In 2007, as part of its involvement in the World Universities Debating Championship (WUDC),

72-505: A motion for legalization of terrorist suspects. The Australians emerged victorious in the "special exhibition debate" round, on October 22. Chief adjudicator Ashok Rai, adjudicators Logan Balavijendran and Jason Jarvis presided and commended Team Australia's Lucia Pietropaoli who was bestowed the Best Speaker award for the exhibition match. Franklin Drilon sponsored an all-expense-paid trip to

108-471: A new business venture using their political connections. The personal histories of politicians have been frequently studied, as it is presumed that their experiences and characteristics shape their beliefs and behaviors. There are four pathways by which a politician's biography could influence their leadership style and abilities. First, a politician’s biography may shape their core beliefs, which are essential to shaping their worldview. The second pathway

144-597: A pivotal role as a politician because he was the first President of the United States of America . Today, political offices take many forms in the modern century in the United States of America such as ministers, mayors , governors , senators , and presidents, each of whom has different duties. While all government leaders are considered politicians, not all politicians are subject to voters, autocratic and dictatorial regimes remain extant. The identity of politicians

180-414: A role in legislative gridlock and negatively impact public perception, which negatively impacts politicians’ interests. Additionally, research highlighted that politicians, especially populist politicians, may create a challenge for themselves by increasingly accusing the media of spreading misinformation or “fake news.” Such accusations can undermine the credibility of media platforms, even though trust in

216-694: A role in shaping shape voter behavior and political preferences Also, educational background in politics also plays an important role in shaping the political awareness of politicians and plays a major role in increasing people’s confidence in them. Some critics often accuse politicians of not communicating with the public. They accuse politicians' speeches of being sometimes overly formal, filled with many euphemisms and metaphors, and generally seen as an attempt to "obscure, mislead, and confuse". Lack of awareness, selfishness, manipulation , and dishonesty are perceptions that people often accuse politicians of, and many see them as prioritizing personal interests over

252-464: Is a person who participates in policy-making processes , usually holding a position in government . Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles or duties that politicians must perform vary depending on the level of government they serve, whether local , national, or international. The ideological orientation that politicians adopt often stems from their previous experience, education, beliefs,

288-652: Is influenced  by their social and work environments, their ideology, and the parties to which they belong, furthermore, the development of means of communication and social media have increased public participation in policy-making, leading to a reformation of  politician's identity  and increasing the complexity of political work. Politicians are influential people who use rhetoric to impact people as in speeches or campaign advertisements. They are especially known for using common themes,  and media platforms that allow them to develop their political positions,  developing communication between them and

324-548: Is those personal experiences that influence a politician's skills and competence, and which determine where politicians focus their resources and attention as leaders. The third pathway refers to biographical characteristics that influence a politician's resource allocation and responses based on characteristics such as race or gender. The fourth pathway is how a politician's biography affects his public perception, which affects politicians' leadership style and their strategy for gaining people's respect. Numerous scholars have studied

360-424: The political parties they belong to, or public opinion . Politicians sometimes face many challenges and mistakes that may affect their credibility and ability to persuade. These mistakes include corruption resulting from their misuse and exploitation of power to achieve their interests, which requires them to prioritize the public interest and develop long-term strategies. Challenges include how to keep up with

396-465: The "fear factor" element of the competition. Square Off debates are in modified Policy format, with only two speakers, three-minute constructive speeches, 30-second one-question cross-examination periods, and 1.5-minute rebuttal speeches. However, episodes leading to WUDC 2008 use a modified form of the British Parliamentary format, with only the first four speakers of the opening sides of

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432-789: The AUDC, dubbed as "Frank-ahan: The Drilon Debates," with 22 Philippine schools participating. De La Salle University eventually won the Championship beating Ateneo de Manila University. The DLSU team was composed of Dino de Leon, Bianca Lagdameo and Robin Sebolino. The Defeated ADMU team, on the other hand, was composed of Miko Biskocho, Stephanie Co and Gica Mangahas. The Grand Finals was adjudicated by Bar top-notchers Arlene Maneja and Joane de Venecia, Bulacan Councilor Ricky dela Cruz, World Public Speaking Champion Patricia de Venecia, and former Senate President Franklin Drilon. Politician A politician

468-577: The Judges' and Texters' Choice awards for Best Speaker, winning an LG Viewty cameraphone, a trophy and a 3-day trip for 2 to Boracay. The Best Speaker's scores were tied between Luis Warren and ADDU's Therese Gemelo. CVC Law's Arthur Villaraza announced: "These debates are worth doing again. We will do this again." ANC began airing "Square Off: The A.U.D.C.", every Wednesday at 8 p.m. starting October 22, 2008. College-level teams-champion student debaters struggle to be chosen representatives of their school and

504-568: The Mexican government introduced the Federal Law on Administrative Responsibilities of Public Officials (2002) which establishes professional and accountable standards for officials against corruption and the spoils system. Also, The Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 in the USA has established corruption to protect federal employees who report corruption, fraud, or other illegal activities within

540-545: The Philippines Diliman . The new season of "Square Off" was sponsored by Villaraza Cruz Marcelo & Angangco (CVC Law). Host Twink Macaraig (Moved to TV5) explained: "The enhanced opportunity for direct challenges or head-to-head confrontations - not only by the opposing teams but the judges, too - guarantees a more dynamic and stimulating experience for participants and spectators alike." Legal luminaries and incumbent trial court judges will serve as adjudicators to boost

576-627: The Philippines in the 2009 Asian Universities Debating Championship (AUDC) in Bangladesh . "Square Off: The A.U.D.C." follows the Asian Parliamentary Debate format: the House will consist of government and opposition teams of 3 members each, with 3 judges choosing the best speaker based on matter, manner, and method. AUDC champions, Team Philippines and Team Australia opened the series with Ateneo de Manila University 's Sharmila Parmanand, filing

612-400: The accused politicians remains largely unaffected. They will therefore have a negative impact on the credibility of media platforms, and this distrust may extend to the media institutions as a whole that politicians use to communicate with people. Regarding the challenges of gender dynamics, particularly the role of women in politics , some recent research focuses on the life path of women in

648-600: The best speaker, and best texter's choice awards, respectively. Ateneo will face Arellano University in the October 8 finals at ABS-CBN News Channel , 8-9 p.m. Arellano University Law Forensic Guild debating team was declared the Winner and Champion, taking home Acer laptops and the CD-ROM Lex Libris Law Library Series. Arellano's Rochelle Marie C. Roxas, Luis Warren and Charles Francis Decangchon, opposed

684-493: The characteristics of politicians and in economic class to explain characteristics impact on politicians' effectiveness and electoral success, comparing politicians involves different dimensions such as level of government (the local and national levels), political ideology (liberal or the more conservative), economic class , and comparing the more successful and less successful in terms of elections. Demographic factors such as age, gender, education, income, and race/ethnicity, play

720-455: The development of social media and confronting biased media, in addition to discrimination against them on the basis of gender , race , or belief, which requires them to adapt their communications to engage citizens, confront discrimination, and spread their message effectively. Politicians are people who participate in policy-making, in a multifaceted variety of positions of responsibility both domestically and internationally. The role of

756-477: The end of each debate, an adjudicator (for Policy format) or a panel of adjudicators (for British Parliamentary format) determine the winning speaker or, in British Parliamentary debates, the best speaker and the winning team. An audience poll conducted via text messaging also determines the "audience's choice" for the winning speaker or best speaker of the debate, although the audience poll does not affect

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792-746: The final result of the debate. On March 13, 2020, the program is suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and eventually cancelled due to the shutdown of ABS-CBN . Ateneo de Davao University on October 1, 2008, ousted Saint Louis University, Baguio City in the semi-finals of ABS-CBN 's “Square Off: the CVC Law Debates”. The topic was "legalization of euthanasia in the Philippines," with St. Louis for legalization. Adjudicators Atty. Rodel Cruz, Senior Partner of Villaraza Cruz Marcelo & Angangco (CVC Law), and Senate President Franklin Drilon bestowed Ateneo de Davao's Hanniyah Sevilla and Kristine Ferrer,

828-413: The government. Mattozzi and Merlo argue that politicians typically follow two main career paths in modern democracies. The first is career politicians who remain in government until retirement. The second is political careerists, who have gained a reputation for their experience at various levels of government such as international, federal, state, and local governments, they often leave politics and start

864-546: The house participating, although speeches still remain at the standard seven minutes. Episodes broadcast in the run-up to the Asian Universities Debating Championship used a modified Asian Parliamentary format, with five-minute speeches. Currently, as part of the CVC Law Debates, Square Off uses a modified Policy format with five-minute constructive and 2.5-minute cross-examination speeches. At

900-479: The integrity of government positions. A notable example of government reform over time are The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 passed by the U.S. Congress to combat corruption, favoritism in hiring, and the spoils system. It advocated hiring based on merit and protected civil servants from political influence. In the modern century, many laws have been put in place to protect employees and reduce corruption and favoritism in employment, for example,

936-399: The people. Politicians of necessity become expert users of the media . Politicians in the 19th century made heavy use of newspapers , magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters to disseminate their messages to appeal to voters' emotions and beliefs in their campaigns. In the 20th century, the scope of media expanded out into radio and television, and a major change occurred as speech

972-560: The political field and the challenges surrounding them. For example, there are studies on the "supermader" model in politics in Latin America, which illustrate the difficulties women face and how to balance their home and work and the distinction between women and men that negatively affects their acceptance in political work. . Historically, in patronage-based systems, especially in the 19th century, winning politicians replaced civil servants and government employees who were not protected by

1008-455: The politician has changed dramatically over time, for example, Pericles of Athens played an important role in politics in ancient Greece both in public life and in decision-making as depicted in Philip Foltz's 19th-century painting. Over time the figure of the politician has evolved to include many forms and functions. For example, In the United States of America, George Washington played

1044-495: The program recently rebranded itself as Square Off: The Philippine Debate Championship . The winning university participating in the current season will proceed to Assumption University in Bangkok , Thailand , the location of WUDC 2008, to represent the Philippines. In 2008, "Square Off: The CVC Law Debates" airs Wednesdays at 8 pm and features law school teams - classic arch rivals Ateneo de Manila University and University of

1080-411: The proposition that "term limits of elective officials should be lifted." It impeccably contradicted Ateneo de Davao 's 2 main arguments. The partners of Villaraza Cruz Marcelo & Angangco (CVC Law), namely former Philippine Secretary of Defense Avelino "Nonong" Cruz Jr., former Philippine Ombudsman Simeon V. Marcelo, and Senior Partner Raoul R. Angangco, bestowed upon Arellano's Luis Anthony K. Warren,

1116-520: The public interests. Politicians in many countries are seen as the “most hated professionals,” and the least trustworthy, leading to public skepticism and constant criticism. In addition, some politicians tend to be negative, this strategy, although it does not enhance their chances of being re-elected or gaining public support, politicians see this negativity as consistent with negative media bias, which increases their chances of securing media access and public attention. Also, lack of accountability and

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1152-414: The rules of government service with their supporters, a so-called “ spoils system .” In response to the corruption this system fostered, government job reforms were introduced. These reforms required elected politicians to work with existing civil servants and officials to pursue long-term public interest goals, rather than simply rewarding their supporters. This shift aimed to reduce corruption and prioritize

1188-497: The speed of spread and interaction. Politicians, who rarely meet voters in person, seek to use the media as a means of communicating with people, winning votes, and obtaining political roles. Some research confirms that the media increases the popularity of a politician, and indicates that negative news has a stronger effect on popularity than positive news. Some research has suggested that politicians tend to use social media more than traditional media because their perception of

1224-662: The traditional media’s influence as a public informant greatly affects their satisfaction with democratic processes. So they prefer to use social media and communicate directly with people in order to have greater control over their message and easier communication. This continuous evolution in media has made politicians adapt their discourse to these diverse and evolving platforms for greater communication and effectiveness. In this century of advanced communications, politicians face challenges and difficulties while communicating with people through various social media platforms . The implicit importance of social media for politics stems from

1260-413: The virtual space these platforms have created for expressing ideas and spreading mutual messages without restrictions. Misinformation , rumors, and discrimination complicate their political behavior and communication with people. Also, Political polarization created by the media plays a role in influencing politicians’ behavior and communications, which reinforces negative campaigns. They also play

1296-484: Was now presented visually as well as verbally as evidenced by the Kennedy-Nixon debates , marking a new era where visual media became crucial to campaigns. The twenty-first century has provided wide and diverse media platforms represented by Facebook, and Twitter, which has now become X, Instagram, YouTube, and others. This development has made their rhetorical messages faster, shorter more efficient, and characterized by

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